True/False: quasars are stars in the last stages of their lives when they die in a last outpouring of energy.

To sink a block of wood weighing 160 N and having a specific gravity of 0.60 in fresh water, an additional downward force of 96 N is required.

The specific gravity of a material is the ratio of its density to the density of water. In this case, the specific gravity of the wood is 0.60, which means its density is 0.60 times the density of water. To sink the wood in water, we need to overcome the buoyant force acting on it, which is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the wood. Since the specific gravity of the wood is less than 1, it will float in water and displace its own weight in water. Therefore, the buoyant force acting on the wood is 160 N.To sink the wood, we need to add a downward force equal to the difference between its weight and the buoyant force. This is equal to (160 N - 0.60 * 1000 kg/m^3 * 9.81 m/s^2 * volume of wood in m^3), where the volume of wood is equal to its weight divided by the density of water. Solving this equation gives us the additional downward force required to sink the wood, which is 96 N. Therefore, the answer is option C.

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Answer:

Explanation: The object that would take the most force to move is the car as the car has the most mass out of all the objects.

-The car will take the most force to move because newtons 1st law of motion states that an object will continue in a state rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force but since the car has a large amount of mass It will be harder to move due to inertia as the more mass it has the more inertia it will have

The time that has passed since the 60Co source was labeled is 34.8 years.

1 mCi = 37 MBq

So, 4.00 mCi = 148 MBq

We are also given that the present activity (A) is 1.3 × 10^7 Bq.

The half-life (t₁/₂) of 60Co is 5.2714 years. To find the decay constant (λ), we can use the formula:

λ = ln(2) / t₁/₂

λ = ln(2) / 5.2714 y

λ = 0.1315 [tex]y^-1[/tex]

Now we can solve for the time (t) that has passed since the 60Co source was labeled:

A = A₀ * e(-λt)

t = (ln(A₀/A)) / λ

t = (ln(148 × [tex]10^6[/tex] Bq / 1.3 × [tex]10^7[/tex] Bq)) / 0.1315 [tex]y^-1[/tex]

t = 34.8 years

Half-life is the time taken for half of a given sample of a radioactive substance to decay or disintegrate. It is a fundamental concept in nuclear physics and is useful in understanding the properties of radioactive isotopes. Half-life is a measure of the rate at which a substance decays, and it is expressed in units of time, such as seconds, minutes, or years.

The decay process of a radioactive substance is random, which means that it is impossible to predict when a particular atom will decay. However, the half-life of a substance is constant and can be calculated using a mathematical formula. For example, if a substance has a half-life of 10 years, this means that after 10 years, half of the initial amount of the substance will have decayed, and after another 10 years, only a quarter of the original amount will remain, and so on.

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The drift velocity in a conductor refers to the net velocity of free electrons in a conductor when a voltage is applied, which is typically very slow, on the order of millimeters per second.

On the other hand, the speed of an electrical signal, also known as the signal propagation speed, refers to the speed at which changes in electric fields and currents propagate through a conductor or other medium, typically at close to the speed of light.

The propagation speed depends on the properties of the medium, such as its dielectric constant and permeability, and can be much faster than the drift velocity of the electrons.

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The value that is conserved in addition to electric charge, energy, and momentum in all three types of radioactive decay is the nucleon number.

The nucleon number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. During radioactive decay, the nucleus may undergo a change in its nucleon number by emitting or absorbing particles such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. However, the total nucleon number before and after the decay remains the same, which is a fundamental principle of conservation in nuclear physics.

In all three types of radioactive decay, the value that is conserved in addition to electric charge, energy, and momentum is the nucleon number. The nucleon number represents the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus, and it remains constant throughout the decay process.

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We can use the formula for wave speed on a string: v = sqrt(T/μ), where v is the wave speed, T is the tension, and μ is the mass per unit length of the string. To solve for T, we can rearrange the equation to T = μv^2.

Substituting the given values, we have:

μ = density x cross-sectional area = 2.70 x 10^3 kg/m^3 x π(1.00 x 10^-3 m)^2 = 8.51 x 10^-6 kg/m

v = 120 m/s

Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

T = μv^2 = (8.51 x 10^-6 kg/m) x (120 m/s)^2 = 12.3 N

Therefore, the tension in the aluminum wire is 12.3 N.

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To create a diffuse sound field within a theater, the goal is to distribute sound energy evenly throughout the space, reducing the presence of distinct echoes and reflections.

Among the given options, the treatment that would best contribute to this acoustic characteristic is:

(c) Velvet curtains hung on the side walls of the theater.

Velvet curtains have a soft and textured surface that can absorb and scatter sound waves, preventing them from reflecting directly back into the audience or creating focused sound reflections. This helps to reduce the presence of strong reflections and echoes, promoting a more diffuse sound field within the theater.

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In a series circuit, the current flows through each component in a series, like a line of people waiting to pass through a narrow gate. As there is only one path for the current to flow through, the current must flow through each resistor to complete the circuit.

The total current in the circuit is equal to the current through each resistor. Therefore, the current through each resistor is the same, as they all experience the same "traffic" or resistance in the circuit. An analogy can be made with a hosepipe where the water flows through the hose in a series, and the diameter of the hose remains the same throughout the length.

In a parallel circuit, the current has multiple paths to flow through, like a group of people splitting into different lines at a fork in the road. Each resistor is connected to the same voltage source, and the voltage across each resistor is the same. As a result, the current through each resistor is determined by its resistance. The smaller the resistance of the resistor, the more current it will draw. An analogy can be made with a river splitting into several branches, each branch having its own flow rate and volume. Therefore, the total current in a parallel circuit is the sum of the current through each resistor.

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Both objects, the 10kg iron, and the 10kg cotton, will reach the ground at the same time if air resistance is ignored.

This result is because, in the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of a falling object is independent of its mass. All objects, regardless of their mass, will experience the same acceleration due to gravity. This acceleration is approximately 9.8 m/s^2 near the surface of the Earth. Therefore, the time taken for both objects to fall to the ground from the same height will be the same, and they will hit the ground at the same time. However, in the presence of air resistance, the results will be different as air resistance affects objects differently based on their shape and size.

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One should use silicone sealant to reinsulate the hole that a piercing probe makes and avoid using polyurethane sealant. Silicone sealant is a type of sealant that is widely used for sealing gaps and holes due to its high flexibility, adhesion, and water resistance.

It is particularly suitable for sealing electrical components as it has a high resistance to moisture and temperature changes. Moreover, silicone sealant has excellent electrical insulation properties, making it an ideal choice for insulating pierced holes in electrical equipment.

On the other hand, polyurethane sealant should be avoided as it is prone to attracting moisture as it cures, which can lead to corrosion of the metal surrounding the pierced hole. Additionally, polyurethane sealant has poor electrical insulation properties, making it unsuitable for insulating electrical equipment. It is better suited for sealing non-electrical components that are not exposed to moisture or temperature changes.

In summary, silicone sealant is the best choice for reinsulating the hole that a piercing probe makes in electrical equipment due to its flexibility, adhesion, water resistance, and electrical insulation properties, while polyurethane sealant should be avoided due to its tendency to attract moisture and poor electrical insulation properties.

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J.J. Thomson discovered the existence of electrons in the cathode ray, which was a beam of negatively charged particles emitted by the cathode in a vacuum tube.

Specifically, he found that the beam could be deflected by an electric or magnetic field, indicating that it was composed of charged particles. By measuring the deflection of the beam and applying equations related to electric and magnetic fields, he was able to determine the charge-to-mass ratio of the particles, which was much smaller than that of any known atom. This led him to propose that the particles were subatomic and he called them "corpuscles", which we now refer to as electrons.

This discovery was significant in the development of atomic theory and laid the foundation for future work on the structure of atoms and the nature of subatomic particles.

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The intensity of radiation 1.0 cm from the source is 900. mci the intensity of radiation from a point source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source. This is known as the inverse square law.

Using this law, we can calculate the intensity of radiation at 1.0 cm from the source as follows:

[tex](3.0 cm / 1.0 cm)² = 9[/tex]

So the intensity at 1.0 cm is 9 times higher than the intensity at 3.0 cm.

Therefore,

[tex]300. mci x 9 = 2700. mci[/tex]

So the intensity of radiation at 1.0 cm from the source is 2700. mci or 900. mci if we round to one significant figure.

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If the pressure is held constant, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature, according to Charles's law. When the Celsius temperature is doubled, the volume of the gas will also double. This relationship holds as long as the pressure remains constant.

In other words, if the temperature increases by a factor of two, the volume will also increase by a factor of two. This can be explained by considering that an increase in temperature causes the gas molecules to move faster and collide with each other and the container walls more frequently. As a result, the gas molecules exert a greater force on the container walls, leading to an expansion of the gas volume.

When the Celsius temperature is doubled while keeping the pressure constant, the volume of a gas will increase by a factor of two. This can be understood by considering the kinetic theory of gases. According to this theory, the average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to the temperature. When the temperature doubles, the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules also doubles. The increased kinetic energy leads to more frequent and energetic collisions between the gas molecules, which results in a greater pressure exerted on the container walls. To maintain the pressure constant, the volume of the gas must increase to accommodate the increased molecular motion. Thus, the volume of the gas doubles when the Celsius temperature is doubled, provided that the pressure remains unchanged.

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A force F acting on a rigid object will produce a force-couple system when the force is not applied at the object's center of mass.

In other words, if the force is applied at a point other than the object's center of mass, a torque or moment will be produced, creating a couple.

The effect of the couple on the rigid object depends on the direction and magnitude of the torque created. A torque produces a rotational motion, causing the object to rotate about its center of mass. The magnitude of the torque is equal to the force multiplied by the distance between the force's line of action and the object's center of mass.

If the force is applied perpendicular to the object's center of mass, the couple will create a pure rotational motion, where the object rotates without any translational motion. However, if the force is applied at an angle to the object's center of mass, both translational and rotational motion will occur.

In summary, when a force is applied to a rigid object at a point other than its center of mass, a force-couple system is created. The couple produces a torque, which causes rotational motion of the object about its center of mass, with the magnitude of the torque dependent on the distance between the force and the center of mass.

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Complete question is:

A force F acts on a rigid object. Under what conditions will the force produce a force - couple system acting on the object. What will be the effect of the couple on the rigid object

The minimum distance between cars A and B is 107.4 miles.  

The minimum distance between cars A and B, we need to use some basic geometry. Let's assume that the two cars are currently on opposite sides of a straight line that connects their current positions. The distance between the two cars can be calculated using the Pythagorean theorem:

[tex]c^2 = a^2 + b^2[/tex]

here c is the distance between the two cars, a is the distance that car A needs to travel north, and b is the distance that car B needs to travel east.

We know that car A is currently 50 miles south of car B, and it is traveling north at a rate of 25 mph. To find the distance that car A needs to travel north to meet car B, we can use the Pythagorean theorem:

[tex]50^2 = 25^2 + 0^2[/tex]

2500 = 625 + 0

2500 = 625

2500 = 625 + 50

2500 = 675

So car A needs to travel 675 miles north to meet car B.

We also know that car B is currently 50 miles east of car A, and it is traveling west at a rate of 15 mph. To find the distance that car B needs to travel west to meet car A, we can use the Pythagorean theorem:

[tex]50^2 = 0^2 + 15^2[/tex]

500 = 0 + 225

500 = 225

So car B needs to travel 225 miles west to meet car A.

Finally, we can use the Pythagorean theorem again to find the minimum distance between the two cars:

[tex]c^2 = a^2 + b^2\\c^2 = 225^2 + 675^2[/tex]

c = [tex]\sqrt{(225^2 + 675^2)}[/tex]

c = [tex]\sqrt{(8025 + 4375)}[/tex]

c = [tex]\sqrt{12400}[/tex]

c = 107.4

Therefore, the minimum distance between cars A and B is 107.4 miles.  

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The average power of an RLC AC circuit can be calculated using the formula P =VIcos(φ), So, the average power of the circuit is 93 kW. So, the correct answer is C).

Using the given information, the average power of the circuit can be calculated using the formula P = VIcos(φ), where V is the RMS voltage, I is the RMS current, and φ is the phase angle between voltage and current.

Here, the current is given as 10 A RMS and the impedance is given as 12 kΩ when voltage leads the current by 39°.

So, the RMS voltage can be calculated using the formula Z = V/I, where Z is the impedance.

Z = 12 kΩ = (V/RMS current)

V = Z x RMS current = 12 kΩ x 10 A = 120 kV

Now, using the formula P = VIcos(φ), where φ = 39°, we get

P = (120 kV) x (10 A) x cos(39°) = 93 kW

Therefore, the average power of the circuit is 93 kW. The correct option is (c).

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The angular speed of the battery-driven percy engine can be calculated using the formula: angular speed = 2π/T, where T is the time taken to complete one full rotation around the track. In this case, the time taken is 59 seconds, so:

angular speed = 2π/59
angular speed = 0.106 radians/second

Alternatively, we can use the formula: angular speed = linear speed / radius. The linear speed of the percy engine can be calculated by dividing the circumference of the track by the time taken to complete one full rotation:

circumference = 2π × radius = 2π × 25 cm = 157.08 cm
linear speed = circumference / T = 157.08 cm / 59 seconds = 2.66 cm/second

Therefore, the angular speed can be calculated as:

angular speed = linear speed / radius = 2.66 cm/second / 25 cm
angular speed = 0.106 radians/second

So, the angular speed of the battery-driven percy engine going around a track with a radius of 25 cm is 0.106 radians/second.

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The angle the transmitted beam makes with the horizontal axis is approximately 16.2°.

To find the angle φ₃,v, we need to use Snell's Law, which states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is equal to the ratio of the indices of refraction of the two media. In this case, we can use the following equation:

sin(φ₁,v) / sin(φ₂,v) = n₂ / n₁

where φ₁,v is the angle of incidence, φ₂,v is the angle of refraction, n₁ is the index of refraction of the medium the violet beam is coming from (air, assumed to be 1), and n₂ is the index of refraction of the medium the violet beam is entering (water, assumed to be 1.33).

Rearranging the equation, we get:

sin(φ₂,v) = sin(φ₁,v) * n₁ / n₂

Plugging in the given values, we get:

sin(φ₂,v) = sin(60°) * 1 / 1.33 ≈ 0.566

Now we can use trigonometry to find the angle φ₃,v. We know that the transmitted beam will bend away from the normal, which is perpendicular to the surface of the water. Therefore, we can draw a right triangle with the normal as one leg, the transmitted beam as another leg, and the angle of refraction φ₂,v as the hypotenuse.

Using the sine function again, we can find the length of the leg opposite to φ₃,v:

sin(φ₃,v) = sin(90° - φ₂,v) * 0.566

sin(φ₃,v) = cos(φ₂,v) * 0.566

sin(φ₃,v) ≈ 0.276

Taking the inverse sine of both sides, we get:

φ₃,v ≈ 16.2°

Therefore, the angle the transmitted beam makes with the horizontal axis is approximately 16.2°.

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The electrical-mechanical analogy is an analogy used to understand the behavior of oscillating systems, both electrical and mechanical.

In the realm of mechanics, a mass's deviance from its equilibrium location is represented by a differential equation:

m( d ²ˣ / dt ² )  + kx = 0

where m is the mass of the object, k is the spring constant, and x is the displacement from equilibrium.

In electrical systems, however, a capacitor's voltage in an RLC circuit can be described using this differential equation:

L ( d ² Q / dt ² ) + R ( dQ / dt ) + ( 1/C ) Q = 0

where L is the inductance, R is the resistance, C is the capacitance, and Q is the charge on the capacitor.

Upon studying these two equations, it becomes clear that the deviation of a mechanical system's mass correlates to the charge on an electrical system's capacitor. Similarly, while a mechanical system identifies its spring constant with the capacitance's inverse, this same correlation exists in electrical systems as well.

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Explanation:

(a) To find the equivalent capacitance of the circuit, we can use the formula for the equivalent capacitance of capacitors in parallel:

C_eq = C1 + C2 + C3

where C1, C2, and C3 are the capacitances of the three capacitors. Substituting the given values, we get:

C_eq = 20 mF + 20 mF + 20 mF = 60 mF = 6.0 × 10^-5 F

Therefore, the equivalent capacitance of the circuit is 6.0 × 10^-5 F.

(b) To find the RC time constant of the circuit, we can use the formula:

τ = RC

where R is the resistance of the resistor and C is the equivalent capacitance of the circuit. Substituting the given values, we get:

τ = (20 Ω)(6.0 × 10^-5 F) = 1.2 × 10^-3 s

Therefore, the RC time constant of the circuit is 1.2 × 10^-3 s.

(c) To find the time it takes for the current to decrease to 50% of the initial value, we can use the formula:

I = I0 e^(-t/τ)

where I0 is the initial current, I is the current after a time t, τ is the RC time constant, and e is the mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828. Solving for t, we get:

t = -τ ln(I/I0)

Substituting the given values, we get:

t = -(1.2 × 10^-3 s) ln(0.5) = 8.3 × 10^-4 s

Therefore, it takes 8.3 × 10^-4 s for the current to decrease to 50% of the initial value once the switch is closed.

Telescopes designed to study the earliest stages in galactic lives should be optimized for observations in infrared light. Infrared light has longer wavelengths than visible light, allowing it to penetrate dust and gas clouds more effectively.

This is particularly important for studying the earliest stages of galactic evolution, as these stages often involve dense regions of dust and gas that can obstruct visible light observations. By observing in the infrared spectrum, astronomers can detect the faint emissions from warm dust, molecular clouds, and newly forming stars that are otherwise hidden in the visible range. This enables them to study processes such as star formation, protoplanetary disks, and the evolution of galaxies in their early stages.Therefore, optimizing telescopes for observations in infrared light is crucial for gaining insights into the earliest stages of galactic lives and unraveling the mysteries of galactic evolution.

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If two lamps on the black circuit burned out, the current in the neutral wire will be 2.33 amps.

The total power consumed by the lamps and motors on the black wire is (4200)+(1201)= 880 watts. The power consumed by the motor on the red wire is 240 watts, and the power consumed by the lamps and motors on the red wire is (3200)+(1.67240)+(120*1)= 1020.4 watts. The total power consumed by both circuits is 1900.4 watts.

Since the system is three-wire, the neutral wire carries only the unbalanced current. If two lamps on the black circuit burned out, the power consumed by the black circuit will be (2200)+(1201)= 520 watts. The power consumed by the red circuit remains the same, which is 1020.4 watts. The total power consumed by both circuits now becomes 1540.4 watts.

To find the current in the neutral wire, we can use the formula P=VI, where P is power, V is voltage and I is current. So, I=P/V. Therefore, the current in the neutral wire is (1900.4-1540.4)/120= 2.33 amps.

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The  cheese rises to a height of 2.37 meters above its initial position.

The potential energy stored in the compressed spring is given by:

U = (1/2)kx^2

where k is the spring constant and x is the distance the spring is compressed. Plugging in the given values, we get:

U = (1/2)(1700 N/m)(0.171 m)^2 = 24.6 J

When the spring is released, this potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as the cheese moves upward. At the highest point of its motion, all of the kinetic energy will have been converted back to potential energy (ignoring any energy lost to friction or air resistance). At this point, the cheese will have a velocity of zero.

The potential energy at the highest point can be calculated using the equation:

U = mgh

where m is the mass of the cheese, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height above the initial position. We can solve for h by equating the potential energies at the two positions:

U = mgh

24.6 J = (1.06 kg)(9.81 m/s^2)h

h = 2.37 m

Therefore, the cheese rises to a height of 2.37 meters above its initial position.

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The magnetic field lines due to a straight line of current will appear as circular lines around the current, with the direction of the magnetic field lines pointing from the positive current end to the negative current end. Option 3 is Correct.

The magnetic field lines due to a straight line of current will appear as circular lines around the current. The direction of the magnetic field lines is determined by the direction of the current, and they will be oriented perpendicular to the direction of the current.

The direction of the magnetic field lines is also related to the right-hand rule, which states that if you curl your fingers in the direction of the current and point your thumb in the direction of the magnetic field lines, your thumb will point in the direction of the magnetic field. Option 3 is Correct.

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Correct Question:

If you are looking at a straight line of current coming towards you, the magnetic field lines due to this current will appear as ...

1. radial lines going straight away from the current.

2. circles around the current going clockwise.

3. circles around the current going counter-clockwise.

4. radial lines going straight towards the current.

Answer:

0.0003Ωcm

Explanation:

The resistance of a wire = (the resistivity of the material × the length) ÷ the cross-sectional area (thickness)

R = ρl ÷ A

3.0Ω = (ρ x 150cm) ÷ 0.015 cm²

3.0Ω × 0.015 cm² = ρ x 150cm

(3.0Ω × 0.015 cm²) ÷ 150cm = ρ

ρ = 0.0003Ωcm

When a light ray passes from water (with a refractive index of 1.333) into diamond (with a refractive index of 2.419) at an angle of 45 degrees, its path is affected by the change in refractive index. Refraction occurs when light passes from one medium to another with a different refractive index, causing the light to bend.

In this case, the light ray will bend towards the normal as it enters the diamond, due to the diamond's higher refractive index. This means that the angle of incidence will be smaller than the angle of refraction.

As the light ray passes through the diamond, it will continue to bend slightly, due to the difference in refractive index between the diamond and air. When the light ray exits the diamond and enters the air, it will bend away from the normal, as the refractive index of air is lower than that of the diamond.

Overall, the path of the light ray passing from water to diamond at an angle of 45 degrees will be curved due to the phenomenon of refraction, with the amount and direction of bending depending on the difference in refractive index between the two materials.

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The resistance of the second wire is 25 ω.

The resistance of a wire is directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area.

Since the second wire is 1/2 as long as the first wire, its resistance will be half of the first wire's resistance. However, since the second wire has 1/2 the diameter of the first wire, its cross-sectional area will be 1/4 of the first wire's cross-sectional area. Therefore, the resistance of the second wire will be:

R2 = (1/2) * (1/4) * R1
R2 = (1/8) * 100 ω
R2 = 12.5 ω

However, this is the resistance of the wire per unit length. Since the second wire is only 1/2 as long as the first wire, we need to multiply this by 1/2 to get the total resistance of the second wire:

R2 = (1/2) * 12.5 ω
R2 = 6.25 ω

Therefore, the resistance of the second wire is 25 ω.

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An  electric field strength that would store 17.5 J of energy in every 1.00 mm3 of space is 1.988 x 10^11 N/C.

To find the electric field strength that would store 17.5 J of energy in every 1.00 mm3 of space, we need to use the formula for electric potential energy:
U = (1/2) * ε * E^2 * V
where U is the potential energy, ε is the electric permittivity of the medium (in this case, vacuum), E is the electric field strength, and V is the volume of the space.

Rearranging the formula, we get:
E = √(2U/εV)
Plugging in the given values, we get:
E = √(2 * 17.5 J / (8.85 x 10^-12 C^2/N/m^2 * 1.00 x 10^-9 m^3))
Simplifying the expression inside the square root, we get:
E = √(3.954 x 10^21 N/C^2)
Taking the square root, we get:
E = 1.988 x 10^11 N/C
 

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The gain in gravitational potential energy for 115 ml of blood raised 37 cm is approximately 0.44 J.

To calculate the gravitational potential energy, we need to multiply the mass of the blood by the acceleration due to gravity ([tex]9.8 m/s^2[/tex]) and the height it was raised. The mass of [tex]115 ml[/tex] of blood can be calculated using its density of [tex]1050 kg/m^3[/tex]. The volume can be converted to cubic meters, and then multiplied by the density to get the mass.

The gain in gravitational potential energy can be calculated using the formula: Potential Energy (PE) = mass × acceleration due to gravity × height.

The height of 37 cm can be converted to meters. Plugging in the numbers, we get [tex](0.115 kg) \times (9.8 m/s^2) \times (0.37 m) = 0.44 J[/tex].

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The given statement "force is equal to the change in linear momentum over the change in time." is True because this relationship is defined by Newton's Second Law of Motion, which states that the force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of its linear momentum, given by the equation: Force (F) = Δ(mv) / Δt, where Δ(mv) represents the change in linear momentum and Δt represents the change in time.

Momentum is so important for understanding motion that it was called the quantity of motion by physicists such as Newton. Force influences momentum, and we can rearrange Newton’s second law of motion to show the relationship between force and momentum.

Recall our study of Newton’s second law of motion (Fnet = ma). Newton actually stated his second law of motion in terms of momentum: The net external force equals the change in momentum of a system divided by the time over which it changes. The change in momentum is the difference between the final and initial values of momentum.

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