Answer: The steps of a specific immune response includes: antigen recognition --> antigen presentation--> clonal expansion--> attack.
Explanation:
In the resistance of the body to infection, the human body has the ability to develop extremely powerful specific immunity against individual invading agents such as lethal bacteria, viruses, toxins and even foreign tissues from other animals. A typical example of a specific immunity is the ADAPTIVE or ACQUIRED IMMUNITY. This is defined as the immunity caused by a special immune system that forms antibodies and/ or activate lymphocytes that attack ans destroy the specific invading organisms or toxins.
There are two types of adaptive immunity which include the cell mediated immunity and the antibody mediated immunity.
The steps and the cells involved in these specific immune response includes:
--> ANTIGEN RECOGNITION: these invading organisms or agents contains one or more specific chemical compounds in its makeup that are different from all other compounds. These substances are called ANTIGENS. The T -lymphocytes and the B- lymphocytes are able to recognise and be sensitized by these antigen particles.
--> ANTIGEN PRESENTATION: These antigens need to be presented to the T- lymphocytes unlike the B- lymphocytes that bind antigen particles without having to be presented by any antigen presenting cell. Example of antigen presenting cell is the MACROPHAGES. they present the antigen to T-lymphocytes by engulfing and digesting the antigen which they transport the most antigenic fragment to their own cell membrane where it is displayed on their surface.
--> CLONAL EXPANSION: After presentation of the antigen to the T- lymphocytes, it stimulates the division and proliferation of the T- lymphocytes to produce specialised T- lymphocytes which will attack the original antigen in different ways.
--> ATTACK: After clonal expansion of T-lymphocytes the specialised T- lymphocyte cells produce initiates different attacks. These cells include:
• Memory T- cells: these long-lived cells survive after the threat has been neutralised and provide specific immunity by responding rapidly to another encounter with the same antigen.
• Cytotoxic T- cell: they directly inactivate any invading target cell and release powerful toxins.
• Helper T-cells: These cells produce special chemicals called cytokines which support and promote Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and macrophages.
•suppressor T-cells: These cells act as 'brakes', turning off activated T- lymphocytes thereby limiting the powerful and potentially damaging effects of the immune response.
A triangle has side lengths 9, 10, and 12. Is it acute, obtuse, or right? Explain.
A. Right; 92 + 102 = 181 and 122 = 144, so a? + b2 = c2.
O
B. Obtuse; 92 + 102 = 181 and 122 = 144, so a+ b2 < c.
C. Acute; 92 + 102 = 181 and 122 = 144, so a2 + b2 >c2.
I dont really understand what yours asking but that triangle is acute because its sides are less then 90 degrees. Does that help??
ASAP Arizona deserts have been transformed by: chemical fertilizers use of pesticides irrigation canals recycling plants
this is all the points i have 88
Answer:
irrigation canals
Explanation:
Answer:
irrigation canals
Explanation:
HELP ! can someone please explain to me on how to set it up ?
Answer:
The correct answer is -
4/4
100%
Explanation:
In this question, it is given that allele B (blue) is dominant over allele b (purple) and both Randal and cell have the same genotype of recessive alleles that is bb and bb.
The offspring of these two will be the same as the due to gametes Randall and cella produce are same which is b and b.
b b
b bb bb
b bb bb
here all four out of four have the same purple skin with 100% chances.
Researchers used DNA sequencing techniques to find similarities of Hox genes in roundworms, arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms, cephalochordates, and vertebrates. What did they find out about these genes? Select all that apply. A. Hox genes provide information about evolutionary relationships. B. Similarities among Hox genes suggest that they all arose from a single ancestral gene that duplicated many times. C. Hox genes are regulatory genes that determine body plans of animals. D. Only some animals that have been tested have Hox genes, suggesting that Hox genes have no function and only evolved recently.
Answer:
(B) Similarities among Hox genes suggest that they all arose from a single ancestral gene that duplicated many times.
Explanation:
Hox genes are arranged in clusters and their order on the chromosome is the same as the order in which they are expressed along the body during development.
I hope I helped, and I always appreciate Brainliest!!! :)
what is the overall purpose of meiosis?
Describe the role that the protein INSULIN plays in a red blood cell
Answer:
helps maintain blood sugar
:)
Explanation:
The beta cells of the pancreas produce a peptide hormone called insulin. It is an anabolic hormone that regulates the activity of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the body.
In blood cells insulin helps to:
Keep blood glucose levels
The role can be explained as:
Insulin is the anabolic protein that helps in breaking down carbohydrates, fats and proteins consumed in food. They signal the muscle and liver cells to absorb the glucose molecules present in the blood.They help the cells and tissues to regulate the glucose uptake for energy and also to store the excess glucose as a glycogen molecule.When there is an increased glucose concentration in blood cells then insulin cues liver cells to convert it into glycogen for future use.In the case of insufficient blood glucose it alerts liver cells to split the glycogen molecule into glucose for furnishing power and to counteract out the equilibrium in the body.Therefore, insulin regulates blood glucose levels.
To learn more about insulin follow the link:
https://brainly.com/question/6658031
New alleles can arise in both asexual and sexual reproduction.
Which of the following statements is TRUE based on the disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction.
A- Gametogenesis is the only source of genetic variation for sexual reproduction
B- This answer choice is wrong
C- Mutations are the only source of genetic variation for asexual reproduction
D- Meiosis is the only source of genetic variation for sexual reproduction
Answer:
C - Mutations are the only source of genetic variation for asexual reproduction
Mutations are the only source of genetic variation for asexual reproduction.
What is mutation?
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.
Germline mutations (that occur in eggs and sperm) can be passed on to offspring, while somatic mutations (that occur in body cells) are not passed on.
A mutation is never so advantageous in real life that it makes someone a superhero or does anything strange like give them wings. There are numerous explanations for why mutations typically don't have significant effects.
Therefore, Mutations are the only source of genetic variation for asexual reproduction.
To learn more about mutation, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/17130462
#SPJ2
Which of the following invertebrates is most closely related to the vertebrates? Select all that apply.
1. echinoderms
2. cnidarians
3. arthropods
4. chordates
Answer:
I would say chordates. (Not absolutely sure so double check)
Explanation:
Chordates have a dorsal nerve cord, which is super close to a spinal cord. (Which vertebrates have.)
Answer: Echinoderms
Explanation:
The Echinoderms deuterosomes mouth development and bilateral symmetry in the larval stage lead some scientists to believe that they are the closest to vertebrates.
What is base mismatch?
In your own words please I’ll mark brainlist
Why is taxonomy important to scientists?
I need help with both of these questions
Si tu masa corporal fuera 10 kg, ¿qué peso tendrías aquí en la tierra al
nivel del mar?
Answer: 98.1 N
Explanation:
En física, la masa es una magnitud y una propiedad que se mide en unidades, como kilogramos. Por otro lado, el peso es una magnitud vectorial o fuerza que se mide en netown (N). El cuerpo experimenta una atracción hacia la tierra, llamada gravedad, la cual es un fenómenos en donde dos objetos o cuerpos son atraídos entre sí. En este caso, la masa del cuerpo de 10 kg es muy inferior a la masa de la Tierra. Por lo que la atracción del cuerpo hacia la tierra es despreciable, y solo vamos a tomar en cuenta la atracción de la Tierra hacia el cuerpo.
La fuerza de gravedad a nivel del mar es de 9,81 metros/segundos^2. Reemplazando los datos en la ecuación de fuerza, la cual es:
Fuerza = masa x aceleración
obtenemos que:
Fuerza= 10 kg x 9,81 m/s^2 = 98.1 N
Por lo que el peso a nivel del mar es de 98.1 N.
Tsunami waves are caused by earthquakes in the ocean floor. As the waves approach the shore, they usually grow in height. When this occurs, which aspect of the wave is changing?
A.
amplitude
B.
direction
C.
frequency
D.
speed
E.
wavelength
Answer:
LETTER A. AMPLITUDE
Explanation:
Got it right on the test
please answer! PLEASEE!
if u dont mind please put as
1.
2.
3.
Hi i linked my work below:)
Products that we get from our ecosystems that we can use, buy, or sell; are which type of ecosystem service? Group of answer choices, Provisioning services, Supporting services, Cultural services, or Regulating services.
Answer:
Provision Services
Explanation:
A provisioning service is any type of benefit to people that can be extracted from nature. Along with food, other types of provisioning services include drinking water, timber, wood fuel, natural gas, oils, plants that can be made into clothes and other materials, and medicinal benefits.
what is the term that refers to this evolutionary relationship?
Answer:
Phylogenetics
Explanation:
An evolutionary tree can also be called a phylogenetic tree, or a just a phylogeny, and phylogenetics is the study of determining evolutionary relationships, or patterns of descent of organisms.
Hope it helps...
What would happen if the chromosome did not move to the opposite sides of the nucleus before the cell pinched apart?
Why do ionic compounds conduct electric current when they are dissolved in water?
What ratio of plants in the offspring would you predict from a Yy x Yy cross?
Answer:
The correct answer is -
The genotype of offspring - 1:2:1 (YY:Yy:yy)
The phenotype of offspring - 3:1 (dominant trait: recessive trait)
Explanation:
In this question, it is stated that there is a cross between Yy and Yy. By the genotype of the parents, we can say that Y is dominant for a particular trait and y is recessive and the parents are in the heterozygous condition in this cross. The gametes these parents will produce are - Y and y and Y and y
then the cross of Yy and Yy would be -
Y y
Y YY Yy
y Yy yy
Offspring from this cross are YY, Yy, Yy, and yy which means the genotypic ratio is - 1:2:1 and the phenotypic ratio is - 3:1 as three out of four are dominant.
What is NOT a solid waste ? A.Methane B.Grass clipping and leaves C.old cell phones
Answer:
A. Methane
Explanation:
Methane is a gas not a solid. Every other answer choice is a solid.
The diameter of a circle is 6 miles. What is the circle's circumference?
Answer: C=18.85
Explanation: c/circle, hope this helped
Help me please with both of them
Answer:
Routine
neglegted
Explanation:
that is my answer
i just need these three labeled and i’m good lol
Which of the following is a property of water? (4 points)
It can dissolve only acids.
It expands when it melts.
It exists naturally in only in two states.
It has a low surface tension.
It stores heat energy well.
Answer:
QUESTION NUMBER THREE DONEE YA BOIIIIIIIIII
Explanation:
What delivers oxygen around your body to different organs and tissues
Answer:
The blood circulatory system (cardiovascular system) delivers nutrients and oxygen to all cells in the body. It consists of the heart and the blood vessels running through the entire body. The arteries carry blood away from the heart; the veins carry it back to the heart.
Explanation:
Hope This Help??
Please Mark Me Brainly!!
why can the hydrgoen ions not freely pass throufh the membrane without ATP synthase
Answer:
Explanation:
it is made of negativity charged phosphate group
1. What gene involved in skin pigment varies a great deal across populations?
2. Why doesn’t skin cancer explain this selection?
3. What does strong sunlight do to folate?
ALOT OF POINTS!!!!!
Answer:
Explanation:12werffdew
Answer:
1.A number of genes have been positively associated with the skin pigmentation difference between European and non-European populations. Mutations in SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 are believed to account for the bulk of this variation and show very strong signs of selection.
2.Cancer can circumvent negative selective pressures due to its ability to accumulate mutations that cause genetic diversity in tumor cells as the cells proliferate. Cancer seems to have evolved a propensity for, or at the very least, a selection for fitness.
3.Folate levels decrease depending on sun exposure, study says. 05 Feb 2019 --- Folate levels decrease during the months when solar radiation is higher and ultraviolet radiation proportionately affects folate levels in the blood.
Explanation:
Difference between phagocytes and red blood cells
What is the MAIN difference between prokaryotic (bacteria) cells and eukaryotic cells?
A. Presence of Cell membrane
B. Presence of Nucleus
C. Presence of Cell Wall
D. Single-Cell vs Multicellular organisms
Answer:
Single cell vs Multicellular organisms
Explanation:
A prokaryote is a single celled organism such as bacteria, whereas eukaryotes are multicellular beings, such as humans and other forms of life made up of multiple cells.
What was the problem is Redi's experiment
a. How do maggots appear in meats?
b. How do worms appear in wood?
c. Is spontaneous generation a valid explanation for maggots in meats?
O d. All of the above are examples of problems.
HURRY PLEASE
Answer: c. Is spontaneous generation a valid explanation for maggots in meats?
Explanation: