The short, often-repeated phrase sung by jali is known as A. Birimintingo.
In the context of traditional West African music, a jali is a highly skilled musician, storyteller, and historian. They play a vital role in the oral traditions of the Mandinka people, particularly in countries such as Gambia, Senegal, and Mali. When performing, the jali often sings a short, repetitive phrase known as Birimintingo.
Birimintingo serves as a melodic and rhythmic motif that is frequently repeated throughout the performance. It acts as a musical foundation upon which the jali builds and improvises their storytelling, often accompanied by the kora, a traditional West African harp-like instrument. The Birimintingo phrase is memorable and catchy, serving as a unifying element in the music and helping to engage the audience.
This musical technique allows the jali to weave intricate narratives, convey historical events, or express social commentary. The repetition of the Birimintingo phrase provides structure and coherence to the performance, allowing the jali to explore various musical variations and improvisations while maintaining a strong rhythmic and melodic foundation. Overall, Birimintingo is an essential aspect of jali music, adding depth, texture, and cultural significance to the traditional music of the Mandinka people.
Learn more about African Music : brainly.com/question/30190670
#SPJ11
amy lee is a vocalist who fronts the band a. linkin park. b. nickelback. c. hoobastank. d. evanescence.
Answer:
linkin park
Explanation:
Answer: evanescence
Explanation: wake me up
Which of the following was NOT characteristic of Impressionist music?
A. whole-tone scales
B. parallel chords
C. ninth chords
D. strong accents on the first beat of each measure
the latin influence on rock 'n' roll is perhaps best exemplified by recordings made during the late 1950s in sacramento. t/f
The given statement is false that the Latin influence on rock 'n' roll is perhaps best exemplified by recordings made during the late 1950s in sacramento.
The phrase “rock 'n' roll” was presumably coined by Alan Freed, a disc jockey, for commercial and generational objectives.
The inclusion of afr-ocuban percussion instruments such as the bongos is a crucial sound of Latin music. These instruments would impact not just the jazz and blues movements of the 1920s and 1940s, but also the early rock and roll movement of the 1950s and 1960s.
Therefore, The offered assertion is false that the Latin impact on rock 'n' roll is likely best demonstrated by records recorded in Sacramento in the late 1950s.
Learn more about the “rock 'n' roll”, refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/30615919
#SPJ4
georgia o'keeffe's evening star no. vi is an example of . question 1 options: early modern art expressionist painting fauvist painting synthetic cubism
Georgia O'Keeffe's Evening Star No. VI is an example of early modern art expressionist painting. O'Keeffe was known for her unique style and approach to art, which often involved abstracting and distorting forms to convey her emotional response to the subject matter.
While Evening Star No. VI is not an example of fauvist painting or synthetic cubism, these art movements were influential during the early 20th century and contributed to the development of modern art. Fauvism, which emerged in France in the early 1900s, was characterized by its bold, bright colors and simplified forms. Artists like Henri Matisse and André Derain were key figures in this movement, which emphasized the emotional and expressive qualities of art.
Synthetic cubism, on the other hand, was a later development that emerged in the early 1910s. This movement, which was pioneered by artists like Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, involved using a variety of materials and techniques to create collages and mixed media works that broke down traditional forms and perspectives. While O'Keeffe's work was not explicitly influenced by cubism, it did reflect the broader trends and experimentation of early modern art.
Learn more about influenced here:
https://brainly.com/question/31375374
#SPJ11
when two college basketball players turn their back to the u.s. flag during the playing of the national anthem, they
When two college basketball players turn their back to the U.S. flag during the playing of the national anthem, they are making a statement of protest. This act is a form of silent protest against social injustices in the country.
When two college basketball players turn their back to the U.S. flag during the playing of the national anthem, they may be expressing a form of protest or personal belief. This act can be seen as a peaceful demonstration against social or political issues. However, it is important to understand their specific motivations, as individual reasons may vary. The players are exercising their right to free speech and peaceful protest, which is protected by the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. However, this action may be seen as disrespectful to some people who view the national anthem as a symbol of patriotism and national unity.
To learn more about national anthem, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/26499680
#SPJ11
what was duke ellington's conga brava represent latin american music?
Duke Ellington's "Conga Brava" represents Latin American music by incorporating rhythmic and stylistic elements from this musical tradition. The piece showcases Ellington's ability to fuse jazz with Latin-American influences
Duke Ellington's "Conga Brava" is a musical composition that represents Latin American music through its use of rhythmic patterns and instrumentation. The piece features prominent use of the conga drum, which is a key element in traditional Latin American music. Additionally, the piece incorporates syncopated rhythms and melodic phrases that are commonly found in Latin American musical styles. Overall, "Conga Brava" serves as an example of how Duke Ellington was able to incorporate elements of different musical traditions into his own work, helping to expand the boundaries of jazz and popular music. Hence, creating a unique and vibrant sound. In "Conga Brava," the use of conga drums, syncopated rhythms, and lively brass arrangements pay homage to the rich musical heritage of Latin America, while simultaneously demonstrating Ellington's innovative approach to composition.
To learn more about Duke Ellington, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/31451359
#SPJ11
which characteristic distinguishes figures in the annunciation and visitation at reims cathedral from earlier romanesque sculpture?
One characteristic that distinguishes figures in the Annunciation and Visitation at Reims Cathedral from earlier Romanesque sculpture is their naturalism and emotional expression.
In Romanesque sculpture, figures were typically depicted in a more stylized and static manner, with little attempt to convey individuality or emotion. In contrast, the figures in the Reims Cathedral sculptures are more realistically and individually rendered, with expressive faces and bodies that convey a sense of movement and emotion.
This is reflective of the shift towards a more humanistic approach to art during the Gothic period, which emphasized the individual and the expression of emotion.
Learn more about Annunciation
https://brainly.com/question/30637005
#SPJ4
The Inca prized art such as textiles more than metalwork pieces.
A.
True
B.
False
The Inca prized art such as textiles more than metalwork pieces.Given statement was true.
The Inca civilization, which existed in what is now Peru from the 13th to the 16th century, is renowned for its intricate textiles, which were highly prized by the Inca rulers and elites. Textiles were used for a variety of purposes, including clothing, religious ceremonies, and as offerings to the gods. The Inca were skilled weavers, and their textiles were often made using complex techniques and vibrant colors.
While the Inca also created metalwork pieces, such as gold and silver ornaments and tools, these were not considered as important as textiles in Inca society. This is because textiles played a more central role in Inca culture, serving as symbols of social status, wealth, and religious devotion.
Learn more about Inca civilization
https://brainly.com/question/16097681
#SPJ4
what is swing jazz, and how did it originate and develop as a musical genre? what are the defining characteristics of swing jazz, and how did it influence american music and culture during its peak popularity in the 1930s and 1940s? essay
A jazz genre known as swing emerged in the United States in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
Its focus on the off-beat, or ostensibly weaker beat, gave rise to its moniker. Swing jazz is mellow, easy to listen to, and not very complicated. Simple chords with a distinct homophonic texture are used in swing harmony. Swing music always has distinct, lyrical, and recognisable melodies.
Last but not least, swing uses a powerful dancing groove and a firm beat. Swing gained popularity in 1935, and for the next ten years, Americans danced, sang, and swung along to the upbeat beats. Many people think that swing was far more than just a fashion fad. In America, it spurred a cultural revolution that ushered in a period of liberation and social advancement.
Know more about jazz here
https://brainly.com/question/27505438
#SPJ4
"the earth that’s nature’s mother is her tomb; / what is her burying grave, that is her womb" (2.3.9-10) – earth as womb and tomb; how both? what event may this foreshadow?
In these lines from Act 2, Scene 3 of Shakespeare's play, "Romeo and Juliet," Friar Lawrence is expressing his belief that the earth serves as both a womb and a tomb for living beings. He suggests that the same place where people are born and come to life is also the place where they will eventually die and return to the earth.
This idea of the earth as both a womb and a tomb foreshadows the tragic ending of the play, in which both Romeo and Juliet die and are buried in the earth. Additionally, it also suggests a larger theme of the cycle of life and death and the idea that everything in nature has a cycle and eventually returns to the earth.
Overall, these lines demonstrate Shakespeare's skill in using poetic language to convey complex ideas and themes, and they set the stage for the tragic events that are to come in the play.
The quote "the earth that’s nature’s mother is her tomb; / what is her burying grave, that is her womb" (2.3.9-10) highlights the dual role of earth as both a womb and a tomb. The earth is considered a womb because it gives birth to all living things and nurtures them throughout their lives. At the same time, it serves as a tomb because all living beings eventually return to the earth upon their death, where their bodies decompose and become part of the soil.
This duality can be seen as a metaphor for the cycle of life and death, which is a recurring theme throughout literature. In this particular context, the quote may foreshadow an upcoming event that involves a significant birth, death, or transformation, highlighting the interconnectedness of these concepts.
By presenting the earth as both a nurturing, life-giving force and a final resting place, the quote underscores the cyclical nature of existence and suggests that both aspects are essential to maintaining the balance and harmony of the natural world. This dual nature of the earth could foreshadow an event that emphasizes the importance of accepting both life and death as inevitable and interdependent parts of the human experience.
To know more about Shakespeare's play visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30677777
#SPJ11
what mythological creature does barney use as his main character in his video series cremaster? multiple choice question.
Answer:
A Satyr
Explanation:
hybrid theory was the debut album of a. jimmy eat world. b. linkin park. c. nickelback. d. coldplay.
Hybrid Theory was the debut album of Linkin Park. The correct option is B.
Hybrid Theory was released in 2000 and quickly became a commercial success, selling over 30 million copies worldwide. The album includes hit singles such as "One Step Closer," "Crawling," and "In the End," which helped to establish Linkin Park as one of the most popular rock bands of the early 2000s.
The album's unique blend of nu-metal, rap rock, and electronic elements helped to define the sound of the era and influence many other bands that followed in its wake.
The correct option is B.
To know more about debut album, click here.
https://brainly.com/question/30543855
#SPJ4
Answer: linkin park's debut album was hybrid theory it came out in Oct 24 of 2000 BUT what most people don't know about linkin park is that the album hybrid theory was actually their old name they changed this in 2000 and released the full length album in oct 24 of 2000 but technically the album came out in 1999!!!!!!!!
Explanation: also please don't ever compare linkin park to nickelback the disrespect is crazy LOL
"A religion is (1) a system of symbols which acts to (2) establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by (3) formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and (4) clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that (5) the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic."
The correct option is (4) clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that
According to the definition provided by Clifford Geertz, religion is a system of symbols that is loaded with powerful and pervasive meanings. It establishes long-lasting moods and motivations in individuals by formulating conceptions of the general order of existence. These conceptions are then presented with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem realistic and unique. In essence, religion provides a framework for individuals to make sense of their existence and find meaning in life.
Through its symbols and rituals, it has the power to shape the worldview and behavior of its adherents. This definition underscores the importance of the symbolic nature of religion and the role it plays in shaping the way individuals experience the world around them.
A religion can be defined as a system of symbols that serves to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in individuals. This is achieved by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence, which provides a framework for understanding the world and our place in it. These conceptions are then presented with an aura of factuality, making them appear as undeniable truths. As a result, the moods and motivations inspired by religion seem uniquely realistic, driving the behavior and beliefs of its followers. In summary, religion uses symbols to create a sense of order and factuality, which in turn generates strong moods and motivations that feel genuine to its adherents.
To know more about Clifford Geertz visit:
https://brainly.com/question/32139499
#SPJ11
What question is Dr. Merchant exploring in this particular research study? Group of answer choices: 1) Do alligators eat something special that allows them to be protected from bacteria in the swamp. 2) Do alligators have something in their blood that provides protection from being infected by the bacteria living in the swamps? 3) Are the bacteria in the swamp with the alligators different than bacteria in other ecosystems? 4) none of the choices are correct
Answer:
i think the answer is number 1
Explanation:
i hoped this helped
Carnatic music generally has three layers of musical activity: The melodic layer. This layer is comprised of a melodic soloist, and melodic accompanist. ...A percussion layer. The most frequently used percussion instrument is a double-headed drum called the mridangam. .. The drone or sruti layer.
Carnatic music is one of the oldest forms of classical music in India. It has a rich history that dates back to more than 2000 years. It is a complex and sophisticated form of music that is characterized by its intricate melodies, rhythmic patterns, and improvisation.
One of the defining features of Carnatic music is its three-layered structure. The first layer is the melodic layer, which consists of a soloist and an accompanist. The soloist is typically a vocalist or a musician who plays a melodic instrument like the violin, flute, or veena. The accompanist provides support to the soloist by playing a secondary melodic line that complements the main melody. The second layer is the percussion layer, which is the backbone of Carnatic music. The most frequently used percussion instrument in Carnatic music is the mridangam, a double-headed drum that is played with the hands. The mridangam player provides a rhythmic framework for the music, using a variety of intricate patterns and techniques.
The third layer is the drone or sruti layer. This layer is created by a drone instrument called the tambura or tanpura. The tambura produces a continuous drone that provides a harmonic foundation for the music. It is an essential component of Carnatic music and helps to create a meditative and introspective atmosphere.
Learn more about Carnatic music here:
https://brainly.com/question/27168124
#SPJ11
by the early 1800s, playwriting was considered a highly respectable profession. True or False
The statement that By the early 1800s, playwriting was considered a highly respectable profession is True.
What was playwriting?Between the 16th and 18th centuries, it was recorded that early professional theater style which were been regarded as the commedia dell'arte—literally, "comedy of the profession" and this was gotten from derived from Italian theater, enjoyed great popularity across Europe.
It should be noted that Playwrights gave a company a play for a set price. Playwriting was seen as a very prestigious profession by the early 1800s.
Learn more about playwriting at:
https://brainly.com/question/13085173
#SPJ1
False. By the early 1800s, playwriting was not considered a highly respectable profession.
In fact, during that time, playwriting was often associated with a lower social status and was not seen as a prestigious occupation. The theater itself was often regarded as a disreputable and scandalous environment. Playwrights faced societal judgments and were not necessarily esteemed in the same way as other professions.
It was only later in the 19th century, with the rise of Romanticism and the recognition of playwrights like Shakespeare, that playwriting began to gain more respect and recognition as a legitimate art form.
Learn more about profession here : brainly.com/question/23186207
#SPJ11
why did welles choose to use the flashback storytelling technique in citizen kane?
Orson Welles chose to use the flashback storytelling technique in Citizen Kane to unravel the mysterious and complex life of the titular character, Charles Foster Kane.
The use of flashbacks in Citizen Kane serves as a narrative device to explore the enigmatic nature of Charles Foster Kane's life. Through a series of interviews and recollections by various characters, the story unfolds in a non-linear fashion, presenting fragments of Kane's life from different perspectives and time periods.
This technique allows the audience to piece together Kane's life story, gradually revealing the layers of his personality and motivations. By employing flashbacks, Welles creates a sense of intrigue and curiosity, as the audience delves into the past to uncover the truth about Kane's rise to power and eventual downfall.
The fragmented narrative structure adds depth and complexity to the storytelling, making Citizen Kane a groundbreaking and influential film in the history of cinema.
Learn more about storytelling here : brainly.com/question/29810192
#SPJ11
True/False: ""no wave"" was a punk reaction to the commercial rise of new wave.
what elements of realism are evident in this painting by mary cassatt
Everyday subject matter and naturalistic representation. In this painting by Mary Cassatt, elements of realism can be observed through the everyday subject matter and naturalistic representation depicted.
Cassatt was known for her contributions to the Impressionist movement, but her work also reflected realist tendencies. The subject matter of the painting often focused on scenes of everyday life, particularly domestic and intimate moments. Cassatt frequently depicted women and children engaged in their daily activities, capturing the ordinary moments that many could relate to. This emphasis on everyday subject matter was a characteristic of realist art, as it sought to portray the realities of contemporary life rather than idealized or historical themes.
Additionally, Cassatt's approach to representation displayed a naturalistic style that aligned with realist principles. Her paintings showcased attention to detail and accuracy in the portrayal of figures, objects, and settings. The colors were often muted and observed from life, capturing the subtle variations of light and shadow. Cassatt's brushwork and composition conveyed a sense of immediacy, further enhancing the realism of her work.
Through the combination of everyday subject matter and naturalistic representation, Mary Cassatt's paintings exemplified elements of realism. Her focus on the ordinary, her commitment to representing subjects truthfully, and her attention to the nuances of light and form all contributed to the realist aesthetic in her art. Cassatt's ability to capture authentic moments and emotions within her compositions allowed viewers to connect with the scenes on a personal and relatable level, further emphasizing the realist qualities of her work.
To learn more about Mary Cassatt click here:
brainly.com/question/30723323
#SPJ11
what are the ideals of the three powerful socio-political entities of the 16th and 17th century that baroque art merged?
Answer:
the advanced techniques and grand scale
Explanation:
...
What is the purpose of rehearsal markings?
Answer:
hopes this answers your question, sorry if I’m wrong
Explanation:
Rehearsal marks are an ordered sequence of letters or numbers, which along with bar numbers, provide a reference point for music that has multiple players, and make the chronological sequence of the music clear.
Many artists study synesthesia, are synesthetic themselves, or try to trigger synesthetic responses in the viewer. Study the work of an artist who is known for trying to evoke music in his or her artworks, for example Georgia O'Keeffe (1. 1. 26), Vasily Kandinsky (1. 4. 5, 3. 8. 28), or Paul Klee (1. 4. 22). Choose a single painting and, through formal analysis, determine how the artist is trying to inspire sensations that are similar to those stimulated by the playing of music
Vasily Kandinsky is one of the painters named who is well recognized for his attempts to evoke music in his paintings.
In "Composition VII," Kandinsky crafts an expressive and dynamic composition that stimulates the viewer's senses in a way that is similar to listening to music.
The composition is dominated by strong primary colors like red, yellow, and blue in Kandinsky's use of a brilliant and varied color palette. There is a sense of movement and rhythm in the picture due to its flowing and rhythmic lines.
In an atmosphere comparable to the performance of music, Aiming to arouse feelings and sensations through the dynamic lines, vivid colors, well-balanced composition, and abstract forms come together to suggest the expressive qualities of music.
Learn more about Vasily Kandinsky, here:
https://brainly.com/question/32337166
#SPJ1
True or False. One of the most common membranophones around the world iss the bagpipe.
Answer:
False
Explanation:
it's the drums
august strindberg departed from the realistic style with plays like a dream play and the ghost sonata. T/F?
True, August Strindberg departed from the realistic style with plays like "A Dream Play" and "The Ghost Sonata."
August Strindberg, a Swedish playwright, is known for his contribution to the development of modern drama. While he initially gained recognition for his works in the realistic style, he later ventured into more experimental and symbolic forms of theater.
Plays such as "A Dream Play" and "The Ghost Sonata" marked a departure from realism and embraced elements of surrealism, expressionism, and symbolism. In these works, Strindberg explored dreamlike and symbolic realms, challenging traditional dramatic conventions and delving into psychological and philosophical themes.
By employing unconventional structures, non-linear narratives, and fantastical elements, Strindberg's departure from realism in these plays exemplified his artistic evolution and his willingness to explore new theatrical territories.
Learn more about playwright here: brainly.com/question/31945190
#SPJ11
which of the following is not the responsibility of the dramaturg? multiple choice serving as a historical resource for the creative team researching criticism and interpretations of plays from the past identifying significant plays from the past that have been overlooked hiring the director and performers
The fourth option, "designing the program," is NOT a responsibility of the dramaturg.
A dramaturg is typically responsible for serving as a historical resource for the creative team, researching criticism and interpretations of plays from the past, and identifying significant plays from the past that have been overlooked.
They may also assist with script analysis, provide context and background information for the production, and work with the director and other members of the creative team to ensure that the production is faithful to the original text and the author's intentions. However, they typically do not have hiring authority for the director and performers.
Learn more about historical resource
https://brainly.com/question/837108
#SPJ4
Full Question: Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the dramaturg?
1) reading new plays
2) identifying significant plays from the past that have been overlooked
3) researching criticism and interpretations of plays from the past
4) designing the program
what is the subject of the angel kidnappers, 1943. painting
The subject of the painting "Angel Kidnappers, 1943" is a group of angels being taken by a group of dark figures. The painting depicts a chaotic scene where the angels are being forcefully taken away from their peaceful and heavenly existence. The painting's title itself is indicative of the subject matter, as it highlights the fact that the angels are being kidnapped.
The painting is believed to be a commentary on the atrocities committed during World War II, as the dark figures in the painting are reminiscent of the Nazi soldiers and their horrific acts of violence. The painting's use of bright colors and vivid imagery creates a striking contrast between the angelic beings and their captors, emphasizing the horror and injustice of their kidnapping. Overall, "Angel Kidnappers, 1943" is a powerful work of art that uses its subject matter to comment on the darkness of the human condition and the importance of preserving innocence and purity in the face of evil.
to know about world war II visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1449762
#SPJ11
prior to the 18th century, musical instruments were only designed to play
False, prior to the 18th century, musical instruments were not solely designed for playing; they also had decorative and symbolic purposes.
Musical instruments throughout history have served not only functional but also aesthetic and symbolic purposes. Prior to the 18th century, musical instruments were often crafted with intricate designs and elaborate decorations, reflecting the cultural and artistic sensibilities of the time.
Instruments like harps, lutes, and violins were adorned with ornate carvings, inlays, and precious materials, showcasing the craftsmanship and status of the instrument and its player.
Additionally, certain instruments held symbolic meanings in religious or ceremonial contexts, representing cultural traditions, beliefs, or social roles. Therefore, musical instruments were not solely utilitarian objects but also held symbolic and decorative significance prior to the 18th century, enriching their cultural value beyond their functionality as instruments.
Learn more about instruments here: brainly.com/question/28572307
#SPJ11
Which of the following terms describes what a cemented carbide is (one best answer): (a) ceramic, (b) cermet, (c) composite, (d) metal, (e) new ceramic, or (f) traditional ceramic?
The term that best describes what a cemented carbide is among the given options is (b) cermet.
Cemented carbide, also known as hardmetal or tungsten carbide, is a composite material that consists of tungsten carbide particles (ceramic) embedded in a metallic binder (usually cobalt).
This combination of ceramic and metal gives cemented carbide its unique properties. The ceramic component provides hardness, wear resistance, and high temperature stability, while the metal binder enhances toughness and allows for shaping and forming of the material.
Cermet, as the name suggests, is a class of materials that exhibit characteristics of both ceramics and metals, making it an appropriate term to describe cemented carbide.
Learn more about ceramic here : brainly.com/question/30509290
#SPJ11
what two famous visual artists also worked for this ballet company as set designers? group of answer choices henri matisse
Two famous visual artists who also worked for the Ballets Russes as set designers were Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse.
Both artists were part of the avant-garde art scene in Paris during the early 20th century, and their innovative and experimental styles made them natural choices for the innovative Ballets Russes productions.
Picasso worked on several productions for the Ballets Russes, including "Parade" and "Pulcinella," creating sets and costumes that were inspired by his own cubist style. Matisse worked on several productions as well, including "Le Chant du Rossignol" and "The Rite of Spring," creating colorful and vibrant sets and costumes that reflected his interest in fauvism and decorative art.
Their collaborations with the Ballets Russes were groundbreaking and helped to establish a new aesthetic for ballet productions, one that blended the worlds of dance and visual art in exciting and innovative ways.
Learn more about Henri Matisse.
https://brainly.com/question/27106030
#SPJ4
Full Question: what two famous visual artists also worked for this ballet company as set designers?
suppose that mehmet evaluates expected utlity for a set of prior probability distributions and acts to maximize the minimum of expected utlity over these priors
Mehmet's approach to decision-making involves evaluating the expected utility of a set of prior probability distributions and choosing the action that maximizes the minimum expected utility over these priors.
This strategy, known as the maximin rule, is a conservative approach that seeks to avoid worst-case scenarios. Essentially, Mehmet is choosing the action that provides the highest possible payoff for the worst-case scenario. The use of expected utility in decision-making allows Mehmet to weigh the potential outcomes of each action based on their probability of occurring. By choosing the action that maximizes the minimum expected utility, Mehmet is making a risk-averse decision that prioritizes minimizing potential losses. Overall, the maximin rule is a useful tool for decision-makers who are risk-averse or facing situations with high levels of uncertainty.
To learn more about utility, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29339138
#SPJ11