Answer:
Secondary succession occurs when the severity of disturbance is insufficient to remove all the existing vegetation and soil from a site. Many different kinds of disturbances, such as fire, flooding, windstorms, and human activities (e.g., logging of forests) can initiate secondary succession. Pioneers of secondary successions face quite different conditions from those that accompany primary succession. Secondary successions often start with resource-rich conditions associated with high light availability and reduced competition for nutrients and moisture. Disturbances may also be short-lived; for example, gaps created in forest canopies close as the crowns of surrounding trees expand and as seedlings and saplings in the understory grow up in response to increased light. Pioneers rely on recruitment from propagules present in the soil, or that disperse into the site after disturbance occurs. Pioneers are able to outcompete established vegetation that survived the disturbance by maintaining high juvenile growth rates. Some of the fastest growing trees are pioneers in tropical rain forests. Individuals of the balsa tree Ochroma pyramidale, for example, can grow from seedlings to adults with >30 cm trunk diameter in <10 years.
The difference between pioneer and nonpioneer species is difficult to delineate (Table 1). Attempts to define distinct life-history strategies (implying coordinated evolution of life-history traits) are confounded because key traits such as propagule size and juvenile growth rate can vary over several orders of magnitude within a community and show broad overlap among species with contrasting habitat requirements. Nonetheless, interactions among traits can be used to describe some life-history tradeoffs that largely constrain the habitat requirements of pioneers. For vascular plants, paramount among these is a tradeoff between growth in the sun and survival in the shade (Figure 3). The high growth rates of pioneers are maintained by allocating a large fraction of the plant’s resources to new leaf area production, and by investing in nutrient-rich leaf tissue that can attain high-maximum photosynthetic rates. A consequence of preferential allocation to leaf production is that few resources remain that can be used to defend the plant against herbivores and pathogens, or to recover from physical damage. This results in high mortality, particularly in the shade, where resources needed for tissue replacement are most limiting.
Table 1. Characteristics of pioneer tree species in tropical forests that distinguish them from nonpioneer species
Pioneer speciesNonpioneer species1. Juveniles recruit from seed following disturbance; seedlings are unable to survive beneath a forest canopySeedlings and saplings persist in the shade of a forest canopy2. Seeds germinate in response to cues provided by changes in light, temperature, or soil nitrate concentrations indicating disturbance to canopy vegetationSeeds germinate immediately after dispersal or seasonally during periods favorable for establishment3. Seeds generally small; frequently dispersed by windSeeds may be large; frequently dispersed by vertebrates4. Seeds often persist in the soil (weeks to decades after dispersal)Seeds lack dormancy or remain in the soil for less than a year5. High height growth rate and juvenile mortality rateLower height growth, crowns often show lateral spread in the shade6. High maximal photosynthetic rate, light compensation point, and foliar nutrient concentrationsLow maximal photosynthetic rate, light compensation point, and foliar nutrient concentrations7. Short-lived leaves with high leaf area per unit leaf massLeaves of juvenile plants may persist for several years with low leaf area per unit leaf mass8. Open canopies with sparse branchingClosed canopies9. Low wood densityMedium–high wood density10. Low investment in chemical anti-herbivore defenseHigh investment in chemical and structural defenses11. Often form defensive mutualisms with antsDefensive mutualisms uncommon12. Adult lifespan typically <100 yearsAdult lifespan up to 500 years13. Wide geographic and ecological rangeOften restricted geographic range
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A murmur that is heard after the 1st heart sound and before the 2nd heart sound and is most easily auscultated in the 1st intercostal space immediately to the right of the sternum would most likely be caused by a:
Answer:
is caused by turbulence caused by the closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole or
the closing of the atrioventricular valves
Explanation:
Heart murmurs are noises or vibrations caused by turbulence in blood flow in the heart.
murmur that is heard after the 1st heart sound and before the 2nd heart sound and is most easily auscultated in the 1st intercostal space immediately to the right of the sternum is caused by the closing of the atrioventricular valves or is caused by turbulence caused by the closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole.
Systolic murmurs occur between the first heart sound (S1) and the second heart sound (S2). It is called the lub sound i.e the first sound.
The graphic shows the citric acid cycle. A diagram of the citric acid cycle is shown. Acetyl C o A enters the citric acid cycle and combines with a 4-carbon compound to form citric acid. During the citric acid cycle, what happens to acetyl-CoA? It enters the citric acid cycle and gains carbon dioxide to form citric acid, and gains more carbon dioxide through redox reactions to form a 4-carbon molecule. It enters the citric acid cycle and associates with a 4-carbon molecule, forming citric acid, and then through redox reactions regenerates the 4-carbon molecule. It enters glycolysis and associates with a 5-carbon molecule through redox reactions, forming another acetyl-CoA molecule. It enters the citric acid cycle and associates with a 4-carbon molecule, forming a 5-carbon compound, and then through oxidation reactions regenerates the 4-carbon molecule.
Answer:
It enters the citric acid cycle and associates with a 4-carbon molecule, forming citric acid, and then through redox reactions regenerates the 4-carbon molecule.
Explanation:
Acetyl-CoA(2C) associates with oxalacetate(4C) to form citric acid(6C). Then through redox reactions, CO2 molecules result from decarboxylation (COOH becomes R-(R1)CH-R2). And through dehydrogenation H2 molecules are incorporated in NADH+ in FADH2, resulting in the 4-carbon molecule at the beginning (oxalacetate). That's why it's called a cycle(Kreb's cycle or citric acid cycle)
In the citric acid cycle, when acetyl-CoA enters the cycle, it associates with a 4-carbon molecule (Oxalacetate), forming citric acid, and then through redox reactions regenerates the 4-carbon molecule (Oxalacetate).
--------------------
The resumed steps of the Citric acid cycle are as follows,
1) Acetyl CoA joins an oxaloacetate molecule, which is a 4C molecule. They release the CoA group and form a 6C molecule called Citrate.
Acetil CoA + Oxalacetato → Citrato + CoA group
2) Citrate turns into an isomere Isocitrate
3) Isocitrate oxidates and release 1 CO₂ molecule, producing an α- ketoglutarate molecule -this is a 5C molecule-. Meanwhile, NAD+ reduces to NADH.
Isocitrate + NAD+ → α-cetoglutarate + CO₂ + NADH
4) α-ketoglutarate oxidates and release 1 CO₂ molecule, producing a 4C molecule, which joins a Coenzyme A producing Succinyl-CoA. Meanwhile, NAD+ reduces to NADH.
α-cetoglutarate + NAD+ → 4C molecule + CO₂ + NADH
4C molecule + Coenzyme A → Succinil-CoA
5) CoA from Succinyl-CoA is substituted with a phosphate group, which then forms ATP. The final product is Succinate and ATP
Succinyl-CoA + Phosphate group + ADP → Succinate + ATP + CoA
6) Succinate oxidizes and forms Fumarate, a 4C molecule. FAD+ forms FAH₂
Succinate + FAD+ → Fumarate + FADH₂
7) A water molecule and Fumarate produce Malate, which is another 4C molecule
Fumarate + H₂O → Malate
8) Finally, malate oxidizes and oxalacetate regenerates -the initial 4C compound-. NAD+ reduces to NADH.
Malato + NAD+ → Oxalacetate + NADH
So, when acetyl-CoA enters the cycle, it associates with a 4-carbon molecule (Oxalacetate), forming citric acid, and then through redox reactions regenerates the 4-carbon molecule (Oxalacetate).
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A critical biotic factor in Yellowstone National Park is
A. high elevation
B. high temperatures in the summer
C.population of wolves
form
D. proximity to water
Answer:
A
Explanation:
What is a monomer of a protein?
Answer:
A monomer is a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins.
in the human nervous system, what is a synapse? A. The difference in ionic charge between the inside and outside of a neuron B. the chemical signal that binds to the next call in a neuron C. A type of neuron that transmits signals from one neuron to the next D. The space between two neurons
Answer:
D
Explanation:
For more info, try specifically researching about synapse junctions
A synapse is a space between two neurons.
Where is the synapse between two neurons?The junction between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another, through which the two neurons communicate.
Why is there a gap between two neurons?The gap between two neurons called synapses helps in the quick transmission of impulses from one neuron to another. Other advantages of the synapse are Amplification of current flow.
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Learning goal 1: Plastics are:
:natural
:synthetic
Answer:
synthetic
Explanation:
Answer:
The answer is synthetic
Explanation:
The function of hemoglobin is to The function of hemoglobin is to stimulate erythropoiesis. carry dissolved blood gases. carry bicarbonate ion. produce antibodies. aid in the process of blood clotting.
Answer:
Carry dissolved blood gases
Explanation:
Haemoglobin is a protein usually found in the red blood cells and is said to be what give the blood its characteristics red color.
Haemoglobin is a protein that also contain some iron atoms which binds oxygen; a gas to itself and aid in the transport of oxygen from the lungs in some group of animals and gills in others to the rest of the body allowing for aerobic respiration to occur in the body.
Why do you think the eukaryotic DNA requires multiple origins of replication?
A.
Multiple origins help make more copies of the same DNA simultaneously.
B.
Eukaryotic organisms have unique DNA strands for each specialized cell.
C.
Eukaryotes do not have topoisomerase, so multiple origins are created due to tension from unwinding of DNA strands.
D.
Eukaryotic DNA is much larger and replication at multiple origins helps reduce the time required for whole genomes to replicate.
E.
Multiple origins of replication ensure that there are no lagging strands and replication takes place at the same pace.
.
Answer:
D.
Explanation:
Prokaryotic DNA exhibit single origin of replication while eukaryotic DNA has multiple origins of replication because eukaryotic DNA is much larger and multiple origin of replicate helps them to replicate the whole genome in short time duration.
Large DNA of eukaryotes contain high amount of material to be replicated and multiple origin sites helps them to replicate in short time. DNA replication initiate at each origin site independentaly and terminate at corresponding termination sites.
Hence, the correct answer is D.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
i took the test
define community in biology
Answer:
An interacting group of various species in a certain location.
3) Because cardiac muscles are mechanically, chemically, and electrically connected to one another, cardiac muscle tissue functions like a single enormous muscle cell. For this reason, it is called a functional ________.
Answer: FUNCTIONAL SYNCYTIUM
Explanation: The cardiac muscles are the Pericardium (outermost), Myocardium (middle) and Endocardium (innermost) though three(3) in number but they work as a unit,this functional unit starts with the action of the pacemaker cells,the Sinoatrial nodes,Atrioventricular nodes, bundle of his,bundle branches/purkinjes fibers.
The contraction of the heart muscles relies on impulses from the nervous system and the contraction is coordinated and rapid inorder to bring about a uniform conduction of blood into, through and out of the heart.
Order the levels of organization from smallest (top) to largest (bottom)
A group of the same species in a living area, all living and nonliving things in an area, a living thing, all species living in an area
Answer:
a living thing
same species in a living area
all species living in an area
all living and nonliving things in an area
Explanation:
A living thing is one organism. The same species in a living area only includes one species in that area. All species living in an area includes all organisms in an area. All living and nonliving things in an area include all biotic and abiotic factors.
Answer:
1. A living thing
2. A group of the same species living in an area
3. All species living in an area
4. All living and nonliving things in an area
Explanation:
(Was on my test and got it all right - hope it helped)
Thylakoids contain clusters of chlorophyll and proteins known as . They absorb sunlight and generate high-energy that pass along the .
Answer:
1) Photosystems
2) Thylakoid membrane
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is an important phenomenon for the cells of autotrophic organisms like green plants. It is the process through which they obtain their energy source. Photosynthesis, which consists of two stages, occurs in the Chloroplast of the cell.
The light dependent stage occurs in the thylakoid lumen of the CHLOROPLAST while the light independent stage occurs in the stroma. The thylakoid is a membrane-bound sac usually organized in stacks called GRANA.
The Chlorophyll pigment, which captures the photon of light needed for the photosynthetic process, is contained in the thylakoid. Also, embedded in the thylakoid space are protein complexes called PHOTOSYSTEMS, which are involved in the capturing photons of light and transferring of electrons. The Photosystems 1&2 are the functional units of photosynthesis.
The high energy generated by the Photosystems are transferred from one electron carrier to another along the thylakoid membrane in order to generate ATP and NADPH. This process is called Electron transport chain.
Thylakoids are the membrane-bound structures present within chloroplasts of the plant cell. Thylakoids consist of photosystems and are surrounded by the thylakoid membrane.
The correct blanks for the given statement are:
Thylakoids contain clusters of chlorophyll and proteins known as photosystems. They absorb sunlight and generate high energy that passes along the thylakoid membrane.
Photosystems in the thylakoids are the structural and functional protein complexes, which play a crucial role in performing photosynthesis. These systems are present along the thylakoid membranes, and carry out the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis.
The thylakoid membrane is involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The membrane absorbs light energy and is then converted into chemical energy. The high-energy generated is passed along the thylakoid membrane.
Therefore, the correct answers are photosystems and thylakoid membrane.
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natural selection occurs at the organizational level to
Answer:
B) population
Explanation:
Acts on phenotypes on the individual level but evolution is at the population level. Microevolution is evolution at the population level
Hope it helps you
If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil species B, then A is considered to be older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of Group of answer choices fluorine analysis. paleomagnetism. geolayering. superposition.
Answer:
superposition
Explanation:
Dating consists of ordering geological events according to the time they occurred, which ones occurred first, and which ones occurred latterly. This dating can be done by using the superposition geological principle.
Sediments can be incrusted in horizontal layers in the ground, called stratum. Different stratum can give us information about the environment in the past. They keep information about the age and the conditions under which the sediments got deposited.
Some geological principles allow us to date, relatively, the age of different geological events in the past.
Sediment layers place in a temporal sequence, let us know that the older layers are located in an inferior position concerning the newer layers. Hence, fossil species placed in more inferior layers are supposed to be older than fossil species found in more superficial layers.
What is produced at divergent plate boundaries?
a. Mountains
b. Oceans
c. New seafloor
d. Earthquakes
Answer:
new seafloor
Explanation:
Cocklebur will not flower if exposed to 8 hours of dark and 16 hours of light. It will flower if exposed to 16 hours of dark and 8 hours of light. However, if the 16 hours of dark is interrupted with a brief period of light the cocklebur will not flower. What triggers cocklebur to flower
Answer:
Photoperiodism
Explanation:
The process explained in the question is called "Photoperiodism" which refers to the plants' reaction to the length of the dark and light period in a day.
When the dark period is interrupted with a certain period of artificial lighting, the plant thinks that the day had a longer period where it's "light" than it is "dark" so it gets tricked into flowering. Same concept can be applied in reverse for the plants who flower during longer periods of dark.
I hope this answer helps.
Why does mensuration occurs?
Explanation:
Mensuration is a natural process in which there is discharge of dead endometrial cells, unfertilized ovum, blood from broken capillaries and mucous membrane from uterus every month. As it is a natural process, it occurs every month to discharge the unwanted substances from our body. It makes our body free from the unwanted substances which can cause infection. It releases the unfertilized hormones prodoced in uterus of female.
hope it helps...
Around the Grand Canyon the predators of deer were largely exterminated by people. The deer population grew rapidly as a result of the lack of predators until the deer exhausted their food supply. This led to a massive die-off (known as a population crash) and hundreds of deer died of starvation. The point at which the food supply no longer supported the large deer population can best be considered a
Answer:
extinct or endangered specimen
Explanation:
[Blank] is a protein found in blood that is represented by a + or - sign, which affects the compatibility of blood with other blood types.
A) Rhesus factor
B)Antigen factor
C)Antibody factor
Answer:
the answer is rh factor.
Explanation:
Rh factor is known as the class of antigen or protein found on the rbc
If the protein is present, then the person is said to be Rh positive and when the protein is absent the person is said to be Rh negative.
Rhesus factor is present on the outside of red blood cells plasma membrane
Please help me.. ty if you do
Chloe is studying the effect a certain kind of fungus has on bacteria. Which of the following could be her hypothesis?
"I notice that when a certain fungus is present in a bacterial culture, the bacteria do not grow".
"Based on my tests, I realize that this fungus kills bacteria".
"I predict that the bacterial cultures in which I place this fungus will not grow".
"I propose that this fungus somehow kills bacteria."
Answer:
I propose that this fungus somehow kills bacteria
Explanation:
you rule out 2,3 because a hypotheses has not yet been proven therefore it is not certain
while in 1 in some cases the bacteria can also over power and kill the fungi using genes
but I chose 4 since fungi lack chloroplasts so they feed of ready made food and bacteria can be autotrophic therefore can manufacture food and so the fungi digests the bacteria in the process of trying to acquire the food since they don't have cell walls I guess
Ari drew a diagram to show organisms in an ecosystem. What did Ari draw?
Answer:
food web
Explanation:
Food web is an interconnection and assimilation of different good chains. Many food chains are interlinked a hence a food web is created. This represents what is eaten by which organism. The diagram that Ari had drawn is a diagram of a food chain. The grass is the primary source of food in the food web. Rabbit, Mouse, and grasshopper are the animals that eat the grass. The grasshopper is eaten by a shrew and a mouse. The rabbit and shrew are then eaten by the fox. A mouse is eaten by a snake and a fox. This is the diagrammatic representation of a food web.
Answer:
food web
Explanation:
Can chickens
and ducks
live
together?
Answer:
no chickens and ducks not together live
Answer:Yes
Explanation:
I had my chickens and duck live together for a long time. The ducks might try to peck the chickens but it is just them figuring out the pecking order. Hope this helps!
One of the main differences between a somatic reflex and autonomic reflex is the type of effectors that are activated. The effectors in somatic reflexes are _____, while the effectors in autonomic reflexes are _____.
The effectors in somatic reflexes are striated muscles(skeletal muscle)
The effectors in autonomic reflexes are smooth muscles or glands
What marked the end of the Precambrian period? A. The appearance of complex, multicellular animals B. The division between archaea and eukarya C. The emergence of simple, protist-like animals D. The development of DNA-based viruses Mark for review (Will be highlighted on the review page)
Answer:
A. The appearance of complex, multicellular animals
Explanation:
Precambrian period is the earliest period in the history of the earth. It was characterized by different evolutionary characteristics and differences.
The end of this period was marked with The appearance of complex, multicellular animals which were able to perform complex tasks
Answer:
A. The appearance of complex, multicellular animals
Explanation:
Section 5.2 ✔
which structure acts as traffic police in the above passage?
hi friends please answer to this question with the help of give passage in the pic I posted above.. please help me guys..
Answer:
epiglottis
Explanation:
let me give you an activity swallow saliva and see if you breath
a traffic police stops traffic from one end to let traffic on another end pass
this is what it does when you swallow the epiglottis partially closes the trachea to prevent entry of food and opens after swallowing and therefore acts as a traffic police
which of these changes in the food web would cause a decrease in the population of bald eagles
The correct answer is C. A decrease in the population of sea ducks
Explanation:
Food webs are diagrams that represent the relationship of organisms in an ecosystem by showing feeding or predatory relationships. This means food webs show which organisms eats another organism. In the case of the food web presented, this shows bald eagles fed on sea ducks and large piscivorous fish, this implies for survival bald eagles need from these two organisms. In this context, a decrease in the population of sea ducks (option C) would cause a decrease in the population of eagles because fewer sea ducks imply less food for eagles, and therefore fewer resources to survive.
Which statement about this family’s pedigree is correct? Marco carried the gene for color blindness, but Lauren did not. Lauren carried the gene for color blindness, but Marco did not. Marco and Lauren both carried genes for color blindness. Frank and Caleb both carried genes for color blindness.
Answer:
They face vary of things such as asexual reproduction
Explanation:
Answer:
its a
Explanation:
trust
Write any five points which helps everyone to orgasms faster.
Answer:
Here are my five -hot -cute -pretty -charming -gorgeous
Explanation:
-Hot = if she's hot she will make you wet
-Cute = if she's cute she will make your thing stick
Pretty = if she's pretty she's tolerable
charming = great vibes
gorgeous = makes you hard
Complete each statement with the correct term from the drop-down menu.
Many molecules are moved through the body by
.
provide structure for plants.
determine what people look like.
Cells are surrounded and protected by
.
speed up chemical reactions in the body.
Hemoglobin, a protein, is built by
.
The human body is insulated by
Answer:
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Nucleic acids
4. Lipids.
5. Proteins
6. Nucleic acids
7. Lipids
Correct on edge 2020!!!
Mendel’s pea plants had either purple or white flowers. This means that the plants A)can self-pollinate. B)have two recessive traits. C)have two alleles for the gene. D)have two copies of a gene from one parent.
Answer: C) Have two alleles for the gene
Explanation:
Mendel’s pea plants had either purple or white flowers. This means that the plants have two alleles for the gene.
What were the two colors of Mendel's pea plants?Pea colour (green or yellow) Pod shape (constricted or inflated) Pod colour (green or yellow) Flower colour (purple or white).
Thus, option "C" is correct.
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