Answer:
Now that we’ve been bashing the Mercantilist notion that Britain could have a “shortage of silver,” while France has a surplus, while silver can flow freely between the two, let me stop here and say that there really was a shortage of silver coinage in Britain, before 1700 — and afterwards also, but for a different reason.
First, let’s assume that silver (or gold, but British preferred silver for their coins before 1700), can flow freely between Britain, France, and elsewhere in Europe. Also, let’s assume that anyone can take foreign silver coins, or raw silver bullion, to the mint and have coins made, with minimal expense.
It would seem that there could be no possible shortage of silver coinage in Britain, unless there were a shortage across the continent and the world, which of course there never was.
But, there were actually a lot of problems with coinage, which we are not familiar with today, and which were not well understood at the time either.
For 2000 years before the invention of coinage in the 8th century BC, people in Mesopotamia and the eastern Mediterranean world used gold and silver as money, trading as raw bullion in any form. This was good, in some ways: you could never have a “devaluation,” and there never was one. A gram (or “mina”) of silver or gold was everywhere the same, unchanging. The problem was that you had to weigh and perhaps assay the silver at every transaction, and the weighing had to be precise.
The advantage of coinage was standardization: no longer did silver have to be weighed at every transaction. You could just count out standardized units.
However, this introduced a new problem: face value versus actual metal content. Standardization required treating every coin the same — the face value. But, the reality was that every coin was different. Often, the difference between face value and reality was small enough that it didn’t matter. But, sometimes the difference was too large to be ignored.
Coins naturally wear down. Or, they could be artificially “worn” via clipping, or even by the government intentionally debasing the coinage by minting new coins with the same face value as existing coins but lower silver content. If a coin was 1% underweight, it maybe didn’t matter. But what about 10%? How about 20%?
Let’s say that the standard for a new silver coin was 10 grams of silver. Coins coming from the mint would weigh 10 grams. You could take 10 grams of silver to the mint and have a coin made.
However, over time, the coin wore down so that it only weighed 8 grams.
Now, people have a choice. They can treat the 8-gram coins as being worth only 0.80 of a full-weight coin. But, now all the coins are treated differently. They lose their standardization. We are back using scales for every transaction, and treating the coinage as raw bullion.
Or, people could accept the lightweight coin, especially if such lightweight coins are very common, such that they are the norm and full-weight coins are a rarity. And, especially if the government is willing to take them in payment of taxes at full value. Now, the 8 gram coin is treated the same as a 10 gram coin.
It doesn’t take long to figure out that, if anyone gets a ten-gram coin in trade, they keep it, and only spend the 8-gram ones. The effective value of the coinage falls from 10 grams to 8 grams. All the 10 gram and 9 gram coins disappear from circulation.
Before long, people figure out that foreigners treat the 10 gram coin as being worth, naturally, 25% more than an 8 gram coin. They only care about bullion weight. The 10-gram coins naturally get used in foreign trade, to pay for imports. They literally disappear from the country. The amount of coins in circulation decreases.
In 1690, William Lowndes, Britain’s secretary to the Treasury, estimated that over £3 million of silver coins had been minted since 1663, but, at that time, virtually none of them were still in circulation. The total silver coinage at the time was about £6 million. This also implies that all the coinage in circulation dated from before 1663, maybe centuries before, which is why they were so worn.
So we see that foreign trade — paying for imports with silver coinage — here actually does reduce the silver coinage of the society, producing a genuine shortage. But, it had nothing to do with the Balance of Payments or a “price-specie flow” mechanism, but rather the problem of face value vs. actual weight of worn coins.
Also, nobody takes ten grams of silver to the mint to make a new 10 gram coin. That would be silly. The standard coin in trade is now 8 grams. A new coin would cost 1.25 old coins, plus a minting charge, and would be worth the same in trade as an 8-gram coin. So, no new coins are made, no matter how available silver bullion might be.
Explanation:
Hope this helps :D
What is the threat to Japan at Pearl Harbor?
O War factories that build unlimited amounts of ships
O The U.S. Pacific Fleet.
O Squadrons of B-17 Flying Fortresses
O The Manhattan Project
Answer:
President Roosevelt moved the US Pacific Fleet from California to Pearl Harbor in 1939. This move was a threat to Japan, who wanted to expand in the Pacific. Military leaders and politicians saw a war between the U.S. and Japan as inevitable, with the solution being to attack first.
Who colonies the Easter island and when?
Answer: The Dutch named the island Paaseiland (Easter Island) to commemorate the day they arrived. In 1770, the Spanish viceroy of Peru sent an expedition to the island; the explorers spent four days ashore and estimated a native population of some 3,000 people
Explanation:
What should we teach children about Christopher Columbus?
Answer:
Students should be taught that Columbus is the one who discovered the Americas, sailing across the Atlantic in his three ships: The Niña, Pinta and Santa Maria. The Italian explorer is even celebrated every October during a federal holiday named after him.
Which of the following countries had the first
newspaper?
A Spain
B. Italy
C England
D. France
According to the poem, how are colonizers repaid by
those they colonize? Check all that apply.
Take up the White Man's burden
Send forth the best ye breed.
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need.
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild.
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden
In patience to abide
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple
An hundred times made plain
To seek another's profit
And work another's gain
Take up the White Man's burden-
And reap his old reward:
They bear the blame for challenges.
They are often hated by their subjects.
O They are rewarded with profits.
They often go without thanks for their efforts.
They are often held captive by their peers.
Answer:BRO NO ONE CAN ANSWER..... ANSWER IN SHORT WORD SO I CAN TRY....
Explanation:
Answer:
A, B, C, D
Explanation:
Imma b honest idek how its a b c and d but i got it right on the test
best of luck
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between theory and philosophy?
Group of answer choices
a.Theories explain observations in the world, and philosophy explains people’s thoughts and emotions.
b.Theories are based on principles, and philosophy is used to form the principles.
c.Philosophy is used to analyze ideas, but theories go beyond philosophy to explain observations and events.
d.Theories explain observations in the world, but philosophy goes beyond theory to describe how things ought to be.
Which of these statements is true? *
10 points
a. Martin Luther King organized the Montgomery bus boycott
b. Martin Luther King refused to give up his seat on a segregated bus
c. Martin Luther King helped end school segregation in Topeka, KS
d. Martin Luther King argued against segregation in front of the U.S. Supreme Court
Answer:d
Explanation:the other ones don’t make sense
Answer:
a. Martin Luther King organized the Montgomery bus boycott
Explanation:
What was a result of the Meiji Restoration for the Japanese? A. They received more freedoms than they had had before: Ο Ο Ο O B. They lost the rights they had enjoyed under the old constitution. O C. They were forced to work in new factories. O D. They were treated as slaves by the new government.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Restoration = good
I read about this yesterday. Japan flourished during the Meiji Restoration.
Answer:
A. They received more freedoms than they had had before
Explanation:
How did Juan Seguin help Texas gain independence?
Someone answer this question if you know the answer.
Answer:
Juan Seguin helped Texas gain independence as helped in the recruitment of soldiers in the Texas army and led commanded the troops for the state. He helped in establishing independence for Texas.
Explanation:
Juan Seguin was a Texan patriot of Tejano origin. He played a vital and active role in Texas Revolution but was labeled a traitor when he raised his voice against San Antonio.
Juan Seguin joined the Texas Revolution and helped the Texas army by bringing in soldiers and taking the command of the troops in his hands. He played a vital role by leading his army into many battles victoriously.
What is the Old Stone Age belief that spirits and forces reside in animals, objects, or dreams?
Answer:
animism is the answer
Answer: Animism
Explanation: brainliest please, I was first answer
Which best describes the purpose of the International Space Station? A. to conduct research B. to ends wars D.to shield earth from asteroids C. to connect the world to space
Answer: Assuming D refers to a physical attachment and not an expression, then A, the ISS' clear purple is to carry out research.
The purpose of the International Space Station is to conduct research. Thus, option d is correct.
What is International Space Station?A research station in orbit has never been imagined, planned, built, operated, and used on a global scale like the International orbit Stations. Utilizing the micro conditions on orbital devices for resources research.
Supporting research into science and other endeavors that call for the special abilities of humans in space is the main goal of the International Space Station. The only location where studies on the effects of prolonged living in microgravity can be done is aboard the space station. Additionally, it is the sole location to test technology that will allow humans to go further into space.
Therefore, option d is correct.
Learn more about International Space Station, here:
https://brainly.com/question/12775719
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A state passes a law requiring people to let soldiers stay in their homes during times of peace. Which amendment, if any, has the state most likely violated? A. Fifth Amendment B. Third Amendment C. First Amendment D. Fourth Amendment
Answer:
the answer is B- The Third amendment.
Explanation:
got 5/5 on my test. edmentum/plato users :)
Answer:
B. Third Amendment
Hope this helps!
Explanation:
Explain ONE example of Asian resistance to European imperialism in the nineteenth century.
Elizabeth is trying to encourage the troops as they prepare
for a possible invasion. What is your opinion of Elizabeth's
speech?
Answer:
it has become one of the defining speeches in British history - read the words Elizabeth is ... Fear of invasion by Spain remained high in England, especially with the ... Elizabeth to visit Tilbury to announce his appointment and rally the troops on 9 ... for granted and foreign diplomats began to court England as a possible ally.
Explanation:
Please please help me please please help please please help me please please help
Was Appeasement the right method for dealing with Hitler’s aggression?
Answer:
if the answer involves a bullet, then yes
What were the 3 worlds the Mayans believe in
Explanation:
The Maya understand supernatural levels not as heaven and hell, but as the upper world, middle world, and underworld.
Answer:
he Upperworld, Underworld, and Natural World
Explanation:
Mayan Cosmology identifies three realms of existence the Upperworld, Underworld, and Natural World but these three realms are intricately connected.
what happened to donner party
im giving brainliest and 11 points
he story of Shony Braun. What part of his story was most disturbing to you? How would you feel in his place? What would you have done if you were him?
Answer:
His victims varied in age (9-31) with the majority of them being under 20. Romanovich tortured, sexually assaulted and stabbed his victims and often took part in cannibalism. His first reported kill was in 1978, while he was working as a teacher in a small school near Rostov. He’d reportedly lured a nine year old student into a shed and ...
What role did Africans enslaved and free have in creating the wealth of the 13 colonies .
Explanation Answer:
As enslaved people became more and more in demand in the South, the slave trade that spanned from Africa to the colonies became a source of economic wealth as well. Working long hours, living in crude conditions, and suffering abuses from their owners, African captives faced harsh conditions in colonial America.
What impact did soldiers coming home from WW2 have on American homelife?
Why are Cole's paintings important from a historical
perspective?
Further Reading
Noble, Rev. Louis Legrand. The Life and Works of Thomas Cole. 1853;reprint. Hensonville, N.Y.: Black Dome Press, 1997.
on to Philadelphia to pursue his art, inspired by paintings he saw at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Moving to New York City in spring 1825, Cole made a trip up the Hudson River to the eastern Catskill Mountains in the vicinity of the recently opened Catskill Mountain House hotel. Based on his sketches there and along the river, he executed three landscapes that a city bookseller agreed to display in his window. Colonel John Trumbull, already renowned as the painter of the American Revolution, saw Cole’s pictures and instantly purchased one, recommending the other two to his colleagues William Dunlap and Asher B. Durand. What Trumbull recognized in the work of the young painter was the perception of wildness inherent in American scenery that landscape artists had theretofore ignored. Trumbull brought Cole to the attention of various patrons, who began eagerly buying his work. Dunlap publicized the discovery of the new talent and Cole was welcomed into New York’s cultural community, which included the poet and editor William Cullen Bryant and the author James Fenimore Cooper. Cole became one of the founding members of the National Academy of Design in 1825.
Even as Cole expanded his travels and subjects to include scenes in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, he aspired to what he termed a “higher style of landscape” that included narrative—some of the paintings in paired series—including biblical and literary subjects, such as Cooper’s popular Last of the Mohicans. By 1829, his success enabled him to take the Grand Tour of Europe and especially Italy, where he remained in 1831–32, visiting Florence, Rome, and Naples. Thereafter he painted many Italian subjects: the Metropolitan’s View near Tivoli (Morning) (1832; 03.27) is an example. The region around Rome, along with classical myth, also inspired the Museum’s fanciful Titan’s Goblet (1833; 04.29.2). Cole’s travels and the encouragement and patronage of the New York merchant Luman Reed culminated in his most ambitious historical landscape series, The Course of Empire (1833–36; New-York Historical Society), five pictures dramatizing the rise and fall of an ancient classical state. Cole also continued to paint, with ever rising technical assurance, sublime American scenes such as the Metropolitan’s View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm—The Oxbow (08.228), in which he included a portrait of himself painting the vista, and View on the Catskill—Early Autumn (1836-37; 95.13.3), in which he pastorally interpreted the prospect of his beloved Catskill Mountains from the village of Catskill, where he had moved the year before and met his wife-to-be, Maria Bartow.
The artist’s marriage brought with it increasing religious piety, manifested in the four-part series The Voyage of Life (1840; Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute, Museum of Art, Utica, N.Y.). In it, a river journey represents the human passage through life to eternal reward. Cole painted and exhibited a replica of the series in Rome, where he returned in 1841–42, traveling south to Sicily. After his return, he lived and worked chiefly in Catskill, keeping up with art activity in New York primarily through Durand. He continued to produce American and foreign landscape subjects of great beauty and brio, including the Metropolitan’s Mountain Ford (1846; 15.30.63). In 1844, Cole welcomed into his Catskill studio the young Frederic Church, who studied with him until 1846 and went on to become the most renowned exponent of the generation that followed Cole. By 1846, Cole was at work on his largest and most ambitious series, The Cross and the World (unlocated), but in February 1848 contracted pleurisy and died before completing it. At a memorial in New York, Bryant mourned that “much is taken away from the charms of Nature when such a man departs” but consoled himself with the thought that Cole “will be reverenced in future years as a great master in art.” Even before Cole’s death, his earliest acolyte, Durand, who had traveled and sketched with Cole in the late 1830s and become a landscape painter in his own right, had ascended to the presidency of the National Academy of Design. Durand would foster a young generation of landscape artists inspired by Cole’s example to primacy in American art through the Civil War era.
Explanation:
Place the following events in sequence: A) The Korean War B) The US uses the first atomic bomb C) The Space Race takes place *
10 points
a. B, C, A
b. A, C, B
c. A, B, C
d. B, A, C
In two to three sentences, summarize what Dreamtime was to the Aborigines.
To expand its territory, Japan invaded parts of in 1937.
In 1941 Japan attacked the US military base Pearl Harbor in .
During this attack, about US troops were killed.
In the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor, declared war.
Answer:
1. China
2. Hawaii
3. 2400
4. United States
Explanation:
These are events that occurred before and during the second world war particularly concerning the Japanese activities and the United States joining the war
To expand its territory, Japan invaded parts of CHINA in 1937.
In 1941 Japan attacked the US military base Pearl Harbor in HAWAII.
During this attack, about 2400 United States troops were killed.
In the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor, UNITED STATES declared war on Japan
Answer:
China
Hawaii
2,300
The US Congress
Explanation:
:)
HELP ASAP PLEASE!!
What effect did the Nazi-Soviet Pact have on Eastern European Nations?
Answer:
The public German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact caused consternation in the capitals of Britain and France. After Germany invaded Poland from the west on September 1, 1939, Soviet troops invaded Poland from the east on September 17, meeting the advancing Germans near Brest-Litovsk two days later.
Explanation:
G o o g l e :^D lol
ANSWER ASP Please I am on a test!!
Which item is made from a basic ingredient?
Soap
Tea
Wine
Vinegar
Answer: A. Soap
Explanation:
Probably shouldn't give ya the answer but I will help you just cause I'm on this site too XD
Answer:
Soap
look at the pic
Explain ONE way in which the ideology of Japanese pan-Asianism as described in the passage differed from the ideologies of other militarized states in the 1930s.
Answer:
One way in which the idelogy of Japanese pan-Asianism as in the passage differed from the ideologies of other militarized states in the 1930s was that Japanese pan-Asianism talks about the unity and cooperation with Asian people and familiarizing them with other countires while militarized tates only protect themselves.
Explanation:
Not sure if this answer is correct or not, this is just what I put. Also, if you are going to put this answer, pls copy word for word for the brainly community's sake. :)
PlZzzzz helppppppppp
Answer: Hitler, Chancellor, Nazis, parliament, Dictator, Party, Democracy, freedoms.
Hope this helps:)
one of the factors that led to the rise of industrialism in great Britain was its?
Answer:
Imperialism
Explanation:
Imperialism was definitely a factor Britain started to lean more on its colonies for raw materials and such which led to the Revolution.