The digestive system of a mammal offers mutualistic microbes a home that is shielded from other microbes by saliva and gastric juice, that is maintained at a constant temperature conducive to enzyme activation, and that offers a consistent supply of nutrients.
What is mutualism?When two or more species interact ecologically, mutualism refers to the situation where each species gains something from the interaction. A typical form of ecological interaction is mutualism. In ecology and evolution, mutualism is crucial. For instance, since around 80% of land plant species depend on mycorrhizal partnerships with fungi to supply them with inorganic compounds and trace elements, mutualistic interactions are essential for the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. The evolution of much of the biological diversity we observe, including flower shapes (which are crucial for pollination mutualisms) and co-evolution between species, is also believed to have been fueled by mutualism. Mutualism has also been connected to important evolutionary occurrences like the symbiogenesis—the process by which the eukaryotic cell evolved—and the colonization of the land by plants and mycorrhizal fungus.Learn more about the Mutualism with the help of the given link:
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examine the following dna sequences and determine which two species would be closest on a phylogenetic tree. species a: a a c t a g c g c g a t species b: a a c t a g c g c c a t species c: t t c t a g c g g t a t
The phylogenetic tree expresses the evolution of lineages according to morphological or molecular differences between them. Species A and B are the closest in a phylogenetic tree.
What is a phylogenetic tree?Phylogenetic trees are graphic representations that express the evolutive process through which several groups -taxa- emerged through history.
The phylogenetic tree is composed of
Root ⇒ It represents the oldest common ancestorNodes ⇒ Divergence point in which single taxa differentiate or diverge. These nodes are the most recent common ancestor of the new diverging groups.
Branches ⇒ The extremes of branches represent taxonomic groups or lineages.
All the taxa in the tree share a far common ancestor. New traits emerge through history that drives the evolution of new lineages. These traits might be either morphological or molecular.
Two taxonomic groups are more related if they have a recent common ancestor. There are fewer differences (morphological or molecular) between these two groups.
On the other hand, two lineages will be less related if their common ancestor is not a recent one and is located far away in the tree. Several differences exist between these groups because many changes occurred in the middle.
In the exposed example, we can talk about molecular differences because they occur at the DNA level.
So, to get to know which species are the closest ones, we need to look for the differences between these fragments.
The pair that expresses the less number of differences will be the most related one.
species a: a a c t a g c g c g a t species b: a a c t a g c g c c a t species c: t t c t a g c g g t a t
Here I wrote in bold letters all the differences between the three DNA fragments.
As we can see, the fragment that expresses most changes is the one from species C.
We can say that
Species A and B are more closely related because there are fewer changes between them. Only one base changed (G ⇒ C).Species B and C and B and C are less related because 4 changes occurred between them.According to our reasoning, species A and B are the closest in a phylogenetic tree.
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What is the eventual long-term result of different mutations accumulating in different populations?.
The eventual long-term result of different mutations accumulating in different populations is the evolution of different species.
A mutation is a change in an organism's DNA, whereas evolution is a change through time in the population. One of the processes behind evolution is the creation of variations which is due to this process. It is the primary cause of all genetic diversity. It is significant as the initial stage of evolution because it generates a new allele by altering the DNA sequence of a particular gene. Because they increase genetic variation and the potential for individual differences, the process is crucial for evolution to take place.
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Acids help digest proteins by: group of answer choices neutralizing them [ choose ] partially denaturing them [ choose ] preventing their absorption [ choose ] cleaving pepsinogen
Acids help digest proteins by cleaving pepsinogen.
Pepsinogen is an abundant and powerful specific enzymatic substance produced and stored in the stomach and is secreted by the gastric chief cells.
It helps in the digestion of food, proteins, and other substances by splitting them apart.
In the stomach, an acid, also known as gastric acids, converts pepsinogen to pepsin which in turn breaks down complex molecules of protein if food into simpler and smaller molecules.
To put it simply, pepsinogen is vital for digestive activities in the stomach.
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2020 haninec lower subscapular nerve transfer for axillary nerve repair in upper brachial plexus palsy.pdf
The auxillary nerve has both a motor and a sensory issuance of innervation. It has motor fibers that innervate the deltoid muscle, serving as an abductor, flexor, and extensor at the shoulder joint, as well as the teres minor muscle, permitting lateral process of the glenohumeral joint.
How long does recovery from brachial plexus surgery take?
Depending on the complexity of the case, surgery for a brachial plexus injury can take anywhere from 3 to 12 hours. Patients should expect to be limited in their movements for at least four weeks after surgery, and upper extremity therapy may be required for several months while nerves and muscles recover.
How successful is brachial plexus surgery?Tendon transfers typically heal faster but provide less functional results. The success of your procedure is determined by the severity of your injury as well as the surgeon's and team's expertise. 80% to 90% of patients who have nerve transfers see improvement in function.
The auxillary nerve receives both motor and sensory innervation. It contains motor fibers that innervate the deltoid muscle, which acts as an abductor, flexor, and extensor at the shoulder joint, as well as the teres minor muscle, which allows for the glenohumeral joint's lateral process.
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What factors or muscle properties affect the muscle's tension or force production?
The number of engaged muscle fibers and the frequency of brain input to the muscle fibers determine how much tension is generated during a muscular contraction.
What is role of muscle fibers in muscle contraction?Muscle fibers' main function is to regulate the forces that travel through the body.
When shifting from a seated to a standing posture, the quadriceps and gluteus maximus shorten to assist the body resist gravity.
Similar activities can be used to generate force to move a resistance.
The nervous system alters both motor unit recruitment and rate coding to regulate muscular force over the majority of a muscle's operational range.
Therefore, muscle fibers properties affect the muscle's tension or force production.
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biology: how life works. 3rd edition. james morris, daniel hartl, andrew knoll, robert lue, melissa michael, andrew berry, andrew biewener, brian farrell, n. michele holbrook
The science of biology is the study of living things and how they function. Numerous disciplines are included under the umbrella of biology, including botany,marine biology, medicine, conservation, ecology, evolution, genetics, microbiology, physiology, and zoology ,molecular biology, .
what is biology ?The study of life in science is known as biology.It is a natural science with a wide range, yet it has a number of common threads that make it work as a single, cohesive discipline.For instance, every creature contains cells that process genetic information that may be passed on to future generations. This information is contained in genes.Evolution, which explains both the unity and variety of life, is an important additional subject.As it enables movement, growth, and reproduction in living things, energy processing is essential to life.The ability to control one's internal environment is a trait shared by all living things.The anatomy and physiology of plants and animals, their molecular biology, population evolution, and other aspects of life may all be studied by biologists.To know more about biology , refer to the following link:
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ASAP please please Help
The graphs below show the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis at different carbon dioxide concentrations.
Explain what the graphs show.
Answer:
As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases as well, up until a point.
Explanation:
WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION Early tetrapods had a sprawling gait (like that of a lizard): As the right front foot moved forward, the body twisted to the left and the left rib cage and lung were compressed; the reverse occurred with the next step. Normal breathing, in which both lungs expand equally with each breath, was hindered during walking and prevented during running. In a short essay (100150 words), explain how the origin of organisms such as dinosaurs, whose gait allowed them to move without compressing their lungs, could have led to emergent properties.
The evolution of dinosaurs with gaits that allowed them to move without crushing their lungs was beneficial as it maximized oxygen intake during complex, energy-intensive activity.
In dinosaurs, oxygen intake increases during any activity that uses more energy, as their gait would prevent their lungs from being crushed and allow more oxygen production.
How did the dinosaurs evolve?The evolution of dinosaurs was a constant process that took place throughout the period in which these animals inhabited planet Earth. At the end of the Permian period, which occurred between 245 and 286 million years ago, there was a great extinction of species that inhabited the Earth's surface.
With this information, we can conclude that The History of Dinosaurs begins millions of years ago. This group of giant reptiles lived on planet Earth during the Mesozoic Era, which began about 252 million years ago, and went extinct by 65 million years at the end of that era.
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Which is most likely the reason zebras and horses are considered separate species?
Answer:
The greatest differences between a zebra and a horse are their size, speed, and coloration. Zebras are smaller and lighter than horses, but they can exceed them in length. Zebras are also slower than horses in the majority of cases, but they are fast animals in their own respect.
Explanation:
For example, a horse and zebra can breed to produce a zorse, however zorse are fundamentally infertile (due to the different number of chromosomes between a horse and a zebra) and thus a horse is a different species to a zebra.
if you were to sequence the same gene in five individuals from the same population, you may find the sequences of four individuals are the same and one is different. which of the answer choices most likely explains the presence of variation for this gene in the population?
The presence of variation for this gene in the population is known as mutation
Mutation is a change in the genetic material of a cell; cause by a mistake during DNA replication. example Sickle-Cell Disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Huntington's Disease etc Point Mutations involve changes in one or a few nucleotides/bases.Frameshift Mutation caused by insertions and deletions that changes the reading sequence. it Usually causes a change in the amino acid sequence.Chromosomal mutation is the change in the number or structure of a chromosome or Change the location of genes on a chromosome or Change the number of copies of genes.To know more about mutation visit : https://brainly.com/question/13923224
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Prokaryotes have the ability to make energy from food (such as sugar). Some even
have the ability to perform photosynthesis (and make their own food). Where do
ou think these processes take place in the organism?
How is it possible for a particular neurotransmitter to produce opposite effects in different tissues?
A neurotransmitter can bind to different types of receptors, each triggering a particular response in postsynaptic nerves.
What is a neurotransmitter?Your body cannot operate without chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. They are responsible for transporting chemical "messages" from one neuron (nerve cell) to the subsequent target cell. The following target cell may be a gland, muscle, or another nerve cell.
The nervous system in your body is a huge network of nerve cells that communicate electrical impulses between nerve cells and the cells they are intended to target. Your nervous system regulates the operation of your organs as well as everything from your intellect to your muscles.
In other words, your nerves have a role in everything you think, feel, and do. Your nerve cells transmit and receive data from every part of your body. The best possible functioning of your body depends on this ongoing feedback.
Therefore, by binding to different kinds of receptors, neurotransmitters can produce opposite effects in different tissues.
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Contrast clonal selection with Lamarck's idea for the inheritance of acquired characteristics (see Concept 22.1).
Lamarck's theory was founded on the idea that all physical changes that occur in an individual during their lifetime are inherited by their offspring.
What is Lamarck's theory of inheritance?Jean-Baptiste de Monet Lamarck proposed Lamarckism between 1744 and 1829. This theory was founded on the idea that all physical changes that occur in an individual during their lifetime are inherited by their offspring. For example, the development of an organ after repeated use.
Lamarckism, also known as Lamarckian inheritance or neo-Lamarckism, is the belief that an organism can pass on physical characteristics acquired by the parent organism through use or disuse during its lifetime to its offspring.
He believed that traits changed or acquired over the course of a person's life could be passed down to their offspring. Giraffes with long necks would have long neck offspring rather than the short necks their parents were born with.
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40 Points!
Explain how the stages of technological design are similar to the process of scientific investigation. Use specific stages from each process to support your answer.
Technological design is similar to a scientific investigation because both involve raising a question, hypothesis testing and experimental design.
What is the scientific method?The scientific method is a sequential procedure to collect empirical evidence in a scientific investigation, which depends on several sequential steps (i.e. observation, hypothesis, testable predictive outcomes, experimentation and collection of data).
Technological design is similar to a scientific investigation because it also involves raising a question and hypothesis testing, but the first one also implicates the development of creative development to solve this question.
In conclusion, technological design is similar to a scientific investigation because both involve raising a question, hypothesis testing and experimental design.
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suppose that the concentration of an ion is higher in the cytoplasm than in the extracellular environment. if the bacterium wants to bring in more of that ion into the cell, which description best describes this type of transport?
The description that best describes this type of transport is it requires external energy from a specific cell to move the ions against the concentration gradient.
Which type of transport moves the ions against the concentration gradient?The type of transport that moves the ions against the concentration gradient is known as active transport. This type of transport is typically mediated by the action of carrier proteins.
Active transport generally requires metabolic energy in order to migrate ions or molecules against the concentration gradient. Active transport results in the accumulation of ions or molecules on side of the membrane.
Therefore, the description that best describes this type of transport is it requires external energy from a specific cell to move the ions against the concentration gradient.
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Explain the differences between the davson-danielli model and the singer-nicolson model.
The Davison–Daniella model dominated until Singer and Nicolson advanced the fluid mosaic model in 1972. The fluid mosaic model developed on the Davison–Daniella model by including transmembrane proteins and destroyed the previously-proposed flanking protein coatings that were not well-supported by empirical evidence.
What did the Davson-Danielli representative explain?
Hugh Davison and James Daniella presented the Davson-Danielli model, often known as the unimolecular model, in 1935 as a representation of the plasma membrane of a cell. The trilaminar and lipoprotinious phospholipid bilayer that lies between two layers of globular proteins is depicted in the model.
Who located the fluid mosaic model?
Singer and Nicolson created the fluid mosaic theory in the early 1970s. This paradigm states that lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates make up membranes. Phospholipids are the primary components of lipid membranes. Up until Singer and Nicolson introduced the fluid mosaic model in 1972, the Davson-Danielli model predominated. Transmembrane proteins were included to the fluid mosaic model, which was built on the Davson-Danielli model, and thus eliminated the previously hypothesized flanking protein coatings, which were not well supported by empirical data.
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Suppose an enzyme that deactivates the cane toad toxin evolves in black snakes living in areas with cane toads. If the researchers repeated part 1 of this study, predict how the results would change.
In those regions, a lot more black snakes would take cane toads that were put out for them to eat.
What makes it a cane toad?The cane toad, often referred to as the big neotropical toad or marine toad, is a sizable, terrestrial true toad that originated in South and mainland Central America. It has since been brought to a number of islands in Oceania, the Caribbean, northern Australia, and other places.
How did the cane toad get to Australia?The cane toad, which was first imported from Hawaii and released in Queensland as a biological control for sugar cane beetle pests, is now a well-established nuisance in its own right. Currently, cane toads can be found in Queensland, the Northern Territory, as well as Western Australia and New South Wales.
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Adding what groups to histones tightens the DNA and prevents transcription.
Answer: Addition of methyl groups to histones by histone methyltransferases, can either activate or further repress transcription, depending on the amino acid being methylated and the presence of other methyl or acetyl groups in the vicinity. The fundamental unit of chromatin, called a nucleosome, contains DNA wound around a protein octamer.
Explanation:
Which one of these are possible results?
Group of answer choices
Seeing the flowers on a plant
Counting the leaves on a plant
The actual number of new leaves on a plant
How much sunlight you put the plant in
How often you watered the plant
Seeing the pretty leaves on a plant
Please answer QUICKLY!!
A possible result would be the actual number of new leaves on a plant.
What are results?
Results are the outcome of investigations.
Results are unique from observation. Observations are the information we sense from a phenomenon. Results, on the other hand, are the information that we observed and recorded.
Going by these definitions:
Seeing the flowers on a plant will be an observation.
How much sunlight you put the plant in is a variable.
How often you water the plant is also a variable.
Seeing the pretty leaves on a plant is an observation.
The only option that is a result is the actual number of new leaves on a plant.
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How is ligand binding similar to the process of allosteric regulation of enzymes? See Figure 8.20."
The binding of a ligand to a receptor alters the form of the receptor, affecting its ability to transmit a signal. Binding an allosteric regulator to an enzyme changes its shape, promoting or inhibiting enzyme activity.
A ligand is a compound that binds to a biomolecule to fulfill a biological function. The word comes from the Latin word ligare, which means "to bind." The ligand in protein-ligand binding is typically a molecule that generates a message by binding to a location on a target protein. The binding usually results in a change in the target protein's conformational isomerism (conformation).
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Which of the following is an example of a polymer?
a. amino acids
b. monosaccharides
c. proteins
d. nucleotide
Answer: C: Proteins
Explanation: I hope this helps, have a great day :)
Consider the hypothetical x-linked recessive gene m. suppose a woman expresses this gene. so does her husband. what are the chances that a child of theirs will not express this gene?
All the children will express the gene are the chances that a child.
What are the genes?A quality is the essential physical and practical unit of heredity. Qualities are comprised of DNA. A qualities go about as directions to make particles called proteins. Be that as it may, numerous qualities don't code for proteins. In people, qualities differ in size from a couple hundred DNA bases to multiple million bases.
A global exploration exertion called the Human Genome Venture, which attempted to decide the arrangement of the human genome and distinguish the qualities that it contains, assessed that people have somewhere in the range of 20,000 and 25,000 qualities.
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I dont understand how to do this. Geometry
The X of the angle <CDB represented as 7X is = 5.86.
Calculation of the angleFrom the diagram, line BD divides triangle ∆ ADB into two identical triangles.
Triangle ∆ ABD = triangle ∆ CBD
Notice that < ADC = an acute angle which is = 90°; and
<ADC = < ADB + < CDB
But , < ADB= 49° and < CDB = 7x
90° = 49 + 7x
Make 7x the subject of formula,
7x = 90-49
7x = 41
X =41/7
X = 5.86
Therefore, X = 5.86.
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What is the acid produced by stomach?
Answer:
Hydrochloric acid
Explanation:
Answer:
I think its Hydrochloric Acid
enzymes for catalyzing reactions contains genetic codes/instructions for cells hair and nails for structure antibodies for defense insulin for signaling
Enzymes (and other catalysts) act by lowering the activation energy, thereby improving the rate of reaction. The increased rate is the same in both the ahead and reverse directions, since both must pass through the same transition state.
How does an enzyme position to catalyze a reaction ?
Enzymes catalyze reactions by reducing the activation energy necessary for a reaction to occur. The molecule that an enzyme acts on is named the substrate. In an enzyme-mediated reaction, substrate molecules are varied, and product is formed.
Why is an enzyme a motivation?
Enzymes are proteins that have a clear function. They speed up the rate of chemical reactions in a cell or above a cell. Enzymes act as catalysts; they do not get destroyed in the chemical responses that they accelerate.
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It is hypothesized that RNA may have evolved before DNA because RNA molecules
were the first molecules synthesized by Miller and Urey
are more important to genetic inheritance than DNA
can catalyze a variety of biologically important reactions
are found in more modern cells than are DNA molecules
It is hypothesized that RNA may have evolved before DNA because RNA can catalyze a variety of biologically important chemical reactions (Option 3 is correct).
What is RNA?RNA is a special class of nucleic acid that serves as the reservoir of genetic material for certain viruses, which is composed of only one nucleotide chain strand listed of two stands as occur with the double helix of DNA.
In conclusion, it is hypothesized that RNA may have evolved before DNA because RNA can catalyze a variety of biologically important chemical reactions (Option 3 is correct).
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Answer: C. can catalyze a variety of biologically important reactions
Proof of validity is shown below.
What is a volvox colony?How does it survive?
Answer:
Volvox is a genus of green algae. Volvoxes are free-floating single-cellular algae but typically stay together as spherical colonies (or balls) of 500-50,000 cells. They can live in a variety of freshwater habitats, including ponds, pools, and ditches.
Explanation:
The functions of nerve tissue include? a. sensation b. movement c. learning d. all of these
The functions of nerve tissue include sensation, movement and learning. So, the correct option is (d) all of these.
The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are two divisions of the nervous system. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, whereas the rest of the body is made up of the peripheral nervous system. Receiving, processing, and responding to sensory data are duties of the central nervous system.
Responses, feeling, movement, emotions, communication, mental processing, and memory are all controlled by the brain, an organ of nerve tissue. Nerves, the spinal cord, and the brain all include nervous tissue. Many bodily functions are coordinated and under its direction. It promotes muscular contraction, develops environmental awareness, and is crucial for emotions, memory, and thinking.
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If the template strand has two or more identical nucleotides in a row, their complementary nucleotides will be added one after the other in the same flow step. How are two or more of the same nucleotide (in a row) detected in the flow-gram? (See sample on the right.) Write out the sequence of the first 25 nucleotides in the flow-gram above, starting from the left. (ignore the very short lines.)
Answer: A higher peak in the flow-gram shows two or more same nucleotides.
The sequence of the first 25 nucleotides would be TCAGCGTAAGGTGATGTATAGGGGC.
Explanation:
Step 1: Next-generation sequencing
In the next-generation sequencing technique, a DNA molecule is isolated and degraded into 300 base pair long DNA fragments. Each fragment is then isolated and copied by the PCR technique. The fragments are then sequenced parallelly.
Thus, the sequencing technique allows the sequencing of about 2 billion nucleotides within 24 hours.
Step 2: Sequence of DNA fragment is shown in flow-gram
The nucleotides of the DNA fragments are exhibited in the flow-gram. Computer software analyzes the sequences of all the fragments and presents the sequence of the whole genome.
In the flow gram, the height of the peaks represents the number of identical consecutive nucleotides in the sequence. For example, if a nucleotide is present in two more numbers, that nucleotide's peak will be higher in the flow gram.
Step 3: Deduction of the sequence of the DNA fragment
The Y-axis in the flow-gram corresponds to the number of that particular nucleotide in the X-axis. On reading the nucleotides in the flow-gram, the first 25 nucleotide of the fragment sequenced is TCAGCGTAAGGTGATGTATAGGGGC.
__________ is a mechanism in which chemicals attached to the genes can turn gene expression on or off, based on input from other genes or from the environment.
Epigenesis is a mechanism in which chemicals attached to the genes can turn gene expression on or off, based on input from other genes or from the environment.
Genes are the hereditary unit that are passed on from one generation to another. They contain the information for a trait to be encoded by the formation of protein. The genes are present on the chromosomes. Genes can be of varying sizes and numbers in each species.
Epigenesis is the process of changes in the genes due to certain environmental influences. These changes are not heritable. Epigenesis controls the expression of the genes, it can turn off or on the expression of genes.
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