what concept posits that if there is a tie between actor a and actor b, a tie between actor b and actor c, then actor a will likely form a tie with actor c?

While she was walking to her car in the dark, she felt the hair on the back of her neck tingle, and at the same time she felt afraid. The theory of emotion that is demonstrated by this example is Cannon-Bard theory.

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, also known as the Thalamic theory of emotion, was developed by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard as a physiological explanation for emotion. According to Cannon-Bard theory, we experience emotions as well as physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension at the same time.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we react to a stimulus while also experiencing the associated emotion. Physical reactions are not determined by emotional reactions, and vice versa.

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When kittens were exposed to either vertical or horizontal stripes for several months, it was found that the kittens exposed to vertical stripes had higher levels of cortical neuronal activity than those exposed to horizontal stripes.

This means that vertical stripes caused the kittens to have more intense visual perception and information processing capabilities. The study also found that kittens exposed to vertical stripes had greater plasticity in their brains, which means that the neurons had more potential for development and change.

The study concluded that vertical stripes had a more beneficial effect on the development of the kittens’ brains than horizontal stripes.

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When Jess does this he is engaging in Perservation, which is a type of repetitive and continuous behaviour.

Continuous and repetitive conduct is perseverance. It could be a person's inability to stop oneself from repeating a certain thought, phrase, or action. When engaging in persistent conduct, a person finds it difficult to control the action or pattern—almost as if it were deliberate. Verbal perseveration, also known as perseveration of speech, is a condition in which individuals repeatedly say certain words, phrases, or sounds.

Uncontrolled repeating of speech patterns is known as persistent speech and is viewed as undesirable. Saying the same thing out loud again or being unable to move on from a subject are examples of behaviours that could be categorised as perseveration of speech.

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The best way for your child to learn to eat and enjoy new foods is to copy you. Try to eat with them as often as you can. Give small portions and praise your child for eating, even if they only eat a little. If your child rejects the food, do not force them to eat it.

The theory of the soul supports Socrates' argument against Glaucon that justice is good for its own sake, not just for its rewards or consequences, because it helps to establish the distinction between the different kinds of desires, how they are fulfilled, and how they relate to happiness. This distinction is central to Socrates' theory of justice.

In the Republic, Socrates argues that it is preferable to be just than unjust, and that justice is good for its own sake rather than for its consequences. According to him, the soul has three distinct components: the rational, the spirited, and the appetitive.

Socrates also argues that the just person will have a balanced and harmonious soul, while the unjust person will have a disordered soul. This is because the rational component of the soul should rule over the other two components, with the spirited component serving as a guardian and the appetitive component being subordinate to the other two.

The theory of the soul supports Socrates' argument against Glaucon because it establishes that there is a hierarchy of desires within each person, and that some desires are higher than others. The rational component of the soul is the highest, followed by the spirited component, and then the appetitive component.

Justice, according to Socrates, involves having the rational component of the soul in control of the other two components. This means that the just person will desire what is truly good for them, rather than what simply satisfies their base desires. In other words, the just person desires what is truly good for its own sake, rather than for its consequences or rewards.

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All of these statements are true regarding bulimia nervosa and cognitive-behavioral therapy except that the therapist helps the patient to confront feelings of self-doubt.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of therapy that focuses on assisting people in changing the negative or distorted patterns of thinking that underlie their problems, whether they are emotional, behavioral, or physical.

In cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), the therapist works with the patient to help them overcome their problems by modifying their negative or distorted thought patterns.

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging behavior. It is related to body image and self-esteem issues.

The following statements are all true regarding bulimia nervosa and cognitive-behavioral therapy except that the therapist helps the patient to confront feelings of self-doubt.

.A therapist who uses cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with a patient suffering from bulimia nervosa may assist them with the following:

The therapist helps the patient to confront negative and distorted patterns of thinking that contribute to their issues in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for bulimia nervosa.

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The best situation to illustrate this is when one has learned to be helpless.

Learned helplessness is a state that occurs after the person has gone through a stressful situation repeatedly. They start to think that they can't influence or alter the situation, so they give up even when there are chances for change.

When a person feels they have little control over the outcome of stressful circumstances or traumatic experiences, learned helplessness frequently results. As a result, they experience feelings of hopelessness and demotivation, which persist even after they have the chance to change their situation.

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The therapist has modified the environmental system in this scenario by applying the dynamic systems theory to make sure that a child can maneuver his walker to his desk and attend to the lesson given by the teacher.

Dynamic systems theory, which is also known as the theory of self-organization, is a cognitive theory that proposes that human behavior is influenced by environmental factors.

According to the dynamic systems theory, a human's behavioral pattern is affected by a range of environmental factors, such as physical and social contexts, interactions, and emotions.

In this scenario, the therapist has modified the environmental system, which includes various environmental factors such as physical and social contexts, in order to make it easier for a child to attend to the lesson given by the teacher.

The therapist has made sure that the classroom is conducive for the child to maneuver his walker to his desk, which is a physical context that has been modified to make it more accessible for the child.

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While it's true that sunlight can contribute to rock weathering, the process of breaking rocks into small pieces is actually more complicated than what your friend suggested. Sunlight does not directly break rocks into small pieces, but it can cause temperature changes that lead to physical weathering, which can eventually break rocks down into smaller pieces over time.

When rocks are exposed to sunlight, they can heat up during the day and then cool down at night. This constant expansion and contraction can cause cracks to form in the rock, and over time, these cracks can deepen and widen. Water can then seep into the cracks and freeze, expanding as it does so, which can further widen the cracks. Eventually, the rock may break apart into smaller pieces due to these physical weathering processes.

So, while sunlight is not directly responsible for breaking rocks into small pieces, it can contribute to physical weathering, which is a more complex process involving a variety of factors, including temperature changes, water, and other environmental factors.

When a polling organization conducts a survey of voter intentions using a list of landline phone numbers, there may be a few potential results.

The most obvious result of using landline phone numbers is that the survey results may be skewed to favor an older demographic since younger generations are more likely to use cell phones and may not be reached through landline numbers.

Furthermore, the results may be less reliable since those who do not have landlines or who choose not to answer their landline phones may not be included in the survey results.

Therefore, it is important to ensure that a survey includes a diverse range of phone numbers if accurate and reliable results are desired.

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Most sociologists agree that the disproportionately high arrest, conviction, and incarceration rates of African Americans are due to systemic racism.

This is the result of a long history of institutionalized racism, in which African Americans have been subjected to discrimination and unfair treatment in various aspects of society, including education, employment, housing, and criminal justice.

For example, African Americans are more likely to be stopped, searched, and arrested by police, and to receive harsher punishments for the same crimes as compared to their White counterparts.

The unequal treatment of African Americans in the criminal justice system has resulted in significantly higher rates of incarceration and more lengthy sentences for African Americans than other racial/ethnic groups.

This has resulted in the “mass incarceration” of African Americans, which has been described as one of the most pressing social and racial justice issues of our time.

The high arrest and conviction rates of African Americans are also related to other forms of racial and social inequality. African Americans are more likely to live in poverty than other groups, leading to more limited educational opportunities, higher unemployment rates, and fewer economic resources.

These factors can lead to higher rates of crime, which in turn can lead to higher rates of arrest and incarceration. In addition, racism and discrimination may lead to African Americans being viewed as more dangerous or prone to criminal activity by law enforcement and other institutions, leading to more frequent and intense police encounters.

The disproportionately high arrest, conviction, and incarceration rates of African Americans are a complex issue that has been caused by centuries of systemic racism.

While there is much work to be done to address this problem, it is clear that systemic racism must be addressed in order to reduce the impact it has had on African Americans.

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The trait that is associated with positive first impressions but more negative impressions in longer-term relationships is the personality trait of dominance.

Dominance is the personality trait that is associated with positive first impressions but more negative impressions in longer-term relationships. Dominance is a trait that is positively correlated with social and physical prowess, self-confidence, and the ability to handle situations that demand attention and control.

While people who display dominance are perceived as confident, assertive, and in control in short interactions, they may come off as aggressive, selfish, and domineering in longer-term relationships.

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The behavior of Sai best illustrates imitation, which is a form of observational learning.

Observational learning occurs when an individual's behavior is influenced by observing another individual performing a behavior. In this case, Sai observed his father using a key to unlock a door, and attempted to imitate this behavior.

Observational learning, which is learning by looking at the behavior of other people, or models. Because the basis is on observation of other people such as; social phenomena, this is called the social cognition approach to learning.

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If a conditioned stimulus is only occasionally matched with an unconditioned stimulus, the association between the two will become weakened. This is called "EXTINCTION."

Extinction is a phenomenon that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by an unconditioned stimulus after being repeatedly reinforced, resulting in a decrease or elimination of the response.

It's important to note that extinction doesn't erase previous associations; rather, it causes the organism to gradually reduce or eliminate the response because the previous association between the two stimuli is weakened.

Therefore, extinction is not an effective way to eliminate unwanted behavior because it does not address the underlying cause of the problem. Instead, it is more effective to replace the undesirable behavior with a more appropriate behavior.

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Answer:

It can be argued that the moviemakers at Marvel Studios are technophiles because they portray technology in a positive light and highlight its potential for improving human lives. Tony Stark, as Iron Man, uses his technological innovations to save the world and protect people from harm. However, they also highlight the negative consequences of technology when it falls into the wrong hands, such as in the case of the villainous characters who misuse technology for destructive purposes. Therefore, it is fair to say that Marvel Studios presents a nuanced view of technology in their films.

The 10 rings having access to Stark Tech is an example of technological diffusion. Technological diffusion refers to the spread of technology from one place or group to another. In this case, the technology developed by Tony Stark and Stark Industries was accessed by the 10 rings group, which is a non-state actor operating in the Middle East. This diffusion of technology had significant consequences for the plot of the movie and the wider Marvel Cinematic Universe.

The representation of Middle-Eastern people in the film is somewhat mixed. While the 10 rings group is portrayed as a terrorist organization, the movie also shows the character of Yinsen, a scientist from the Middle East who helps Tony Stark escape from captivity and builds the first Iron Man suit with him. However, the movie does perpetuate certain stereotypes, such as the portrayal of the Middle East as a place of violence and danger. The representation of women in the film is also somewhat limited, with only a few female characters who play supporting roles.

The Iron Man suit represents the evolutionary model of technological change because it is a product of incremental improvements to existing technology. Tony Stark builds the Iron Man suit by making gradual improvements to his existing technology, such as miniaturizing the arc reactor and improving the design of the suit. This process of iterative improvement is a hallmark of the evolutionary model of technological change.

As the films progress, Tony Stark's technology continues to evolve and become more advanced. He creates new suits with different capabilities, such as the Hulkbuster suit and the nanotech suit. Additionally, he develops new technologies, such as the synthetic biology technology that allows him to regenerate his tissue in Iron Man 3. Stark's technology also becomes more integrated into his body, as seen in Iron Man 3 where he has the shrapnel in his chest removed and replaced with the arc reactor. Overall, Tony Stark's technology becomes more sophisticated and integrated into his life as the films progress.

The dilemma of internal and external validity in social psychology research refers to the trade-off between the degree to which findings can be generalized to other contexts (external validity) versus the degree to which the study has controlled for extraneous variables to ensure causal conclusions (internal validity).

To resolve this dilemma, researchers can employ a variety of methods. One approach is to conduct studies that strike a balance between internal and external validity by carefully selecting participants and controlling for extraneous variables while also testing the research question in a context that resembles the real world as much as possible.

This can be done through the use of field experiments or naturalistic observation, which allow researchers to examine behavior in real-world settings.

Another approach is to use a multi-method approach, in which researchers use a combination of experimental, correlational, and qualitative methods to examine a research question from multiple angles.

Ultimately, resolving the dilemma of internal and external validity requires careful consideration of the research question, the available methods, and the trade-offs between internal and external validity in each specific study.

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When behaviors are reinforced, they will be given more attention, be learned better, and performed more often. This is called operant conditioning.

Operant conditioning is a behavioral theory developed by psychologist B.F. Skinner that involves modifying behavior through a system of reward and punishment. In operant conditioning, an action is followed by a consequence, which may be either positive or negative, depending on the situation, and the behavior is more or less likely to occur in the future. Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction are the four types of operant conditioning. The  behaviors are reinforced and this phenomenon is called Operant Conditioning.

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In operant conditioning, adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior is known as a. punishment.

Negative reinforcement is when a behavior is strengthened by the removal of an aversive stimulus. For example, when a child stops hitting other children and their parents stop yelling at them, the child is less likely to engage in that behavior in the future.

Negative reinforcement is a form of reinforcement that increases the probability of a response because the response causes something negative to stop or not appear. Whereas punishment is just the opposite, punishment increases the probability of a response because that response causes something negative to happen.

From the answer choices

A. punishment

B. acquisition

C. extinction

D. recovery

The correct answer is a. punishment

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If Sanjay is working toward increasing the steps he takes each day and makes reinforcement every a number of fixed steps, he is using a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule.

In this type of schedule, a reinforcer is given after a set number of responses are made. In this case, Sanjay receives a reinforcer (his favorite song playing) after he takes 2,000 steps.

Fixed ratio schedules are very effective for motivating and reinforcing behavior because it is a predictable schedule, so the learner can anticipate when the reinforcer will occur.

Fixed ratio schedules produce high and steady rates of response because the learner knows exactly how many responses will be needed to receive the reinforcer. Additionally, fixed ratio schedules often result in a brief pause of response rate immediately following reinforcement as the learner pauses before continuing with the same task.

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Miriam is a victim of gender discrimination although she was as qualified as her male colleagues.

Gender discrimination is the act of treating a person or group unfairly based on their gender, typically a female in a male-dominated environment. Miriam is a victim of gender discrimination as she was never considered for the post of an executive despite being as qualified as her male colleagues. Despite making significant progress in the area of gender equality, women are still underrepresented in leadership positions, and as a result, they are still victims of gender discrimination. Therefore, the correct answer is gender discrimination.

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Discrimination against gender is illegal in the South African Constitution for the following reasons:

1. The South African Constitution guarantees equality before the law for all citizens, regardless of gender. It also states that all people are equal before the law and are entitled to the same rights and freedoms.

2. The Constitution prohibits discrimination based on gender, race, ethnicity, age, and other factors.

3. The Constitution requires that the government take steps to promote gender equality and eliminate discrimination against women.

4. The Constitution also provides for affirmative action measures to redress past discrimination against women and other disadvantaged groups.

5. The Constitution recognizes the rights of women to participate fully in political, economic, and social life, and it guarantees their right to equal treatment and protection under the law.

6. Discrimination against gender in the workplace is illegal under South African labor law. The Employment Equity Act of 1998 requires employers to eliminate discrimination and promote affirmative action in the workplace.

7. South Africa is a signatory to several international treaties that prohibit discrimination against women, including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the African Charter on Human and People's Rights.

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The term used to describe powerful inmates offering protection to vulnerable inmates in exchange for favors is prison se.xual coercion

The term commonly used to describe powerful inmates offering protection to vulnerable inmates in exchange for sexual favors is "prison se.xual coercion" or "prison ra.pe."

It is a form of se.xual violence and exploitation that occurs in correctional facilities and can have serious physical, emotional, and psychological consequences for the victims.

Prison se.xual coercion is a violation of human rights and is illegal under both national and international law. It is important to address and prevent prison se.xual coercion through effective policies, education, and support for victims.

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"In a (b) proportional representation electoral system, political parties are awarded legislative seats in rough approximation to the percentage of popular votes that each party wins."

Proportional representation (PR) is a type of electoral system under which sub-groups of an electorate are reflected proportion-ately in the elected body. In the context of voting systems, PR means that the seats in an assembly are all-ocated in proportion to the vote share each party receives. In systems th-at don't involve parties, PR ensures that each success-ful candidate is elected by a roughly equal amo-unt of voters. The correct option is B.

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The first contested presidential election, which resulted in Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party becoming President and Aaron Burr of the same party becoming Vice President, was a milestone in American politics. It was the first time that the two-party system was established in the United States, with the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party contesting the election.

The result of this election led to the establishment of the Twelfth Amendment, which changed the rules of the Electoral College to prevent another tie between two candidates from different parties. This created tension between the two parties and led to the emergence of political factions. The result of this was the formation of two distinct and opposing political parties, the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party. This marked a major shift in American politics and set the stage for the partisanship we see today.

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Serena has overcome the barrier of functional fixedness in problem-solving.

Functional fixedness is the cognitive bias that limits a person's ability to see an object or tool as having a function other than its typical or intended use.

In this case, the typical use of dental floss is for cleaning teeth, but Serena was able to see it as a tool for slicing a cake.

By overcoming functional fixedness, Serena was able to think creatively and use available resources to solve a problem. This type of problem-solving skill is important in many areas of life, as it allows individuals to find innovative solutions to challenges and overcome obstacles.

It's worth noting that not all solutions that involve creative thinking or unconventional methods are appropriate or safe. It's important to carefully consider the risks and potential consequences of any problem-solving approach and to prioritize safety and ethical considerations in decision-making.

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Self-esteem measures are not always accurate. Information is typically derived from self-reports, but researchers may also use peer ratings or observations to collect data. Most of the data are correlational, meaning they can show relationships between variables but cannot show causality. Self-esteem may be both a cause and an effect, as it can lead to certain behaviors which can then in turn affect one’s self-esteem.

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Iago, the antagonist, is the primary power holder in Act 3. He uses his power to manipulate Othello and other characters by presenting false evidence and spreading lies.  In Act 3 of Othello, the dynamics of power and control shift between characters.

Iago's strategy of manipulation is based on making others doubt themselves and their decisions. He does this through strategic use of language and lies, which leads to the disempowerment of those he targets. He lies about Desdemona's infidelity and Othello's faithfulness to discredit the people closest to him and take control.

Othello is the other major power holder in Act 3. Despite Iago's attempts to manipulate him, Othello maintains his power and control throughout the act. He does not let Iago's lies and manipulation sway his decisions and intentions. He also remains calm and composed, making his own decisions rather than allowing Iago to make them for him.

In the end, Othello remains in control and is the one who ultimately decides the fate of those involved. Iago is unable to influence Othello to his own ends, showing that Othello holds ultimate power over the situation.

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The many protections for those accused of a crime are found in the U.S. Constitution, most notably the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments.

These protections are put in place to ensure that those accused of a crime are afforded due process and fair treatment by the government.

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Answer:

John's characteristics suggest that he may have a Schizoid Personality Disorder.

Explanation:

A pervasive pattern of social withdrawal and a limited range of emotional expression characterizes a schizoid personality disorder. They don't actively seek out social or sexual experiences and are often unresponsive to social signs. They instead favor alone hobbies and may come out as emotionally impassive or disconnected.

The above are examples of persuasive techniques used in communication. Persuasive techniques are designed to convince an audience to accept a certain point of view.

Attractiveness of the person delivering the message: Research shows that people are more likely to be persuaded by attractive people, as they are seen as more credible.

Number of arguments presented: People are more likely to be persuaded when there are multiple arguments presented. This increases the likelihood of an audience accepting the point of view.

Expertise of the spokesperson: People are more likely to accept an argument when it is presented by an expert on the topic. This can increase credibility and the overall persuasion of the message.

Imagery or music presented along with the message: Visuals and music are also persuasive tools. They can be used to add emotional appeal to the message and increase its effectiveness.

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