using specific : using specific visual evidence from at least two of the works, explain at least two similarities or differences in how each work accommodated worship.

The art movement that mocked modern society and reasonable thought is Dadaism. Dadaism was an early 20th-century art movement that originated in Europe, particularly in Zurich, Switzerland, during World War I. It was characterized by its anti-establishment, anti-war, and anti-art sentiments, often using humor and absurdity to challenge traditional norms and values. Artists involved in the Dada movement sought to break away from the constraints of traditional artistic expression and critique the social, political, and cultural landscape of their time.

Dadaism was a movement that sought to reject reason and logic, using satire as a means of artistic expression. The artists associated with Dadaism used unconventional materials, such as found objects and everyday items, to create their works, often assembling them in bizarre and nonsensical ways. Dadaist works often incorporated text, collage, and sound, challenging the notion that art should be visually pleasing or beautiful. The movement had a profound impact on subsequent artistic movements, including Surrealism and Pop Art. The legacy of Dadaism can also be seen in contemporary art and cultural criticism, as it challenged the traditional boundaries between art and life, and between the artist and their audience. Dadaism remains a powerful critique of the social and political structures that continue to shape our world today.

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Greek Orthodox chant, also known as Byzantine chant, differs from Western Christian chant in several ways.

1. Melodic Structure: Greek Orthodox chant follows a different melodic structure compared to Western Christian chant. It is based on a system of eight modes, known as the Octoechos. Each mode has its own distinct melodic patterns, called "echoi," which are used to shape the melodies. Western Christian chant, on the other hand, typically follows the Gregorian chant tradition, which utilizes a different system of modes and melodic patterns.

2. Musical Notation: Greek Orthodox chant uses a unique form of musical notation called Byzantine musical notation. This notation system employs symbols known as neumes to indicate the melodic contour and ornamentation of the chant. Western Christian chant, particularly Gregorian chant, uses a different system of neumes and later evolved into the more familiar staff notation.

3. Vocal Style: Greek Orthodox chant is typically sung in a monophonic texture, with a single melodic line. It is predominantly choral, with a group of singers or a choir performing the chant. Western Christian chant, including Gregorian chant, can feature both monophonic and polyphonic textures, with multiple melodic lines sung simultaneously.

4. Language: Greek Orthodox chant is predominantly sung in Greek, reflecting its cultural and historical roots in the Eastern Orthodox tradition. Western Christian chant, including Gregorian chant, can be sung in Latin or vernacular languages depending on the particular liturgical tradition.

Overall, Greek Orthodox chant and Western Christian chant have distinct musical styles, melodic structures, notations, and cultural contexts. These differences reflect the diverse traditions and historical developments of the Eastern and Western branches of Christianity.

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Much of the artwork from Africa is lost to us because of a variety of reasons, including the lack of written records, the ephemeral nature of certain materials used in the creation of the artwork, the effects of colonization, and the impact of Western art collectors on African art.

One reason why much of the artwork from Africa is lost to us is the lack of written records. Many of the cultures in Africa did not have a written language, so the only way to learn about their art is through oral tradition.

This means that much of the information about African art has been lost over time, as it was not recorded in a way that could be passed down through generations.

Another reason is the ephemeral nature of certain materials used in the creation of the artwork. For example, many sculptures and masks were made from wood, which can easily rot or be destroyed by insects.

Other materials used, such as raffia, feathers, or animal hides, are also subject to decay and may not survive for centuries.

The impact of colonization on African art also played a role in the loss of artwork. European colonizers often took African art back to Europe as a way of displaying their wealth and power.

This resulted in many pieces of artwork being removed from their original context, and in some cases, being lost or destroyed.

Finally, the impact of Western art collectors on African art has also contributed to the loss of artwork. Many collectors were primarily interested in acquiring pieces for their aesthetic value, rather than their cultural or historical significance.

This resulted in many pieces of African art being removed from their original context and sold to collectors, where they may no longer be accessible to the communities where they were originally created.

In summary, the loss of African artwork is due to a variety of factors, including the lack of written records, the ephemeral nature of certain materials, the impact of colonization, and the impact of Western art collectors.

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The style of singing that emphasizes melodic lines against unobtrusive accompaniments is called melismatic singing.

Melismatic singing is a style that has been used for centuries in various musical traditions around the world. It involves elongating or embellishing individual syllables with a series of notes, creating a rich and expressive melody. This style of singing allows the vocalist to convey a wide range of emotions and moods, from joy and exuberance to sorrow and longing.

In many cultures, melismatic singing is associated with religious or spiritual music, as it is believed to convey a deeper sense of devotion or transcendence. However, melismatic singing is also used in secular music, such as pop and R&B. The use of melismatic singing can also be seen in classical music, where it is used to create intricate and complex vocal lines.

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Answer: Sound Mixer

Explanation: he is usually  responsible for recording and monitoring audio * even his name says it so it was pretty obvious*

In a film production, the person responsible for recording and monitoring audio is typically the sound mixer or sound recordist. This individual is responsible for capturing all sound on set, including dialogue, sound effects, and ambient noise, using microphones and other audio equipment.

They also monitor the sound during filming to ensure that the levels are consistent and that there are no technical issues or disruptions that could affect the quality of the audio. The sound mixer works closely with the director, cinematographer, and other members of the crew to ensure that the sound complements the visuals and helps to tell the story effectively. They are an essential member of the film production team and play a crucial role in bringing the film to life.

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The given statement the prophet Muhammad had a christian wife is true.

The Prophet Muhammad had a Christian wife named Maria al-Qibtiyya, also known as Maria the Copt. She was gifted to Muhammad by the ruler of Egypt. Maria converted to Islam and bore a son named Ibrahim with the Prophet Muhammad.

Maria al-Qibtiyya, also known as Maria the Copt, was indeed a Christian woman who became a wife of the Prophet Muhammad. She was gifted to Muhammad by the ruler of Egypt, Muqawqis, in the early years of Islam.

Maria's exact origins are not fully clear, but it is believed that she was of Coptic Christian heritage from Egypt. After being gifted to Muhammad, she converted to Islam and became one of his wives. It is reported that Maria was a beloved wife to the Prophet and that he had a special affection for her.

Maria bore a son named Ibrahim with Muhammad. However, Ibrahim passed away at a young age. Despite Ibrahim's death, Maria continued to hold a significant place in Muhammad's life. She is said to have lived with the Prophet until his death.

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Changes in the Romantic opera that were characteristic of the work of Wagner included spectacular and massive staging, unconventional chromatic harmony, and powerful voices with large orchestras.

Richard Wagner, a German composer of the 19th century, made significant contributions to the development of Romantic opera. One of the notable changes he introduced was the concept of spectacular and massive staging. Wagner's operas featured elaborate sets, intricate stage designs, and innovative use of theatrical effects, aiming to create a total work of art (Gesamtkunstwerk) that combined music, drama, and visual elements.

Wagner also employed unconventional chromatic harmony, pushing the boundaries of tonality and exploring complex and dissonant harmonies. His use of chromaticism added emotional depth, intensity, and richness to his compositions, contributing to the expressive power of his operas.

Furthermore, Wagner's operas demanded powerful voices capable of tackling the dramatic and vocally challenging roles he created. He often wrote for larger orchestras to achieve a rich and full sound that could match the grandeur and scale of his operatic vision.

These characteristics of Wagner's work in Romantic opera had a profound influence on subsequent opera composers and helped shape the trajectory of opera as an art form in the 19th and 20th centuries.

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While representational art depicts objects, figures, or scenes from the real world, not all representational art is naturalistic. Naturalistic art specifically aims to depict those subjects realistically and accurately, whereas representational art can also include stylized or abstract interpretations of the real world.

The statement is false.

Examples of representational art that are not necessarily naturalistic include various styles of abstraction, such as cubism or expressionism, where the subjects are still recognizable but may be distorted or exaggerated. In addition, art forms such as caricatures or cartoons use representational techniques to depict the real world, but with an intentional exaggeration or distortion for a comedic or satirical effect. Finally, some representational art may be stylized or simplified to emphasize certain features or convey a specific mood or emotion, while still retaining a recognizable subject. Overall, representational art can encompass a wide range of styles and techniques beyond just naturalism.

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False. While representational art aims to depict recognizable objects or scenes, it is not necessarily always naturalistic. Naturalism in art refers to a style that emphasizes the accurate depiction of the natural world, often achieved through techniques such as chiaroscuro (the use of light and shadow to create depth) and perspective.

However, representational art can take on many styles beyond naturalism, such as abstraction or surrealism, where the focus is on representing ideas or emotions rather than the physical appearance of the world. For example, Pablo Picasso's "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" is a representational artwork that portrays human figures, but it is not naturalistic as the figures are distorted and abstracted.

Therefore, while naturalism is a style that falls under the umbrella of representational art, not all representational art is naturalistic.

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As a mental health nurse, it is crucial to understand the goals of therapeutic communication. Therapeutic communication refers to the use of effective communication techniques to establish and maintain a therapeutic relationship between the nurse and the client.

The primary goals of therapeutic communication include building trust, establishing rapport, promoting self-expression, encouraging problem-solving, and improving the client's overall mental health and well-being.

Out of the options given, the goal that would not be considered a part of therapeutic communication is d) self-exploration of feelings by the nurse. While self-awareness is important for the nurse to provide effective care, it is not a goal of therapeutic communication.

The focus of therapeutic communication is on the client's thoughts, feelings, and emotions, and guiding them towards problem-solving and better mental health. Therefore, the correct answer would be d) self-exploration of feelings by the nurse.

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The statement is True, impressionistic music is a style that prioritizes creating a specific mood or atmosphere over adhering to a strict musical structure.

This style emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was heavily influenced by the visual art movement of Impressionism. Composers of impressionistic music sought to convey a sense of sensory experience, using delicate and often ambiguous harmonies, rich textures, and subtle melodies.

This style was particularly popular in France, where composers such as Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel were leading figures. Overall, impressionistic music is known for its ethereal, dreamlike quality and its focus on creating an emotional response in the listener.

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This style of filmmaking is often called "subjective camera" or "psychological camera" and is characterized by the use of a fixed camera position that anticipates the action on screen.

This technique creates a sense of claustrophobia or unease, as the viewer feels as if they are trapped within the confines of the camera's perspective. Objects and actors are often framed in such a way that they block the viewer's view of other elements in the scene, creating a sense of visual obstruction and reinforcing the theme of determinism or fatality. This style of filmmaking was famously used by Alfred Hitchcock in many of his films, including "Rear Window" and "Vertigo."  

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Revueltas's orchestration for son is similar to that of a traditional mariachi ensemble.

Silvestre Revueltas: Silvestre Revueltas was a Mexican composer known for his innovative and distinctive orchestration techniques. He incorporated elements of traditional Mexican music into his compositions, giving them a unique and vibrant sound.

Son: "Son" is a genre of traditional Mexican music that typically features lively rhythms, syncopation, and a variety of instruments such as guitars, violins, trumpets, and percussion. It is often associated with mariachi music.

Orchestration: Orchestration refers to the arrangement and selection of instruments in a musical composition. Revueltas's orchestration for Son incorporates elements of the traditional mariachi ensemble. He employs instruments commonly found in mariachi bands, such as strings, brass, and percussion, to create a similar sound and texture.

Similarities: Revueltas's orchestration for Son captures the spirit and energy of traditional Mexican music, much like a mariachi ensemble. The use of instruments like guitars, violins, and brass instruments, combined with rhythmic patterns and syncopation, creates a vibrant and distinctive orchestral sound reminiscent of traditional Mexican music.

In summary, Revueltas's orchestration for Son is similar to that of a traditional mariachi ensemble. Both feature instruments commonly found in mariachi bands and incorporate the lively rhythms and vibrant energy of Mexican music.

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b. atonal harmony and d. disjunct melody describes George Crumb's Caballito negro.

George Crumb: George Crumb is an American composer known for his avant-garde and experimental approach to classical music. He has received numerous awards and accolades for his work, including the Pulitzer Prize for Music.

Caballito negro: Caballito negro is a vocal composition by George Crumb, written for soprano and amplified piano. The piece is based on a poem by Mexican poet Octavio Paz and is characterized by its unconventional use of sound and extended techniques.

Atonal harmony: Atonal harmony is a musical approach that avoids traditional tonal relationships between notes. Instead, atonal music is characterized by dissonance and lack of a clearly defined key or tonality. Caballito negro is an example of atonal music, with its use of dissonant chords and lack of a clear tonal center.

Disjunct melody: A disjunct melody is a melody that moves in large intervals or skips between notes, rather than moving in a more stepwise or conjunct manner. Caballito negro features a disjunct melody that moves in large intervals and leaps between notes, creating a sense of tension and unpredictability in the music.

Spanish language: Caballito negro is not sung in Spanish. The text of the piece is in English and is based on a translation of the original Spanish poem by Octavio Paz.

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The statement that accurately compares twentieth-century music with music from the classical era is that "Compared to classical music, twentieth-century music is more likely to contain irregular rhythms and meters" (option b).

This is because, in the twentieth century, composers began experimenting with new musical forms and structures, breaking away from the traditional rules of classical music. They incorporated dissonance, atonality, and unconventional rhythms, which gave rise to new genres like jazz, rock, and electronic music. On the other hand, classical music relied heavily on regular rhythms and meters and had a clear tonal center, which made it easier to remember and hum along to.

Additionally, classical music often used melodies that were simple and easy to recall, whereas twentieth-century music aimed to challenge and push boundaries. Therefore, when comparing classical and twentieth-century music, it is important to consider the different musical characteristics that define each era. The correct option is b.

The complete question is:

Which statement accurately compares twentieth-century music with music from the classical era?

a) Compared to classical music, twentieth-century melodies are more closely tied to major and minor keys.

b) Compared to classical music, twentieth-century music is more likely to contain regular rhythms and meters.

c) Compared to twentieth-century music, classical music is more likely to have no tonal center.

d) Compared to twentieth-century music, classical music relies more heavily on melodies that are easy to remember

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Stravinsky's second phase is generally known as b. neoclassical. Stravinsky's neoclassical period marked a significant shift in his compositional style. After his earlier "primitive" period, which included works such as "The Rite of Spring" and "The Firebird," Stravinsky transitioned to a more traditional and structured approach during the 1920s.

The neoclassical phase is characterized by a return to classical forms and influences, particularly from the Baroque and Classical periods. This phase is marked by a clear and concise structure, with an emphasis on harmony and melody, as opposed to the rhythmic complexity of his earlier works.

Some of the most prominent works from Stravinsky's neoclassical period include the ballet "Pulcinella," the opera "The Rake's Progress," and the Symphony in C. These compositions showcase Stravinsky's mastery of traditional forms and techniques, while still maintaining his distinct musical voice.

Overall, Stravinsky's neoclassical phase is an important part of his compositional development, as it represents a shift in his artistic focus and a return to classical roots. This period allowed him to explore different styles and techniques while continuing to innovate and influence the music world.

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Answer:

A. Piano

Explanation:

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False. There is no evidence to suggest that John Williams had to plead to score the movie "Memoirs of a Geisha." He was hired as the composer due to his talent and reputation.

John Williams did not score the film "Memoirs of a Geisha." The score for that film was composed by John Williams' frequent collaborator, Yo-Yo Ma. John Williams is known for his work on numerous other films, such as the Star Wars series, Indiana Jones series, and Jurassic Park, but he was not involved in scoring "Memoirs of a Geisha." There is no proof that John Williams had to beg for the opportunity to soundtrack "Memoirs of a Geisha." He was selected as the composer because of his skill and standing.

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The chords heard throughout this section are best described as irregularly accented and consonant.

In this context, "irregularly accented" suggests that the emphasis or stress on the chords is not consistent or predictable. There may be unexpected accents or variations in the rhythmic placement of the chords. However, despite the irregular accents, the chords themselves maintain a sense of consonance, meaning they sound stable, harmonically pleasing, and relatively free from tension. This indicates that the chords are in agreement with the tonal center or key of the music, creating a sense of stability and resolution. The combination of irregular accents and consonant harmonies can contribute to a dynamic and expressive musical texture, adding interest and variety to the section while still maintaining a sense of harmonic coherence.

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The painting and quote you referred to are emblematic of the new and most productive military strategies utilized by land-based empires, such as the Ottomans, in the time period 1450-1750 CE.

The painting likely captures key elements of these strategies, including organized troop formations, advanced weaponry, and effective communication. These innovations allowed empires like the Ottomans to expand their territories and maintain control over their lands. Additionally, the quote probably highlights the importance of these strategies in ensuring the success and longevity of the empire during this period.

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The ritornello form in a concerto is typically found in the first movement. This movement is known as the "allegro" or "fast" movement and serves as the main showcase for the soloist and the orchestra.

In this form, a recurring theme or melody, known as the ritornello, is introduced by the orchestra and then alternates with solo passages performed by the featured instrument or instruments.

The ritornello provides a structural framework, returning periodically throughout the movement, while the solo sections allow for virtuosic displays and improvisation by the soloist.

While it is possible to find elements of ritornello-like structures in other movements, it is most commonly associated with the first movement of a concerto.

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In the sketched eyes assignment, you will print the Comic Strip Cells page and create a comic strip using every cell. Focus on incorporating a variety of elements and principles of design, including color, to achieve unity and visual appeal in your comic.

Here are the steps for the sketched eyes assignment:

1. Print the Comic Strip Cells page: Start by printing the Comic Strip Cells page provided for the assignment. Ensure you have a physical copy of the page with all the empty cells.

2. Plan your comic: Take some time to brainstorm and plan out your comic strip. Consider the storyline, characters, and dialogue you want to portray in each cell. Think about how you can utilize various elements and principles of design to create a sense of unity and visual coherence throughout your comic.

3. Create rough sketches: Begin sketching your comic strip by making rough outlines and basic shapes in each cell. Focus on capturing the composition and layout of your comic strip. Use pencil to make the initial sketches so you can make adjustments and modifications later.

4. Incorporate elements of design: As you refine your sketches, start incorporating different elements of design to enhance your comic strip. Experiment with lines, shapes, colors, textures, and spacing to create visually appealing and cohesive artwork.

a. Lines: Use different types of lines, such as curved, straight, thick, or thin, to define the outlines and details of your characters and objects.

b. Shapes: Utilize various shapes to give form and structure to your characters and elements within each cell.

c. Colors: Choose a color palette that suits the mood and theme of your comic strip. Apply colors strategically to convey emotions, highlight key elements, and create harmony throughout the entire strip.

d. Textures: Add textures to your artwork to give depth and visual interest. Explore shading techniques or use patterns to create texture in different parts of your comic.

5. Refine your sketches: Once you are satisfied with the rough sketches, refine them by adding more details, refining proportions, and cleaning up the lines. Pay attention to maintaining consistency and coherence between the cells.

6. Add color: After finalizing the pencil sketches, start adding color to your comic strip. Use markers, colored pencils, watercolors, or any other preferred coloring tools to bring your comic to life. Apply the chosen color scheme consistently across all cells to ensure unity and visual flow.

7. Review and revise: Take a step back and review your comic strip as a whole. Evaluate the unity of the design elements and principles you've incorporated. Make any necessary revisions or adjustments to improve the overall composition and visual impact.

8. Complete the comic strip: Once you are satisfied with the final result, ink or finalize your colored illustrations. Remove any remaining pencil lines and ensure that the images are clean and polished.

9. Present your comic strip: Showcase or submit your completed comic strip for evaluation or sharing. Consider sharing it digitally or printing it out for a physical presentation.

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A small, specialized vocal ensemble is commonly referred to as a "vocal quartet" or "vocal ensemble."

These terms typically describe a group of four singers who perform together, often focusing on a specific repertoire or musical style. Vocal quartets can be highly versatile and may specialize in various genres such as classical music, a cappella, jazz, barbershop, or contemporary vocal arrangements.

These ensembles often showcase intricate harmonies, blends, and precision in their performances. Additionally, smaller vocal ensembles with a different number of singers, such as trios, quintets, or sextets, can also be found based on the desired vocal texture and musical goals.

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This statement is True. The excesses of Romanticism did give rise to melodrama and grand opera. During the Romantic era, which spanned the late 18th and 19th centuries, there was a heightened emphasis on emotion, individualism, and the dramatic.

Romanticism rejected the constraints of neoclassical ideals and sought to evoke intense feelings and experiences through artistic expression.

In literature and theater, this emphasis on heightened emotions and dramatic storytelling led to the development of melodrama.

Melodramas were characterized by exaggerated characters, clear-cut moral dichotomies, and sensational plots filled with emotional conflicts.

Melodramas often featured heroic protagonists, damsels in distress, and nefarious villains, catering to the audiences' desire for strong emotional reactions.

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D. Edison's repeating telegraph was NOT important in the invention of talking motion pictures. The other options are all important in the history of motion pictures. The electric light bulb allowed for longer shooting hours, celluloid was used as a film medium, the cathode ray tube helped with television technology, and the Zoopraxiscope was an early motion picture projector.

Telegraphy was also important in the transmission of information and communication related to the development of motion pictures. The Edison's repeating telegraph was important in the development of telegraphy, but not in the invention of talking motion pictures. Other options like celluloid, Zoopraxiscope, and the electric light bulb played significant roles in the development of motion pictures, and the cathode ray tube contributed to television technology.

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True. Baroque music is a style of music that was popular during the 1600s and 1700s. It is characterized by its use of complex harmonies, elaborate ornamentation, and a strong, steady beat.

This steady beat is often provided by a steady pulse of a basso continuo, or a repeating pattern of chords played by a keyboard instrument, such as a harpsichord or organ.

This strong, steady beat is often played throughout the entire piece of music, providing an exciting and energetic backdrop for the intricate melodies and harmonies. Baroque music was used for both sacred and secular purposes, and was an important influence on the development of classical and romantic music.

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The given statement "Belief in determinism prevents people from becoming better persons" is False because Determinism is the philosophical belief that all events, including human actions, are ultimately determined by external factors such as genetics, environment, and past events.

If someone strongly believes in determinism and thinks that their actions and choices are predetermined, they may feel a sense of resignation or lack of personal responsibility for their actions. This belief could potentially hinder their motivation to actively strive for personal growth and improvement.

However, it is important to note that individuals can interpret determinism differently, and some may see it as an opportunity for self-reflection, acceptance, and a deeper understanding of themselves and their actions. They may still seek personal growth and strive to become better persons within the context of their perceived determinism.

Ultimately, whether belief in determinism prevents people from becoming better persons is a complex and individualized question, and different people may have different responses based on their beliefs, values, and experiences.

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Answer:

b

Explanation:

people will believe in scientific evidence over a picture.

The most important organizing element in absolute music is melody. Absolute music is instrumental music that is not intended to represent or depict anything outside of itself, such as a story, emotion, or image.

In other words, it is music that is purely abstract and exists solely for its own sake. Melody is the element that gives structure and coherence to absolute music. It is the primary musical element that the composer uses to create a musical work that is both memorable and expressive.

Melody is typically created through the use of musical themes, which are short, memorable melodic ideas that are developed throughout the course of the composition. In addition to melody, other musical elements such as harmony, rhythm, and form are also important in absolute music.

Harmony provides the underlying harmonic structure that supports the melody, while rhythm creates the sense of forward motion and pulse that propels the music forward. Form refers to the overall organization of the musical work, which can be divided into smaller sections such as movements, variations, or sections.

In summary, melody is the most important organizing element in absolute music, providing structure and coherence to the composition. Other musical elements such as harmony, rhythm, and form are also important in creating memorable and expressive musical work.

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False. Cave paintings and sculptures are not associated with Homo erectus, as they are believed to be a species that lived between 1.9 million and 140,000 years ago, before the development of complex art forms.

These forms of art are typically associated with Homo sapiens, who emerged around 300,000 years ago and began creating paintings and sculptures in caves around 40,000 years ago. Cave paintings and sculptures are primarily associated with Homo sapiens, not Homo erectus. Homo sapiens, our own species, created various forms of art, while there is no concrete evidence to suggest that Homo erectus produced such works.

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Handel's Messiah differs from most of the oratorios because it does not really have characters and a plot and also contains New Testament material. While most oratorios are based on biblical stories and feature characters and plots, Messiah is more of a collection of scripture verses set to music. However, it does still utilize an orchestra, and while it is not twice as long as any other oratorio, it is a significant work that has endured for centuries. It was also not first performed while Handel was in prison, but rather premiered in Dublin in 1742.

The option is (a).

Handel's Messiah is widely regarded as one of the greatest musical compositions of all time. It is a large-scale work that features soloists, a choir, and an orchestra and is divided into three parts. Part one deals with prophecies and the birth of Christ, part two focuses on the crucifixion and resurrection, and part three deals with the end of the world and the second coming of Christ. Despite its lack of a dramatic plot or characters, Handel's Messiah has become a beloved piece of music that is often performed during the Christmas season and has been recorded countless times by orchestras and choirs around the world.

So, the correct option is (a) that does not really have characters and a plot and also contains New Testament material.

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