Answer:
The double membrane of the mitochondria is highly folded,and therefore wider when unfolded than that of the nucleus.This is an adaptive feature to increase the surface area for reactions (electrochemical gradient) by accommodating protons pumped into it by the proton motive force(PMF) from the matrix to set up the electrochemical gradients needed to generate the energy needed by ATPase synthase enzymes for ATPs synthesis.
Required number of protons needed to be accommodated by the double membrane to generate enough energy for ATPase synthesis,therefore larger surface area is needed.
Explanation:
Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell, which is a membrane-bound organelle found in the eukaryotic cell. The inner layer of the mitochondria has cristae, which is absent in the outer layer.
Mitochondria is a membrane-bound organelle, which is composed of outer and inner layers.
The inner layer has cristae or folds, which increases the surface area for an electrochemical gradient.
The cristae are separated by cristae junctions, which are juxtaposed to the outer layer of the mitochondria.
The inner layer helps in electron transport and ATP synthesis. The membrane is surrounded by the mitochondrial matrix, which helps in the transportation of protein complexes during the citric acid cycle.
Therefore, the inner membrane of mitochondria has cristae whereas, the outer layer lacks the folds.
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4: Units of inheritance known as genes exist in pairs.
a) TRUE
b) FALSE
5: A tall plant (AA) is crossed with a short plant (aa). The offspring produced in Fl will be
a) all Tall
b) short
c) y tall and 72 short
d) no of the above
6: The genotypes (or genotypic ratio) of the Fl offspring in 5 will be
a) all Aa (correct)
b) 12 AA, 12 Aa
c) aa
d) none of the above.
7: Alternate forms of genes are called alleles.
a) TRUE
b) FALSE
8: Phenotypes are
a) physical characteristics determined by genes
b) genes
c) genetic characteristics
d) alleles
9: The inheritance law known as the Law of segregation was postulated by
a) Mendel
b) Aristotle
c) Morgan
d) Darwin
10: Heterozygous organisms carry one dominant and one recessive allele
Answer:
4. a
5. a
6. a
7. a
8. a
9. a
10. True
Explanation:
4. Units of inheritance in living organisms are known as genes. These genes exist in pairs in all organisms and a copy of each gene is passed down to the offspring during reproduction.
Correct option: a
5. Assuming the dominance of allele A over allele a:
AA x aa
Aa Aa Aa Aa
All the offspring will appear tall since the effects of allele a is masked by allele A.
Correct option: a
6. From the cross in (5) above, the genotypic ratio of the offspring is 100% Aa.
Correct option: a
7. Alternate forms of genes in living organisms are known as alleles. A copy of the alleles is usually passed down to the offspring during the process of reproduction.
Correct option: a
8. Phenotypes are the physical appearance of organisms. They are physical interpretation of genes.
Correct option: a
9. The law of segregation was postulated by Gregor Mendel. It states that gene pairs segregate during the process of meiosis and then randomly unite during the process of fertilization.
Correct option: a
10 Heterozygous organisms have two different alleles for the same genes. For genes that obey Mendelian laws, heterozygous condition is characterized by one dominant and one recessive alleles.
46:11
The diagram shows an animal cell.
Which letter marks the location where carbon dioxide
is produced during respiration?
W
Х
Y
Z
Organisms inherit specific traits and characteristics from their parents.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
It gets passed doen like one dominant brown eye and a recessive blue eye. most likley the brown would be passed down.
Yellow dung flies (Scathophaga stercoraria) are diploid organisms with 12 chromosomes in their diploid cells. Without taking into account recombination, how many different genetic gametes can this fly generate based on the arrangement of its chromosomes in the metaphase plate during meiosis
In the given case, the sum of the number of gametes possible in the fruit fly is 2¹² or 4096.
Determination of the number of genetic gametes:
At metaphase I, the arrangement of chromosomes takes place at the equatorial plate and at the equator, the orientation of homologous pairs takes place randomly. This orientation helps in finding the genes found within a gamete as each of the gametes will get only one chromatid of a chromosome.
Now by independent assortment, the variation occurs within the gametes, which suggests that the alleles of distinct genes separate independently from one another at the time of cell differentiation. Due to independent assortment, the number of different kinds of gametes possible within the chromosomes can be determined by using the formula, 2ⁿ, where n is the number of chromosomes present within a set.
Thus, based on the given information, the number of chromosomes present in a fruit fly is 12. Thus, the sum of the number of gametes possible in the mentioned fruit fly is 2¹² or 4096.
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In the microarray analysis some genes, such as ERB-B2 and ESR1, have been found to be associated with particular disease or conditions such as cancer. Other genes, such as the ABC-B2 gene, are not associated with a disease but are involved in resistance to certain drugs or treatments. Why would it be useful to test for the expression of genes like the ABC-B2 gene on the microarray
Answer:
The expression of genes associated with drug resistance leads to the reduction in the effectiveness of drugs against cancer cells.
Explanation:
In cancer, drug resistance is produced when oncogenic cells are able to develop mechanisms of resistance against drugs such as, for example, chemotherapeutic agents. In these cases, therapeutic treatments become ineffective to fight against cancer cells and tumor progression. In consequence, it is imperative to trace the expression of target oncogenes associated with drug resistance in order to provide effective treatments to eliminate cancer cells.
There are two primary models of the universe. One is the expanding model, which says that the universe is constantly increasing in size. The other is, the steady state model, which says that the universe is approximately constant in size and shape. What evidence would you expect to see if the expanding model were correct?
Answer:
Ok, suppose that the universe is expanding:
If the universe is expanding, then the distance between "fixed" points in the universe (we can set the fixed points as planets, galaxies, etc) would change with the time.
This means that, if the distance between the Earth and a given star or planet (that is not in our nearby region) should change as time goes by.
Now, this was actually observed:
There is something called the doppler effect:
In a short way, if an object is moving away, the light that comes from that object will have a red shift (it seems a little more reddish than it actually is)
If the object is moving towards us, the light that comes from the object will have a blue shift (it seems a little more blueish than it actually is)
Those shifts can be observed from the Earth, so from that is safe to conclude that the expanding model is actually correct.
Answer:
Observing objects in the sky that gradually move away from Earth could prove that the expanding model is correct.
Explanation:
Since viruses are typically 20-200nm in diameter.. what is the best microscope to view them?
Answer:
electron microscope
Explanation:
Due to their extremely small size, the best microscope to view viruses would be the electron microscope.
The electron microscope has the capability to create resolved images of extremely small objects by utilizing electrons as a source of light instead of the visible light photon that is typical of light microscopes.
There are different two types of electron microscopes:
the scanning electron microscope, andthe transmission electron microscope.A typical scanning electron microscope creates an image of an object by detecting knock-off electrons from the object, whereas a transmission electron microscope uses electrons that pass through the object to create the image of the object.
Which joint performs adduction, abduction, horizontal adduction and abduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction?
Answer:
The ball and socket joint is the one that can perform all those movements.
Explanation:
Ball and socket joint, also know as spheroid joint are types of joints where the part of the bone that articulates with the other bone has a spheroidal shape or ball shape that fits in the depression of the other bone, which means that they are a synovial enarthrosis joint. It has a wide range of movements because it can move in the transverse, vertical, and sagittal axes. An example of this joint is the shoulder, between the scapula and the humerus.
Answer: Sholder and hip
Explanation:
Why is it important to classify the millions of species on Earth? to have common names that everyone can remember to more easily sequence their genetic material to devise scientific names that only scientists can learn to organize them and speak about them accurately
Answer:
to organize them and speak about them accurately
Explanation:
There are millions of species that exist on Earth. Many of them are yet to be discovered. They are named and classified into specific groups. This helps in organizing each specie according to the characteristics, and traits. The classification is done to show the hierarchy and focuses on the relationships that the organisms possess with other organisms about evolution. Classification helps in identifying and analyzing any specific specie accurately and particularly.
Answer:
The answer is D.
Explanation:
The first person who answered this was correct.
Describe the flow of energy from a glucose molecule to ATP during respiration, and compare this to the flow of energy from glucose to acids and alcohols during fermentation. Specifically, what carries the energy from glucose to ATP - what energy conversions must occur during the process. Compare the ATP production during respiration with ATP production during fermentation.
Answer:
Glycolysis is the first step of the cellular respiration in an organism which is metabolic pathway that is completed in the cytosol of the cell that leads to the converting glucose to the pyruvate in order to produce energy in form of ATP:
1. Glucose-6-phosphate is ---> fructose-6-phosphate
2. fructose-6-phosphate ---> fructose-1,6-biphosphate
3. fructose-1,6-biphosphate ---> glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate(GAP) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).
4. GAP is oxidised ----> 3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH
5. 3-bisphosphoglycerate ----> 1,3-bisphophoglycerat
6. 1,3-bisphophoglycerate ----> 3-phosphoglycerate
7. 3-phosphoglycerate ----> 2-phosphoglycerate
8. 2-phosphoglycerate ----> phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
9. phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP ----> pyruvic acid + ATP
Formation of ATP occurs in both pathways or process that are respiration and fermentation. Fermentation is a catabolic pathway leads to the degradation of sugars (partial) that result in the gain of energy and this energy are absorbed in ATP. There are difference of the amount of energy or ATP produce in these process in respiration 38 ATP are produced whereas during fermentation only 2 ATP are produced.
______ is a section of DNA that is required to make a protein. The section of DNA undergoes_______ in order to synthesize a protein. As amino acids are put together, their ______determines the way in which they will fold into a three-dimensional structure. It is the________ of the folded structure that determines its function.
A sequence is a section of DNA that is required to make a protein. The section of DNA undergoes transcription in order to synthesize a protein. As amino acids are put together, their order determines the way in which they will fold into a three-dimensional structure. It is the shape of the folded structure that determines its function.
Gene is a section of DNA that is required to make a protein. The section of DNA undergoes translation in order to synthesize a protein. As amino acids are put together, their sequence determines the way in which they will fold into a three-dimensional structure.
What is a gene?A gene is a segment of DNA that is required to produce one protein. Because they code for proteins made up of hundreds or thousands of amino acids, genes are typically hundreds or thousands of base pairs long.
Translation is the process by which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins in molecular biology and genetics.
The amino acid sequence of a protein drives the folding and intramolecular bonding of the linear amino acid chain, that will determines the protein's unique three-dimensional structure.
The folded structure's conformation determines its function, which is directly dependent on the protein's linear amino acid sequence.
Thus, it can be concluded that, section of DNA referred to as gene is involved in protein synthesis, i.e., translation. In this amino acid sequence will decide the type of fold.
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Which blood type can be transfused into a patient who has blood type A–?
Answer:
o negative
Explanation:
Hypoxia induces transcription of a DNA methyltransferase, DNMT1. What does this suggest about the relationship between hypoxia and regulation of gene expression
Answer:
Hypoxia is defined as an inherent condition of tumors that causes cancer development.
Hypoxia induces transcription of DNA methyltransferase, DNMT1 which suggest that hypoxia and regulation of gene expression have epigenetic relationship that refers to inheritable mechanisms responsible for regulating gene expression without altering the sequence of DNA bases.
DNA methylation is main epigenetic mechanism of Hypoxia.
What are some changes that can occur in ecosystems?
Answer:
There are so many changes that occur in ecosystem, they are:Habitat change. climate change. invasive species. over exploration. pollution.Explanation:
Hope it helps you.Seasons, tide cycles, population sizes, landscape changes, succession evolution, and climate change are instances of changes that can occur in ecosystems.
What is an ecosystem?An ecosystem is a geographical area wherein plants, animals, and other organisms, along with weather and landscape, coexist to form a life bubble.
The instances of changes that can occur in ecosystems can be seasons, tide cycles, population sizes, landscape changes, succession evolution, and climate change.
Thus, these are some changes that can occur in the ecosystem.
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Which examples show repair or replacement of damaged cells? a scrape being healed scars forming where a cut once belonged skin flaking off your arm in the winter
Answer:
Its A & B
Explanation:
a scrape being healed
scars forming where a cut once belonged
Answer:
A and B
Explanation:
i got it right on edge-
New mutations can also occur randomly, so there’s a chance that children of parents who didn’t inherit the gene for Huntington’s can develop a mutation in the gene that causes Huntington’s disease explain how protein synthesis contributes to the symptoms of the disease
Answer:
It depends on the mutation rate
Explanation:
Mutations are genetic changes that occur naturally by errors during DNA replication which are not repaired by the DNA repair mechanisms. When a mutation occurs in the germline line, it may pass to the next generations and thus perpetuate itself. Huntington's disorder is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with a trinucleotide repeat mutation in the huntingtin (HTT) gene localized on chromosome 4, which encodes the Huntingtin protein. It has been shown that the high levels of Huntingtin are linked to Huntington's disorder, thereby it is believed that this mutation might be associated with a higher expression of the HTT gene.
The respiratory system allows for gas exchange to happen in the lungs. How do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems interact?
Well, the respiratory system is responsible for bringing oxygen into the body. Blood passes in capillaries in the lungs and picks up the oxygen. Blood carries oxygen to different parts of the body. Then the blood take carbon dioxide, a waste gas, back to the lungs. Then the lungs expel the carbon dioxide when you exhale.
Happy to help!
Ostriches can evade predators by running away on their powerful legs.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
T
F
Answer:
True
Explanation:
When threatened, ostriches run away, but they can cause serious injury and death with kicks from their powerful legs. Contrary to popular belief, ostriches do not bury their heads in sand to avoid danger. This defensive behavior of lying low, so that they may appear from a distance to have their head buried.
What material is compressed underground to form fossil fuels?
O A. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
B. Dead plants and animals
C. Greenhouse gases
O D. Water and ice
Answer:
b
Explanation:
A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing organic molecules originating in ancient photosynthesis that release energy in combustion.
Answer:
b,2
Explanation:
b,2
Why is it important to classify the millions of species on Earth? to have common names that everyone can remember to more easily sequence their genetic material to devise scientific names that only scientists can learn to organize them and speak about them accurately
Answer:
to organize them and speak about them accurately.
Explanation:
organisms are classified to understand the relationships between all living things.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Reptiles are closely related to birds. Which of the following characteristics do birds and reptiles share?
What would happen to a bacterial cell if its protective covering was destroyed? It would be better protected from the outside environment. It would be able to take in materials more easily. It would be harmed by chemicals in the environment. It would reproduce more slowly.
Answer:
it would be harmed by chemicals in the environmenti
If a bacterial cell's protective covering was destroyed - It would be harmed by chemicals in the environment.
The cell wall of bacteriaThe cell wall is a outer layer that surrounds the cell membrane and protects bacteria. It is serve as a protective barrier between inner membrane and external environment.
It is essential for maintenance of cell shape and structure as well as the prevent it from harmfull chemicals present in the environement.
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Drag each tile to the correct box.
Lucia is walking barefoot in her yard. She accidentally steps on a nail. How will her nervous system work to generate a reaction? Arrange the events chronologically.
Complete question:
Drag each tile to the correct box.
Lucia is walking barefoot in her yard. She accidentally steps on a nail. How will her nervous system work to generate a reaction? Arrange the events chronologically.
Interneurons relay the impulse to motor neurons in the spinal cord.She immediately moves her foot. The sensory neuron generates an impulse. Receptors in her toe receive stimuli. Motor neurons signal the leg muscles.Answer:
4. Receptors in her toe receive stimuli
3. The sensory neuron generates an impulse.
1. Interneurons relay the impulse to motor neurons in the spinal cord.
5. Motor neuron signal the leg muscles
2. She immediately moves her foot.
Explanation:
The reflex arc refers to an action mechanism that responds to different stimuli. It is an involuntary reaction involving different nervous vias. The reflex arc is composed of receptors, afferent nervous fibers, efferent nervous fibers, and effectors.
Receptors are located in nervous terminals and are widely distributed in the organism. Receptors are capable of receiving stimuli from different nature, and most of them are specialized in one kind of stimuli such as vision, audition, touch, among others. In the exposed example, these sensory receptors were located in the toe, and probably they were touch receptors.
When they receive the stimulus the sensory neuron transforms it into an excitatory nervous impulse that goes to the central nervous system along the afferent nerves. This stage is known as the afferent via, beginning with the environmental information received by sensory receptors, and ending in the arrival of the transcripted message to the central nervous system.
When the central nervous system receives the information, it processes it and sends an appropriate answer according to the stimulus. The message goes along the interneurons to the motor fibers, which are in charge of taking that answer to its destiny, the effectors. Effectors are usually muscles or glands, and they transform the received impulse into a motor answer that executes the reflex action. In the exposed example, the effector in the muscle. This stage is known as the efferent via, beginning in the central nervous system sending an answer impulse and ending in the effector (muscle) executing the answer.
Answer:
Receptors in her toe receive stimuli.
The sensory neuron generates an impulse.
Interneurons relay the impulse to motor neurons in the spinal cord.
Motor neurons signal the leg muscles.
She immediately moves her foot.
Explanation:
right on edMentum
cm
If a plate moves at a rate of 3 toward
year
the north, where would the plate be in 5,000
years? Express your answer in meters.
Natural proteins most commonly contain linear polypeptides between 100 and 1000 residues in length. One of the reasons polypeptides outside this range may be disfavored is that
B) smaller polypeptides do not form stable folded structures.
A certain strain of E. coli is constitutive for the enzymes for lactose metabolism. On an F' plasmid you have the choice of adding one (but only one) element of the lac system to make the bacteria a merodiploid for that element. Assume the original E. coli has wild-type structural loci. If your goal is to determine whether the lac operon is constitutive because of a mutant regulator OR because of a mutant operator, which one wild-type element of the lac operon would you add using sexduction?
a. operator region
b. regulator (repressor)
c. gene promoter region
d. structural genes
Answer:
The correct option is B: regulator (repressor)
Explanation:
A regulator gene would be required to control the expression by either increasing or decreasing the transcription of that particular gene. In doing so, the amount of protein product made by the gene can be regulated. In the wild-type case, the gene lacl is responsible for generating the mRNA which translates to a Lac repressor protein that binds at the operator region.
If each NADH generates "3 ATP" molecules and each FADH2 generates 2 ATP molecules, calculate the number of ATP molecules generated from one saturated 18 ‑carbon fatty acid.
Answer:
90 ATP
Explanation:
Every acetyl-CoA yields 3 NADH and 1 FADH2
18 carbon fatty acid is known to have 9 Acetyl CoA.
1 acetyl CoA produces a total of 10ATP.
Since the 18 carbon fatty acid has a total of 9 Acetyl CoA then the total number of ATP produced is 9* 10 which results in 90 ATP being formed when it passes through the various reaction mechanisms.
Which of the following statements best describes the role of hormones in the body? Hormones send chemical signals throughout the body to regulate body processes.
Answer:
Hormone production and release are primarily controlled by negative feedback. In negative feedback systems, a stimulus elicits the release of a substance; once the substance reaches a certain level, it sends a signal that stops further release of the substance. In this way, the concentration of hormones in blood is maintained within a narrow range. For example, the anterior pituitary signals the thyroid to release thyroid hormones. Increasing levels of these hormones in the blood then give feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit further signaling to the thyroid gland, as illustrated in Figure 18.14. There are three mechanisms by which endocrine glands are stimulated to synthesize and release hormones: humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neural stimuli.
Explanation:
Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is overactive. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive. Which of the conditions are the following two patients most likely to have?
Patient A has symptoms including weight gain, cold sensitivity, low heart rate and fatigue.
Patient B has symptoms including weight loss, profuse sweating, increased heart rate and difficulty sleeping.Humoral Stimuli
The term “humoral” is derived from the term “humor,” which refers to bodily fluids such as blood. A humoral stimulus refers to the control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood. For example, a rise in blood glucose levels triggers the pancreatic release of insulin. Insulin causes blood glucose levels to drop, which signals the pancreas to stop producing insulin in a negative feedback loop.
Hormonal stimuli refers to the release of a hormone in response to another hormone. A number of endocrine glands release hormones when stimulated by hormones released by other endocrine glands. For example, the hypothalamus produces hormones that stimulate the anterior portion of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary in turn releases hormones that regulate hormone production by other endocrine glands. The anterior pituitary releases the thyroid-stimulating hormone, which then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the hormones T3 and T4. As blood concentrations of T3 and T4 rise, they inhibit both the pituitary and the hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop.
The statement that describes the role of hormones in the body is Enzymes reduce the activation energies of biological reactions.
What are hormones?Hormones are chemicals that are secreted by the two glands, endocrine and exocrine glands.
Endocrine glands secrete hormone directly into the bloodstream, and exocrine glands are secrete hormones into ducts.
The options are attached here:
A.Enzymes aid biological reactions by providing more reactants.B.Enzymes aid biological reactions by removing products quickly.C.Enzymes raise the temperature in a cell to speed up biological reactions.D.Enzymes reduce the activation energies of biological reactions.E.Enzymes reduce the energy of products in biological reactions.Thus, the correct option is D.Enzymes reduce the activation energies of biological reactions.
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How do the products of meiosis compare to the original cell?
Answer:
Meiosis is the type of cell division in which a parent cell divides into four daughter cells. Meiosis generally occurs in the gamete or sex cells. The haploid cells are produced by the meiosis.
The original cell is diploid that contains the chromosome number (2X). The original is divided into the four daughter cell. The daughter cells produced by the meiosis contains the half chromosome number as compared with original cell (X). The crossing over occurs in meiosis and the daughter cells are quite different from the original cells.
Explanation:
The diagram shows animal and plant cells placed in 3 different types of solutions.
a) Name the 3 types of solutions taking inference from the picture above and explain the process taking place in A
b) When plant cell is placed in solution C, which part prevents it from bursting and how?
c) Name the process by which Amoeba obtains its food
This diagram shows vegetal and animal cells placed in solutions of different concentrations.
a)Solution A is called hypertonic because it has a higher concentration than the cell's cytoplasm. In the animal cell, it causes the water to diffuse out through osmosis. In the plant cell water is lost through the same process but the cell wall remains intact while the membrane reduces in volume.
Solution B is called isotonic because it has around the same concentration as the cytoplasm of the cell. It does not influence the volume of the cell.
Solution C is called hypotonic because it has a lower concentration than the cytoplasm. In the animal cell, it causes the cell to fill with water until it bursts(this process is called cytolysis). In the plant cell water diffuses through the membrane, but the cell doesn't burst.
b)Plant cells have a strong cell wall made of cellulose, hemicellulose and, lignin that prevents cytolysis.
c)Amoeba obtains its food through a process called phagocytosis in which the solid material is engulfed in a vesicle that enters the cell.
Plant cells have a strong cell wall made of cellulose, hemicellulose and, lignin that prevents cytolysis.
What do you mean by cytolysis?Cytolysis, or osmotic lysis, occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to diffuse into the cell. Water can enter the cell by diffusion through the cell membrane or through selective membrane.
Cytolysis or osmotic lysis occurs in animal cells and certain bacteria, especially when the cells are exposed to a hypotonic environment, causing the water to move into the cell, thereby increasing or expanding the cell.
When cells burst and die, their contents are released, causing inflammation. Every day, more than 50 billion cells die in our bodies. These are not random events, but part of a finely tuned biological mechanism called programmed cell death.
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