what is the minimum number of rays needed to locate its image point? explain. match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right.

A larger objective lens allows more light to enter, reducing the effects of diffraction, and increasing angular resolution, resulting in a sharper image.

The primary factor that contributes to a telescope's bigger objective lens producing a sharper image than a telescope with a smaller objective lens is that the larger objective lens enables more light to enter the telescope, which minimises the effects of diffraction. The image becomes blurry and loses information due to diffraction, especially at high magnifications.

A bigger objective lens's enhanced capacity for light collection also enables a higher signal-to-noise ratio, which produces a picture with more clarity and contrast. Last but not least, a bigger objective lens can accommodate a higher angular resolution, enabling the picture to resolve more information.

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The correct question will be: What are the three main advantages of a telescope with a bigger objective lens compared to one with a smaller objective lens?

The velocity of the ball as it exits the sand is 6m/s.

When the ball rolls into the sand, it experiences a force of friction acting against its motion, which causes it to slow down. The amount of frictional force depends on the properties of the sand and the ball's velocity. Assuming that the ball rolls horizontally into the sand and comes out horizontally as well, the conservation of momentum applies, which means that the momentum of the ball before it enters the sand is equal to the momentum of the ball after it exits the sand.

We can use the equation for conservation of momentum to calculate the final velocity of the ball:

Initial momentum = Final momentum

mv1 = mv2

where m is the mass of the ball, v1 is the initial velocity of the ball, and v2 is the final velocity of the ball.

Substituting the given values, we get:

2 kg x 6 m/s = 2 kg x v2

12 kg m/s = 2 kg x v2

v2 = 6 m/s

Therefore, the final velocity of the ball as it exits the sand is 6 m/s.

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Waves that are breaking along the shore and are forming a curling crest over an air pocket are called, plunging breakers. Option b is correct.

Waves that are breaking along the shore and forming a curling crest over an air pocket are called plunging breakers. These waves are formed when the wave height becomes too steep for the wave to continue as a swell, causing the wave to break and form a curling crest. This type of wave is commonly seen at beaches with steep shorelines and can be dangerous for swimmers and surfers as the force of the breaking wave can cause strong currents and underwater turbulence. Option b is correct.

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To determine the required takeoff speed at Albuquerque, we need to consider the difference in air density between sea level and the altitude of Albuquerque.

As altitude increases, air density decreases, which can have a significant effect on aircraft performance.

In particular, the reduced air density means that the airplane needs to achieve a higher ground speed in order to generate enough lift to take off.

To calculate the required takeoff speed at Albuquerque, we can use the following equation:

V2 = V1 x √(rho2/rho1)

where:

V1 = takeoff speed at sea level (given as 150 mph)

rho1 = air density at sea level (standard value of 1.225 kg/m^3)

rho2 = air density at Albuquerque (can be looked up or calculated using atmospheric models)

V2 = required takeoff speed at Albuquerque (what we want to find)

Let's assume that Albuquerque is at an altitude of 5,312 feet (the airport elevation).

Using atmospheric models or tables, we can find that the air density at this altitude is approximately 0.860 kg/m^3.

Now we can substitute the values into the equation:

V2 = 150 mph x √(0.860 kg/m^3 / 1.225 kg/m^3)

V2 = 150 mph x 0.806

V2 = 121 mph (rounded to the nearest whole number)

Therefore, the required takeoff speed at Albuquerque is approximately 121 mph. This is lower than the takeoff speed at sea level due to the reduced air density at higher altitudes.

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For the pulley

(a) fc = 1134 lb, fi = 565 lb, (f1)a = 355 lb and f2 = 890 lb

(b) ha = 0.69 in, nfs = 15.4 and belt length = 16.53 ft

In this problem, we are given information about a belt drive system that uses a 6-inch-wide flat belt to connect two pulleys with a certain angular velocity ratio. We are asked to find various parameters, such as the tension in the belt, the center distance between the pulleys, the horsepower delivered by the small pulley, and the service factor.

To solve the problem, we need to use various formulas related to belt drive systems, such as the formula for the tensions in the tight and slack sides of the belt, the formula for the horsepower delivered by the pulley, and the formula for the service factor. We also need to use the given information about the angular velocity ratio, the width of the belt, and the diameter of the pulleys to determine the required belt length and the distance between the centers of the pulleys.

(a)

fc = 1134 lb

fi = 565 lb

(f1)a = 355 lb

f2 = 890 lb

(b)

ha = 0.69 in

nfs = 15.4

belt length = 16.53 ft

Using these formulas and the given information, we can find the required parameters for the belt drive system, including the tensions in the belt, the center distance, the horsepower delivered by the small pulley, and the service factor.

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The maximum voltage induced in the loop is 82.05 volts. The EMF is negative.

The maximum voltage induced in the loop can be calculated using the formula:

EMF = -NΔΦ/Δt

Where EMF is the induced electromotive force, N is the number of turns in the loop, ΔΦ is the change in magnetic flux, and Δt is the time interval over which the change occurs.

In this case, the loop has an area of 0.08 m2 and is rotating at a constant angular speed of 87 rev/s, which corresponds to an angular velocity of 544.89 rad/s. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, so the change in magnetic flux is given by:

ΔΦ = B*A*cos(θ)*Δt

Where B is the magnetic field strength, A is the area of the loop, θ is the angle between the magnetic field and the normal to the loop (which is 90 degrees in this case), and Δt is the time interval over which the change occurs.

Since the loop is rotating at a constant speed, the time interval over which the change occurs is equal to the time it takes for the loop to complete one revolution, which is:

Δt = 1/87 s

Plugging in the given values, we get:

ΔΦ = (0.08 T)*(0.08 m2)*(1)*(1/87 s) = 0.000921 Tm2/s

Next, we can calculate the induced EMF using the formula:

EMF = -NΔΦ/Δt

Plugging in the given values, we get:

EMF = -(1017)*(0.000921 Tm2/s)/(1/87 s) = -82.05 V

Since the EMF is negative, this means that the induced voltage is in the opposite direction to the direction of the current flow in the loop.

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To find the current flow in a series circuit with a total resistance of 180 ω and a total voltage of 120 V, we can use Ohm's law,(Ohm’s law states the relationship between electric current and potential difference. The current that flows through most conductors is directly proportional to the voltage applied to it. Georg Simon Ohm, a German physicist was the first to verify Ohm’s law experimentally.)

which states that current (I) equals voltage (V) divided by resistance (R), or

I = V/R. Therefore, the current flow in this circuit would be:

I = 120V/180Ohm

I = 0.67 amperes (A)

So, the current flow in this series circuit is 0.67 A.

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Using Archimedes' principle, the magnitude of the acceleration is 39.6 m/s², and the direction is upward.

To solve this problem, we need to use Archimedes' principle, which states that the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. The net force on the object is then the difference between its weight and the buoyant force, and its acceleration is given by Newton's second law (F = ma).

First, we need to calculate the weight of the object. The density of the object is 1.5 g/cm³, which is equivalent to 1500 kg/m3 (since 1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³). The volume of the object is 1.0 cm³, which is equivalent to 0.000001 m³. Therefore, the weight of the object is:

w = m × g = (density × volume) × g = (1500 kg/m³ × 0.000001 m³) × 9.81 m/s² = 0.014715 N

where g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s²).

Next, we need to calculate the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. At a depth of 1.6 m, the pressure of the fluid is:

p = density × g × h = 888.1 kg/m³ × 9.81 m/s² × 1.6 m = 13841.088 N/m²

where h is the depth of the object below the surface.

The area of the object is:

A = π × r² = π × (0.9 m)² = 2.54 m²

where r is the radius of the container (which is half of the diameter).

Therefore, the buoyant force on the object is:

Fb = p × A = 13841.088 N/m² × 2.54 m² = 35166.84 N

The net force on the object is:

Fnet = w - Fb = 0.014715 N - 35166.84 N = -35166.825 N

The negative sign indicates that the net force is upward, which means that the object will accelerate upward.

Finally, we can calculate the magnitude of the acceleration:

a = Fnet / m = Fnet / (density × volume) = -35166.825 N / (888.1 kg/m³ × 0.000001 m³) = -39.6 m/s²

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The voltage of approximately 437.5 V must be applied between the filament and target to achieve 70 eV of kinetic energy for the electrons at the sample source (ss).

To determine the voltage needed for electrons to have 70 eV of kinetic energy at the sample source (ss), we can use the equation for kinetic energy (KE) of an electron, which is KE = 1/2 * m * v^2, where m is the mass of the electron and v is its velocity.

However, we can also utilize the relationship between energy and voltage: KE = eV, where e is the elementary charge (1.6 × 10^-19 C) and V is the applied voltage.

Since we want the electrons to have 70 eV of kinetic energy, we can set KE equal to 70 eV and solve for the voltage V:

70 eV = (1.6 × 10^-19 C) * V

To find V, divide both sides by the elementary charge:

V = 70 eV / (1.6 × 10^-19 C) ≈ 437.5 V

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That the force (F) acting on the ball is the same as calculated in part A, we can rearrange the equation to solve for time (t):

Time (t) = Impulse (J) / Force (F)

What is Mass?

Mass is a fundamental property of matter that represents the amount of matter contained in an object. It is a scalar quantity and is typically measured in units such as kilograms (kg), grams (g), or other appropriate units depending on the scale of the object being measured.

The initial momentum (p_initial) of the ball can be calculated as the product of its mass and initial velocity:

Initial momentum (p_initial) = Mass (m) × Initial velocity (v_initial)

Since the ball is released with a speed of 40 m/s, the initial velocity (v_initial) is 40 m/s.

The final momentum (p_final) of the ball can be calculated as the product of its mass and final velocity:

Final momentum (p_final) = Mass (m) × Final velocity (v_final)

Since the ball is released with a speed of 40 m/s, the final velocity (v_final) is also 40 m/s.

The change in momentum (Δp) of the ball is the difference between the final and initial momenta:

Change in momentum (Δp) = Final momentum (p_final) - Initial momentum (p_initial)

Plugging in the values, we can calculate the force (F) acting on the ball:

Force (F) = Change in momentum (Δp) / Time (t)

B) The change in momentum (Δp) of the ball can be calculated as the final momentum (p_final) minus the initial momentum (p_initial):

Change in momentum (Δp) = Final momentum (p_final) - Initial momentum (p_initial)

C) The time (t) for which the force acts on the ball can be calculated using the formula for impulse, which relates force, change in momentum, and time:

Impulse (J) = Force (F) × Time (t)

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Sitting by a fire is an example of thermal radiation because the fire emits heat in the form of electromagnetic waves that are absorbed by nearby objects.

What is thermal radiation?

Thermal radiation is the transfer of heat energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, without requiring a medium to travel through. It can be emitted by any object with a temperature above absolute zero and can be absorbed by other objects, causing them to heat up.

Sitting by a fire is an example of thermal radiation because the fire emits electromagnetic radiation in the form of heat. When the fire burns, it produces thermal energy, which causes the molecules in the fire to vibrate and emit electromagnetic waves that carry thermal energy. These waves can be absorbed by nearby objects, including people sitting around the fire, causing them to heat up.

The transfer of heat through thermal radiation does not require a medium to travel through, unlike conduction and convection. This means that the heat can be transferred through the vacuum of space, making thermal radiation an important means of heat transfer in the universe, particularly for objects that are too far apart to transfer heat by conduction or convection.

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The carbon cycle involves both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components.

Abiotic components of the carbon cycle include:

Atmosphere: The atmosphere is a major abiotic component of the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that makes up a small percentage of Earth's atmosphere (currently around 0.04%). Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere through processes such as respiration, combustion of fossil fuels, and volcanic eruptions. It can also be absorbed from the atmosphere through processes such as photosynthesis and dissolution in bodies of water.

Oceans: The world's oceans are a significant abiotic component of the carbon cycle. They act as a sink for carbon dioxide, absorbing large amounts of it from the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater to form carbonic acid, which can then undergo various chemical reactions to form bicarbonate ions and carbonate ions. These dissolved forms of carbon can be transported and stored in the deep ocean for long periods of time, a process known as oceanic carbon sequestration.

Soil: Soil is another abiotic component of the carbon cycle. Dead plant material and other organic matter that accumulates in soil can undergo decomposition by microorganisms, releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere through a process called soil respiration. Additionally, carbon can be stored in soil as organic carbon, which can remain in the soil for years to centuries depending on environmental conditions.

Geological formations: Carbon can also be stored in abiotic reservoirs such as geological formations, including fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. These fossil fuels are formed from ancient organic matter that has been buried and preserved in the Earth's crust over millions of years. When these fossil fuels are burned for energy, carbon is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, contributing to the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.

These abiotic components of the carbon cycle play a crucial role in regulating the balance of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and geological formations, and are important in understanding the overall carbon cycle and its impact on the Earth's climate.

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Assuming the rifle recoils in the same direction as the bullet, the velocity of the rifle after recoil would be 5.44 m/s.

Velocity is a vector quantity that measures the rate of change in the position of an object. It is expressed as a speed and a direction. Velocity is a measure of the rate and direction of motion of an object, and is equal to the displacement of the object divided by the time taken for the displacement. The units of velocity are usually expressed in terms of meters per second (m/s).

This can be calculated using the equation of conservation of momentum, which states that the total momentum of a system must remain constant. Thus, the momentum of the bullet (0.01 kg× 300 m/s) must be equal to the momentum of the rifle (45 kg× v), where v is the velocity of the rifle after recoil. Solving for v yields 5.44 m/s.

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A device that uses the pressure of fluid to move a piston that is connected to a rod is called a hydraulic cylinder. Hydraulic cylinders are commonly used in many applications where a large force is required to move heavy loads or perform work.

The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, which contains a piston that is connected to a piston rod. The piston separates the cylinder into two chambers, one on each side. When pressurized fluid is supplied to one of the chambers, it forces the piston to move in the opposite direction, which in turn moves the piston rod.

The force that can be generated by a hydraulic cylinder depends on the size of the piston and the pressure of the fluid. By increasing the pressure of the fluid, a greater force can be exerted on the piston and piston rod, which allows for greater power and efficiency. Hydraulic cylinders are commonly used in heavy machinery, construction equipment, and industrial automation systems.

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If the generator frequency is 391 rad/s then the RMS current in the purely inductive ac circuit having a maximum voltage of 180 V and inductance of 0.16 h is 2.03 A.

We'll find the RMS current in the purely inductive AC circuit using the given terms: angular frequency (ω), maximum voltage (V_max), inductance (L), and RMS current (I_rms).

Here are the steps to calculate the RMS current:

1. Determine the impedance (X_L) of the inductor using the formula:
  X_L = ω × L
  X_L = 391 rad/s × 0.16 H
  X_L = 62.56 Ω

2. Calculate the RMS voltage (V_rms) using the formula:
  V_rms = V_max / √2
  V_rms = 180 V / √2
  V_rms = 127.28 V

3. Determine the RMS current (I_rms) using Ohm's Law:
  I_rms = V_rms / X_L
  I_rms = 127.28 V / 62.56 Ω
  I_rms = 2.03 A

The RMS current in the circuit is 2.03 A.

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The concept of gravitational force is described by Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.

Thus, According to this rule, every large particle in the cosmos pulls toward every other large particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation.

This fundamental physical law was inferred by induction from observations.

The law can also be expressed in a more contemporary manner as follows: "Every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force pointing along the line intersecting both points." The force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the point masses and is proportional to the product of the two masses and gravitation.

Thus, The concept of gravitational force is described by Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.

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The wavelength of a radio wave can be calculated using the formula:

wavelength (λ) = speed of light (c) / frequency (f)

where the speed of light (c) is approximately 3 x 10^8 meters per second.

In this case, the frequency (f) of the radio wave is 94.8 MHz.

However, this value needs to be converted to units of hertz (Hz) before using the formula.

1 MHz = 1 million Hz, so:

94.8 MHz = 94.8 x 10^6 Hz

Now, we can substitute the values into the formula:

λ = c / f

λ = 3 x 10^8 m/s / (94.8 x 10^6 Hz)

λ = 3.16 meters

Therefore, the wavelength of the radio wave broadcast by the station is approximately 3.16 meters.

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The frequency of the fundamental in Hz is 184.

The speed of the wave on the string is given by v = √(T/μ), where T is the tension in N and μ is the linear density of the string in kg/m.

So, μ = 3.4 g / 0.92 m = 3.7 x 10⁻² kg/m

The fundamental frequency is given by f = v/2L, where L is the length of the vibrating part of the string.

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Adding more mass to a 1.4-solar-mass neutron star can cause it to collapse into a black hole via a hypernova explosion.

If more mass was added to a 1.4-solar-mass neutron star, it could eventually become a black hole via a hypernova explosion. This is because the gravitational force within the star would increase, causing the star to contract and increase in density. As the density increases, the neutron star would become more and more unstable, and eventually, it would undergo a catastrophic collapse, causing a supernova explosion.

If the resulting remnant after the supernova explosion has a mass greater than about 2-3 solar masses, the gravitational force would be so strong that it would overcome the neutron degeneracy pressure and form a black hole. The process of this formation is known as a hypernova explosion, which is a type of supernova that produces a large amount of energy and ejects a significant amount of material into space.

Therefore, the most likely outcome if more mass is added to a 1.4-solar-mass neutron star is that it would eventually collapse into a black hole via a hypernova explosion.

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Prior to the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, the orbiter had been hit by debris from the external tank and solid rocket boosters on numerous occasions.

On February 1, 2003, Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated as it reentered the atmosphere over Texas and Louisiana, killing all seven astronauts on board. It was the second Space Shuttle mission to end in disaster, after the loss of Challenger and its crew in 1986.

Prior to the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, the orbiter had been hit by debris from the external tank and solid rocket boosters on numerous occasions. It is difficult to determine the exact number of times, as minor debris strikes were common during launches.

However, significant incidents of debris impact occurred during STS-27 (1988) and STS-112 (2002), among others.

The Columbia disaster, which occurred during the STS-107 mission in 2003, brought attention to the dangers posed by debris strikes and led to significant changes in NASA's policies and procedures for future shuttle missions.

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The total change of mechanical energy in the system is negative and is equal to [tex]-(3/2)mv^2[/tex].

The total change of mechanical energy in the system can be calculated by finding the initial mechanical energy of the system and subtracting the final mechanical energy.

The initial mechanical energy of the system is:

[tex]E_i = (1/2)mv^2 + (1/2)(2m)v^2 = (1/2)mv^2 + mv^2 = (3/2)mv^2[/tex]

Since the blocks are moving in opposite directions, they will collide and stick together. After the collision, the combined mass will be 3m and the velocity will be zero. The final mechanical energy of the system is:

[tex]E_f = (1/2)(3m)(0)^2 = 0[/tex]

The total change of mechanical energy in the system is:

[tex]ΔE = E_f - E_i = - (3/2)mv^2[/tex]

Therefore, the total change of mechanical energy in the system is negative and is equal to [tex]-(3/2)mv^2[/tex]. This indicates that some energy was lost during the collision, possibly due to friction or deformation of the blocks.

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When a charged particle moves perpendicularly to a uniform magnetic field, its trajectory is a circle. Here option B is the correct answer.

When a charged particle moves perpendicularly to a uniform magnetic field, its trajectory follows a circular path. This phenomenon is known as the Lorentz force, named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz who discovered it in the late 19th century.

The Lorentz force arises due to the interaction between the magnetic field and the charged particle's electric field. When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field, it experiences a force perpendicular to both the direction of its motion and the direction of the magnetic field. This force causes the charged particle to move in a circular path with a constant radius and a constant speed.

The radius of the circular path is determined by the particle's mass, charge, and speed, as well as the strength of the magnetic field. Specifically, the radius is proportional to the particle's momentum and inversely proportional to the magnetic field strength.

The circular motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field is fundamental to many applications in physics and engineering. For example, it is the basis of the operation of particle accelerators, mass spectrometers, and MRI machines.

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Complete question:

When a charged particle moves perpendicularly to a uniform magnetic field, what best describes its trajectory? when a charged particle moves perpendicularly to a uniform magnetic field, what best describes its trajectory?

A - a sinusoidal curve

B - a circle

C - a straight line

D - a parabola

Water at sea level can be theoretically lifted by a vacuum pump up to a maximum height of 10.3 meters.

In order to create a partial vacuum, a vacuum pump is a type of pump device that removes gas particles from a sealed space.What is the purpose of a vacuum pump?

Vacuum pumps, in the simplest terms, are mechanical devices that make it possible to remove gas and air molecules from a sealed space to produce a space free of gas and/or air. Their main functions are to clean and seal. Depending on the media being pumped through them, vacuum pumps are available in wet or dry versions.

The theoretical maximum height that water at sea level can be lifted by a vacuum pump is 10.3 meters. This value is based on the fact that atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10.3 meters high. So, the correct answer is 10.3 m.

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The work done by the second engine is 2.6 times the work done by the first engine.

The work done by an engine is given by the product of power and time. The first engine works with a constant power of P, so its work done is given by W1 = P*t, where t is the observed time.

The second engine increases its power linearly with time, and its final power is 5.2P. Let the power at time t be

P(t) = kt, where k is the rate of increase of power.

At time t=0, the power is zero, so we have

P(0) = 0.

At time t, the power is kt, so we have

P(t) = kt.

When the power reaches 5.2P, we have

P(t) = 5.2P

so kt = 5.2P, and k = 5.2P/t.

The work done by the second engine is given by

W₂  = ∫P(t)

dt from 0 to t, which evaluates to

W₂ = 1/2 × k × t²

= 1/2 × 5.2P ÷ t × t²

= 2.6P × t.

The ratio of the work done by the second engine to the first engine is

W2 ÷ W1 = (2.6P × t) ÷ (P × t) = 2.6.

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The observational units in this scenario are the 20 one-yard segments of optical fiber.

Observational units are the fundamental units that are observed or measured in a study. In this case, the manufacturer is testing the strength of the optical fibers, which are the objects of interest in the study. The manufacturer chose to use 20 one-yard segments of optical fiber as the sample to test the new design of fiber. After placing these segments in a freezer for 24 hours at -30 degrees Celsius, the strength of each individual fiber was tested. Therefore, the observational units are the individual one-yard segments of the optical fiber being tested for their strength.

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A client reports general malaise and has a temperature is 103.8°F (39.9°C). What is the rationale for administering a prescribed aspirin, an antipyretic, to this client

step-by-step explanation:

Step 1: A client reports general malaise and has a temperature of 103.8°F (39.9°C).

Step 2: The high temperature is an indication that the body is fighting an infection or inflammation.

Step 3: Antipyretics, such as aspirin, work by blocking the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause fever.

Step 4: Lowering the body temperature can help alleviate the discomfort associated with fever and reduce the risk of complications, such as seizures or dehydration.

Step 5: Aspirin is a commonly prescribed antipyretic that can be effective in reducing fever.

Step 6: The rationale for administering a prescribed aspirin, an antipyretic, to this client is to lower the body temperature and alleviate the discomfort associated with fever.

Step 7: It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and instructions for aspirin to avoid potential side effects or interactions with other medications.

Step 8: If the fever persists or worsens, it is important to seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause and ensure appropriate treatment.

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The force needed to lift the car is 8800 N, which is its weight.

In hydraulic systems, forces are transferred from one area to another inside an incompressible fluid, such as water or oil. Most aircraft's landing gear and braking systems are hydraulic. In order to function, pneumatic systems need a compressible fluid like air.

The smaller piston received a 55 N force from the mechanic, and its surface area was 0.015 m². We may determine the pressure used by the mechanic using the pressure formula P = F/A:

P = F/A = 55 N / 0.015 m² = 3666.67 Pa

This pressure is transmitted to the larger piston with an area of 2.4 m². The force on the larger piston can be calculated using the formula F = PA:

F = PA = 3666.67 Pa x 2.4 m² = 8800 N

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Using Snell's law, we can find the angle the transmitted ray will make with the normal:

[tex]n1sin(theta1) = n2sin(theta2)[/tex]

Where [tex]n1[/tex] is the refractive index of the incident medium (air), [tex]theta1[/tex] is the angle the incident ray makes with the normal, [tex]n2[/tex] is the refractive index of the second medium (glass), and [tex]theta2[/tex] is the angle the transmitted ray makes with the normal.

[tex](1.00)(sin(31)) = (1.6)(sin(theta2))[/tex]

[tex]theta2 = sin^(-1)((1.00)*(sin(31))/(1.6)) = 19 degrees (rounded to two significant figures)[/tex]

[tex]theta1 = theta_r[/tex]

where [tex]theta_r[/tex] is the angle the reflected ray makes with the normal.