The requirement of sankin kotai was that every daimyo had to live every other year permanently in Edo with their wives and heirs.
The requirement of sankin kotai was that every daimyo lived every other year in Edo. This system aimed to maintain control over the daimyos and prevent any potential uprising. The sankin kotaisystem required the daimyoin to go to and maintain estates in Edo, which used up a significant portion of their revenue. This placed a heavy financial strain on them. However, the system's implementation led to a significant amount of political and cultural homogeneity over all of Japan. The custom originally got its start unofficially during the Toyotomi Hideyoshi era (1585–1598), but Tokugawa Iemitsu codified it into law in 1635. Actually, the tozama or "outside" daimyo were the only ones to whom the first sankin-kotai law applied. This arrangement mandated that daimyo spend alternate years in their home provinces and in Edo, the Tokugawa government's capital.
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how did zwingli and luther’s 95 thesis compare?
Zwingli and Luther's theses can be compared in terms of their goals and content. Luther's 95 Theses focused on challenging the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences and emphasized salvation through faith alone.
Zwingli and Luther's 95 Theses were similar in their criticism of the Catholic Church's practices and doctrines. Both men called for reforms in the church and challenged the authority of the Pope. However, there were some differences in their views.
Zwingli emphasized the importance of scripture in guiding Christian beliefs, while Luther placed more emphasis on the doctrine of salvation by faith alone. Overall, both men's 95 Theses played a significant role in sparking the Protestant Reformation and challenging the authority of the Catholic Church.
On the other hand, Zwingli's theses, known as the 67 Articles, aimed at broader Church reforms, including the removal of images and the simplification of the Mass. While both sought to reform the Church, their specific targets and proposed changes differed.
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Zwingli and Luther's 95 theses shared some similarities, but there were also some notable differences. Both men were seeking to reform the Catholic Church, and both were highly critical of the sale of indulgences.
However, while Luther was primarily concerned with the issue of salvation and the authority of scripture, Zwingli focused more on the need for a return to a purer form of worship and the elimination of perceived abuses, such as the veneration of saints and the use of images in worship.
Another key difference between the two men was their approach to political power. While Luther believed in the concept of the "two kingdoms" and argued that secular rulers had a responsibility to support the church, Zwingli believed in a more radical separation of church and state, and sought to establish a theocracy in Zurich.
Overall, while both men were influential figures in the Protestant Reformation, they had somewhat different priorities and approaches to reform.
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the swing era took place during which two important historical events?
The Swing Era took place during the Great Depression (1929-1939) and World War II (1939-1945), which were two important historical events. This period was marked by the popularity of swing music and dance, providing a sense of escapism and joy amidst challenging times.
The Great Depression was a severe economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted for over a decade. It was triggered by a stock market crash in October 1929 and was characterized by high unemployment, widespread poverty, and a decline in economic activity across the world. The Depression had a devastating impact on people's lives, with many losing their jobs, homes, and savings. Governments struggled to find effective solutions, with many countries implementing protectionist policies that ultimately worsened the crisis. The Great Depression is seen as a defining moment in the history of modern economics and played a major role in shaping economic policies in the decades that followed.
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The Swing Era took place during two important historical events: the Great Depression and World War II. The era began in the early 1930s and continued into the mid-1940s, coinciding with these significant periods in history.
The Great Depression, which lasted from 1929 to 1939, was an economic downturn marked by high unemployment rates, a decline in global trade, and overall economic hardship. During this time, the Swing Era provided a much-needed escape for people through its lively and upbeat music.
Big bands led by notable musicians like Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Benny Goodman became popular, and swing dancing became a widespread social activity. The music and dance allowed people to temporarily forget their financial struggles and enjoy a sense of camaraderie.
World War II, which occurred between 1939 and 1945, was a global conflict involving most of the world's nations, including the major powers of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Germany. During this time, the Swing Era continued to thrive, with the music serving as a morale booster for both soldiers and civilians.
Radio broadcasts of big band performances helped to maintain a sense of unity and patriotism, and USO shows featuring swing music and dancing entertained troops stationed overseas.
In conclusion, the Swing Era took place during the Great Depression and World War II, serving as a source of entertainment and relief during these challenging times. Its lively music and dance provided a sense of escape, unity, and patriotism, which contributed to its widespread popularity and enduring influence on subsequent generations.
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do you think the right to vote still needs to be protected and guarded? Why or why not?
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
the right to vote is not only an essential part of making the country and economy in a fair and peaceful position, but it allows everyone to be considered as humans, not racially, generally, or any other way.
the mayan society mastered architecture and built illustrious temples and observatories?
Answer:
They were skilled architects, building great cities of stone that remain even a thousand years after their civilization fell into decline. The Maya built pyramids, temples, palaces, walls, residences and more. They often decorated their buildings with intricate stone carvings, stucco statues, and paint.
If a source is valid, it will most likely:
If a source is valid, it is more likely to be reliable, accurate, and trustworthy. Here are some characteristics of a valid source:
Accuracy: A valid source provides accurate information and has been fact-checked by experts in the field.
Authority: A valid source is written by an author who is an expert in the field and has relevant credentials and expertise.
Objectivity: A valid source presents information in an objective and unbiased manner, without any personal or ideological bias.
Currency: A valid source is up-to-date and reflects the most current research and information available.
Verifiability: A valid source provides evidence to support its claims and can be cross-checked against other reliable sources.
Overall, a valid source is one that can be trusted and relied upon to provide accurate and credible information on a given topic.
~~~Harsha~~~
Answer: Generally, a credible or reliable source is one that is valid for your purposes.
Explanation: It will have true information. (Most credible sources are from the government. Example; (name of link).gov ) It will also have information about the author and if it's been newly posted or edited it is most likely a credible source.
.
americans justified the forced removal of native americans to lands west of the mississippi river because: question 1 options: a) smallpox epidemics had devastated native communities and white reformers hoped moving them to reservations would make it easier to inoculate them. b) they believed white farmers would make better use of the land and resources than the indigenous inhabitants. c) the lands in the great plains were more fertile for indian crops like corn, so removal was actually seen as providing nutritional benefits to natives. d) all of the above.
The Americans justified the forced removal of Native Americans to lands west of the Mississippi River because they believed white farmers would make better use of the land and resources than the indigenous inhabitants.
This refers to the concept of Manifest Destiny, which was a belief prevalent in the 19th century that the expansion of the United States was both justified and inevitable. Many white Americans believed that they had a God-given right to the land and resources of North America, and that the indigenous inhabitants were obstacles to this expansion. As a result, the US government forcibly removed Native American tribes from their ancestral lands and relocated them to reservations in the west. This policy was enforced through the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which resulted in the infamous Trail of Tears, during which thousands of Native Americans died while being forcibly relocated. The justification for this policy was often framed in terms of "civilizing" the Native Americans, but in reality, it was driven by a desire for land and resources.
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In the great growing season of the High Middle Ages, what region benefited more than any other in Europe?
France
america
russia
japan
During the great growing season of the High Middle Ages, the region that benefited more than any other in Europe was France. The period of the High Middle Ages, roughly from the 11th to the 13th century, saw a significant increase in agricultural productivity.
in Europe due to several factors, including a warmer climate, new farming techniques, and improved irrigation systems.In France, these developments led to a significant expansion of agricultural production, particularly in the northern and central regions of the country. The introduction of new crops such as beans and peas, along with the use of the three-field system of crop rotation, helped to increase yields and improve soil fertility.The increase in agricultural productivity in France had several important consequences, including population growth, urbanization, and the expansion of trade and commerce. The surplus food produced by French farmers helped to support the growth of towns and cities, as well as the development of a market economy.Overall, the great growing season of the High Middle Ages had a transformative impact on European society, and France was one of the regions that benefited the most from these developments.
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an association of unions based on industry rather than skill and joined by african americans in record numbers during world war ii is called?
The association of unions based on industry rather than skill and joined by African Americans in record numbers during World War II is called the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).
The CIO was founded in 1935 and included unions representing workers in manufacturing, mining, transportation, and other industries. The CIO was committed to organizing industrial workers, including those who had previously been excluded from craft unions because of their race or ethnicity. During World War II, the CIO played a crucial role in the war effort by working to improve wages and working conditions for industrial workers and by supporting the production of war materials. The CIO merged with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1955 to form the AFL-CIO, which remains the largest federation of unions in the United States today.
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The association of unions based on industry rather than skill and joined by African Americans in record numbers during World War II is called the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).
The CIO was formed in 1935 and aimed to unite workers across different industries and trades to gain better working conditions and wages.
During World War II, African American workers faced discrimination and segregation in the workplace, but the CIO welcomed them and fought for their rights. The CIO also played a significant role in the Civil Rights Movement, supporting desegregation efforts and advocating for equal rights for all workers.
The CIO eventually merged with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1955 to form the AFL-CIO, which remains one of the largest labor organizations in the United States today. The CIO's efforts and contributions to workers' rights and civil rights have left a lasting impact on American history.
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what finally prompted the armistice in the korean war? what were the costs of this war: human, monetary, political?
The Korean War ended with an armistice in 1953 due to a military stalemate and international pressure. The war had a high human cost and economic costs exceeding $1 trillion. It led to a continued division of Korea and shaped the geopolitical landscape of East Asia for decades.
The Korean War began in 1950 when North Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel into South Korea, leading to a United Nations-led military intervention to support South Korea.
However, the war reached a stalemate by 1951 with little territorial gain made by either side. International pressure, including the threat of Chinese intervention and Soviet diplomatic efforts, led to negotiations for a ceasefire. It was only after two years of negotiations that the armistice agreement was signed on July 27, 1953.
The human cost of the war was significant, with an estimated 2.5 million civilian and military casualties. Many Koreans were displaced from their homes, with families separated by the border between North and South Korea. The economic cost of the war exceeded $1 trillion in today's currency, and the division of Korea had significant political implications, shaping the geopolitical landscape of East Asia for decades to come.
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What impacted the African continent the most from the end of the nineteenth century through the early twentieth century? a. European imperialism b. The spread of Islam c. The end of colonial empires d. The transatlantic slave trade
European imperialism affected the African continent the most from the end of the Nineteenth century through the early twentieth century. Thus, option A is correct.
During this time period, European dominion countries like Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and Italy, contested for control over African colonies for Scramble for Africa for slavery. The continent was split among European powers through various deals, like Berlin Conference, racial, etc.
This period of European imperialism held deep and enduring results on the African continent, including the removal of African societies, the exploitation of natural resources, the imposition of European political and monetary systems, and the organization of colonial rule that survived until the mid-20th century.
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Historically, during and in the immediate aftermath of recessions, when the economy was still recovering, the Federal Reserve ____ the federal funds rate.
increase
inflation
decreased
Historically, during and in the immediate aftermath of recessions, when the economy was still recovering, the Federal Reserve decreased the federal funds rate.
The correct option is decreased.
By decreasing the federal funds rate, the cost of borrowing money becomes cheaper for banks, which in turn, allows them to provide loans with lower interest rates to businesses and consumers. This encourages spending and investments, as it becomes more affordable for people to borrow money and invest in various sectors of the economy.
Moreover, reducing the federal funds rate can help combat inflation. In a recession, the demand for goods and services decreases, leading to lower prices and reduced inflationary pressures. By cutting interest rates, the Federal Reserve aims to maintain a healthy level of inflation and stabilize the economy.
In summary, the Federal Reserve decreases the federal funds rate during and after recessions to stimulate economic growth, encourage borrowing and investments, and control inflation, thereby aiding in the recovery of the economy.
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What contrasts does source 7 draw China and Europe
The differences in prevailing values, economies, demographics, technology, commerce, and politics between China and Europe.
What is contrasts?
To compare or set off dissimilar things or objects in order to emphasize their differences is to use contrast. It can also be used to describe how clearly one object or another differs from another. Contrast, which can be a verb or a noun, is frequently used to contrast and show the differences between two or more objects.
The cultural beliefs and traditions of Europe and China are in contrast, which might make it difficult to cooperate politically or in business. Additionally, there are sectors where China and Europe may cooperate and complement one another, as in commerce and investment.
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Your question is incomplete, but most probably the full question was.
What contrasts does between China and Europe? Given these differences, which region would likely be more motivated to maintain the status quo (keep things as they are)? Why?
meiji reformers chose to model the new japanese government of the late 1800s after the government of
a. the United States. b. Great Britain. c. Germany.
d. the Netherlands
Answer: C Germany
Explanation:
Approximately how many German-speaking people lived in the Sudetenland?1 million3 million4 million5 million
Approximately 3 million German-speaking people lived in the Sudetenland. The Sudetenland was a region in Czechoslovakia that had a significant German-speaking population prior to World War II.
The region was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938 as part of Hitler's expansionist policies, which ultimately led to the outbreak of the war. The annexation of the Sudetenland was one of the key events leading up to the war and is often cited as an example of appeasement, as Western leaders failed to take action against Hitler's aggressive actions in the region. In September 1938, Hitler demanded that the Sudetenland be ceded to Germany, and threatened to go to war if his demands were not met. The leaders of Britain, France, and Italy, fearing another war in Europe, met with Hitler in Munich and agreed to allow Germany to annex the Sudetenland in exchange for a promise of peace. The annexation of the Sudetenland was a major victory for Hitler and the Nazi party, and it emboldened them to pursue further territorial ambitions. The annexation also led to the displacement of many Czechs and other non-German populations in the region, and it ultimately contributed to the outbreak of World War II. Today, the Sudetenland is part of the Czech Republic, and the region's complex history and cultural heritage continue to be a subject of interest and study.
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Approximately 3 million German-speaking people lived in the Sudetenland. The Sudetenland was an area in Czechoslovakia where a large number of German-speaking people resided. It was located mainly along the border regions with Germany and Austria.
The term "Sudetenland" was derived from the Sudeten Mountains, which are part of the area. In the early 20th century, following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Czechoslovakia was formed as a new country, and the Sudetenland became part of it.
The population of the Sudetenland was predominantly German-speaking, and they constituted a significant minority within Czechoslovakia. It is estimated that around 3 million German-speaking people lived in the Sudetenland during this time.
This German-speaking population felt marginalized and discriminated against by the Czechoslovak government, leading to tensions between the two groups. The situation in the Sudetenland was one of the contributing factors to the outbreak of World War II.
Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany, claimed that the German-speaking population in the Sudetenland was being oppressed and used this as a pretext for annexing the area in 1938. This annexation, known as the Munich Agreement, was an attempt by Britain and France to appease Hitler and avoid a potential war.
However, this act of appeasement failed, and World War II eventually broke out in 1939.
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explain how political changes in the period from c. 1900 to the present led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments.
The period from c. 1900 to the present has seen significant political changes that have had far-reaching effects on territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments.
The Rise of Nationalism: The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of nationalism as a powerful political force. This led to the emergence of new nation-states and the reshaping of existing ones. Nationalism also led to territorial and demographic changes, as groups sought to create or maintain homogenous nation-states through the forced migration or assimilation of minority populations.
World Wars: The two world wars of the 20th century were major political events that had significant territorial and demographic consequences. The redrawing of national boundaries after World War I and the massive displacement of people during and after World War II led to significant changes in population demographics and territorial boundaries.
Decolonization: The period after World War II saw the rapid decolonization of many territories around the world. This led to the emergence of new nation-states and the redrawing of national boundaries. Decolonization also had significant demographic consequences, as formerly colonized populations moved to their newly independent countries or migrated to other parts of the world.
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how did constitutional issues lay foundations for the civil war
-In 1808, the Constitution forbade imports and included a compromise on the 3/5ths vote.
-Slavery was raised everytime the US annexed a new region.
What violations of the Constitution were committed by the government during the conflict?The Sedition Act and Espionage Act created constitutional issues with relation to the First Amendment's provision of freedom of expression. The Sedition Act and Espionage Act created constitutional issues with relation to the First Amendment's provision of freedom of expression.
What issues arose that led to the American Civil War?The topics that would eventually spark war had been the subject of debate in both the Northern and Southern states for more than 80 years: monetary policies and practices, cultural standards, the authority and scope of the Federal government, and, most importantly, the place of slavery in American society.
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What are 3 ways Interest Groups monitor and influence government i dont have any answer chooses
Answer:
Interest groups are organizations that seek to influence public policy on behalf of their members or supporters. There are several ways in which interest groups monitor and influence government, including:
Lobbying: One of the main ways in which interest groups influence government is through lobbying, which involves attempting to persuade government officials to take a particular action or adopt a particular policy. Lobbyists may meet with government officials, provide them with information and research, and make arguments in favor of their organization's position.Campaign contributions: Interest groups may also seek to influence government through campaign contributions, which can be used to support political candidates who are sympathetic to the group's interests. By providing financial support to political candidates, interest groups can help to ensure that their concerns are taken into account when policy decisions are made.Grassroots mobilization: Another way in which interest groups can influence government is through grassroots mobilization, which involves organizing and mobilizing ordinary citizens to support the group's goals and put pressure on government officials. Grassroots mobilization may involve tactics such as protests, letter-writing campaigns, and social media campaigns, and can be particularly effective in raising public awareness and influencing public opinion on an issue.the battles of trenton and princeton in late 1776 and early 1777 __________.
The Battles of Trenton and Princeton in late 1776 and early 1777 significantly boosted American morale and momentum during the American Revolutionary War.
Since the 1870s, the town's economy was tied to the Trenton Works factory and its predecessors which occupies a large property along the East River of Pictou. This factory closed permanently in 2016[4] after various incarnations as a steel fabrication, railcar fabrication, and wind turbine tower fabrication facility. Since the late 1960s, the town has also been host to the Trenton Generating Station. Other large employers in the past have included a paint manufacturer (Tibbett's Paints) as well as a glass works (Trenton Glass). The town's economy is undergoing a transition to a post-industrial tertiary/service economy. Major employers in the region are located outside the town, namely a Michelin Tire factory in Granton and an Asia Pulp & Paper (Paper Excellence Canada) pulp mill in Abercrombie.
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The battles of Trenton and Princeton in late 1776 and early 1777 were significant turning points in the American Revolution.
After a series of losses, the Continental Army led by General George Washington was able to achieve two critical victories against the British army. The surprise attack on the Hessian troops in Trenton on December 26, 1776, boosted morale among American troops and convinced many soldiers to reenlist in the army.
In the battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777, the Continental Army was able to defeat the British army, which had been previously considered.
These two battles proved that the Continental Army was a formidable opponent and could stand up against the British army. It also led to an increase in support from the American public and from foreign nations, such as France.
The victories at Trenton and Princeton gave the Continental Army a much-needed boost and provided a glimpse of hope for the American Revolution's eventual success.
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what invention will stop people from overdosing from drugs
Answer:What is the thing to stop overdose?
Naloxone is a life-saving medication that can reverse an overdose from opioids.
Explanation: including heroin, fentanyl, and prescription opioid medications—when given in time. Naloxone is easy to use and small to carry.
what was one of the primary purposes of constructing terraces for civilizations living in the andes mountains?
Answer: They are created for farming/crops.
Explanation: Terraces (most common on mountains) are man-made "landforms" used for cultivation of crops on sloped areas, still used today in many forms of agriculture.
How did colonialism, especially with countries such as Britain and France, create a wider war than just within Europe?
colonialism, particularly with countries such as Britain and France, created a wider war beyond Europe by extending the conflict into the colonies, which were important sources of resources, labor, and strategic value for the European powers. The exploitation and oppression of colonized peoples also created resentment and resistance that contributed to the tensions and conflicts leading up to the outbreak of World War I and World War II.
Which of the following actions were NOT taken by Germany in the years leading up to World War II?
A. Creating an air force
C. Attacking and controlling the African country of Ethiopla
B. Increasing the size of its army through conscription
D. Sending troops into the demilitarized Rhineland
Answer:
Option C, attacking and controlling the African country of Ethiopia, was NOT taken by Germany in the years leading up to World War II.
While Germany did create an air force (option A), increase the size of its army through conscription (option B), and send troops into the demilitarized Rhineland (option D) during the 1930s, it did not directly attack and control Ethiopia. However, Germany did provide military support to fascist Italy during Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935-1936, and the conflict was seen as a precursor to World War II.
How has the growth of labor productivity in the US enabled businesses and workers to earn more over time, while also providing consumers with better and lower-priced products?
The growth of labor productivity in the US has enabled businesses and workers to increase their output, leading to increased wages and profits.
This increased output has also allowed businesses to reduce prices and produce better products. In particular, the use of technology and automation has allowed businesses to produce more goods with fewer inputs, resulting in lower prices and higher quality products.
This has led to increased consumer spending, which has bolstered the economy and further increased wages and profits. In short, the growth of labor productivity in the US has been a win-win situation for businesses, workers, and consumers.
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how did the national consciousness of the filipinos emerge?
Answer:
The sense of national consciousness came from the Creoles, who now regard themselves as "Filipino". It was brought to its advent by three major factors: 1) economy, 2) education and 3) secularization of parishes. These factors contributed to the birth of the Filipino Nationalism.
Explanation:
What is the economic system in the United States?
Communist economy
Capitalist economy
Socialist economy
Military economy
how did child charqcterize the essence of mussolini's fascist program? in child's view, how did the fascist state differ from the liberal state
I'm assuming you are referring to the historian and scholar J.T. "Jack" Child.Child saw fascism as a dangerous and destructive ideology that posed a serious threat to the values of democracy and human freedom.
According to Child, Mussolini's fascist program was characterized by its emphasis on the primacy of the state and the subordination of the individual to the collective will of the nation. Fascism, in Child's view, was a form of totalitarianism that sought to create a "total" society in which the state had absolute control over all aspects of life, including the economy, culture, and education.Child argued that the fascist state differed fundamentally from the liberal state in its rejection of the principles of democracy, individualism, and the rule of law. Whereas the liberal state placed a premium on protecting individual rights and freedoms, the fascist state saw these values as obstacles to the realization of the collective will of the nation. As a result, fascist regimes were marked by the suppression of dissent, the use of propaganda and terror to maintain control, and the elevation of the state above all other institutions.
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The Virginia Plan proposed to give more power to the national government, a bicameral legislature, and the number of both houses would be determined by population. True or false
True that the Virginia Plan proposed to give more power to the national government, a bicameral legislature, and the number of both houses would be determined by population.
What is Virginia Plan?
The Virginia Plan, proposed by James Madison during the Constitutional Convention in 1787, did indeed propose a strong national government with a bicameral legislature (two houses) and representation based on population. The plan was a departure from the Articles of Confederation, which gave more power to the states and had a unicameral legislature (one house) with equal representation for each state.
What is bicameral legislature?
A bicameral legislature is a type of government legislative body that consists of two separate chambers or houses. These two chambers typically have different roles and responsibilities within the legislative process, and they are often designed to provide checks and balances on each other's power. For example, in the United States, the bicameral legislature consists of the House of Representatives (based on population) and the Senate (two senators per state).
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Look at picture thanks!
1.How did Lincoln’s point of view differ from that of Douglas?
One of the most significant distinctions between Douglas and Lincoln's perspectives on slavery is that, in contrast to Lincoln, Douglas did not see slavery as a moral dilemma, an agonizing choice, or a problem that would split the Union.
Lincoln was raised on the frontier, mostly in Indiana, and was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky. He self-educated himself to become a lawyer, leader of the Whig Party, state lawmaker for slavery Illinois, and member of the United States Congress from Illinois.
He resumed his prosperous law career in central Illinois in 1849. He returned to politics in 1854 after becoming enraged by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed slavery in the new territory.
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\which american film of the 1930s used editing and framing to create images of collective triumph somewhat reminiscent of soviet films of the same era?
The American film that used editing and framing to create images of collective triumph somewhat reminiscent of Soviet films of the same era is "Gone with the Wind" (1939).
The film's iconic scene of Scarlett O'Hara standing among hundreds of wounded Confederate soldiers and declaring "As God is my witness, I'll never be hungry again!" is a prime example of this technique. The film's use of sweeping camera movements, dramatic music, and tight editing helped to create a sense of unity and triumph among the characters, similar to the collective spirit often depicted in Soviet films of the time. The American film of the 1930s that used editing and framing to create images of collective triumph somewhat reminiscent of Soviet films of the same era is "The Crowd" (1928) directed by King Vidor. Although released slightly before the 1930s, it employed techniques similar to those seen in Soviet films to emphasize the power of the collective spirit.
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