Answer:
Differentiation strategy, is the right answer.
Explanation:
In Bussiness studies, a differentiation strategy is a method of developing the business by providing the customers with something different or unique from the items offered by their competitors in the marketplace. The increase in the competitive advantage is the main objective behind implementing a differentiation strategy. By analyzing its strengths, weaknesses, the needs of customers and the prices they can provide, a business can accomplish this.
The Environmental Protection Agency is attempting to rule on whether pollution from greenhouse gas emissions endangers public safety. Among the many greenhouse gas polluters are cows emitting methane. Economists have devised a theory to help address this issue. Identify the statement that is true according to economic theory
Answer:
The interpretation of that same particular question is demonstrated in the following segment on the response.
Explanation:
The economic analysis seems to be a theoretical construct for something like the interpretation and analysis of containerized cargo in such an economy.The effective level of emissions elimination exists where even the potential profit of removing exposure is equivalent to the marginal price of removing emission (several other contaminations may be authorized).
Danny’s boss is apathetic as to whether Danny works at home, at the office, or from his beach house. All he cares about is that the project is completed on time, on budget, and with exemplary quality. Which characteristic of organizational culture describes this aspect of Danny’s job?
The question is incomplete:
Danny’s boss is apathetic as to whether Danny works at home, at the office, or from his beach house. All he cares about is that the project is completed on time, on budget, and with exemplary quality. Which characteristic of organizational culture describes this aspect of Danny’s job?
A) low risk taking
B) high outcome orientation
C) high attention to detail
D) low aggressiveness
E) high stability
Answer:
B) high outcome orientation
Explanation:
-Low risk taking is when coservative decisions are made to avoid a high possibility of losing everything.
-High outcome orientation is when a business has high expectations and is focus on having good results.
-High attention to detail is when companies want their employees to focus on precision and attention to detail.
-Low aggressiveness is when people are not competitive.
-High stability is when the activities are focused on maintaining the existing structure.
According to this, the answer is that the characteristic of organizational culture that describes this aspect of Danny's job is high outcome orientation because his boss is focused on getting good results.
The aging method of estimating uncollectible accounts is based on the assumption that the longer an account receivable remains outstanding, the less likely it is to be collected. This statement is
Answer:
This statement is true.
Explanation:
The aging method of estimating uncollectible accounts is a method that is used to calculate the amount of counts receivable of a company that may not be collected.
Under the aging method, invoices of customers that are yet to be paid are sorted by invoice date into about four columns, and invoices with longer days assumed to be less likely to be collected.
For example, a company may have current invoice not yet due in the first column with 25% not likely to be collected; the invoice amounts that are 1-30 days past due in the second column with 50% not likely to be collected; the invoice amounts that are 31-60 days past due in third column with 75% not likely to be collected; and the invoice amounts that are 61 and above days past due in the fourth column with 100% not likely to be collected.
Based on the explanation above, it is therefore true that the aging method of estimating uncollectible accounts is based on the assumption that the longer an account receivable remains outstanding, the less likely it is to be collected.
Mr. Barker enjoys a comfortable retirement income. He recently had surgery and expected that he would have certain services and items covered by the plan with minimal out-of-pocket costs because his MA-PD coverage has been very good. However, when he received the bill, he was surprised to see large charges in excess of his maximum out-of-pocket limit that included a number of services and items he thought would be fully covered. He called you to ask what he could do? What could you tell him?
Answer:
What you could tell him is that you can offer to help him review all the plans appeal process as well as to help him ask the plan to review his coverage decision which will enable him to know why he had large charges in excess of his maximum out-of-pocket limit.
Explanation:
Based on the information given we were told that when he received the bill, their was large charges in excess of his maximum out-of-pocket limit which is a limit on the amount of money a person or an individual have to pay for covered medical care services in which we were still told that the large charges in excess of his maximum out-of-pocket limit also include a number of services and items he thought would be fully covered, therefore since he called you to ask what he could do, What you could tell him is that you will offer to help him review all the plans appeal process and to as well help him to ask the plan to review the coverage decision which is why coverage decision is of benefit because it enables a person or an individual to makes decision about their benefits including the amount they have to pay for their medical services plan.
J&R Renovation, Inc., is trying to determine its cost of debt. The firm has a debt issue outstanding with 20 years to maturity that is quoted at 107 % of face value. The issue makes semi-annual payments and has a coupon rate of 9 % annually.
A. What is the company's pretax cost of debt?
B. If the tax rate is 35 %, what is the aftertax cost of debt?
Answer:
a) 8.36%
b) 5.43%
Explanation:
to find the pretax cost of debt we must find the yield to maturity:
YTM = {coupon + [(face value - market value) / n]} / [(face value + market value) / 2]
YTM = {45 + [(1,000 - 1,070) / 40]} / [(1,000 + 1,070) / 2] = 43.25 / 1,035 = 0.04178 x 2 = 0.08357 = 8.36%
after tax cost of debt = 8.36% x (1 - 35%) = 8.36% x 0.65 = 5.43%
Refer to Scenario 15-2. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true? (i) New entrants to the market know they will have a smaller market share than PPCo currently has. (ii) PPCo is most likely experiencing rising marginal cost. (iii) PPCo is a natural monopoly. (iv) PPCo is most likely experiencing declining average total cost.
Answer: (i), (iii) and (iv)
Explanation:
PPCo is able to provide the entire needs of the county and and has been in operations for a few years gaining loyal customers and controlling the market. Any company that will want to come in will have to fight them for market dominance and as such will have a smaller market share than PPCo.
As PPCo is meet the demands of everyone in the county, they are most likely experiencing Economies of Scale. This means that they are making more revenue thereby driving total cost down as the fixed costs remain the same but Revenue climbs. This classifies them as a Natural Monopoly because Natural Monopolies experience Economies of Scale and declining average total costs.
Garland Company received proceeds of $235000 on 10-year, 6% bonds issued on January 1, 2018. The bonds had a face value of $250000, pay interest annually on January 1, and have a call price of 101. Garland uses the straight-line method of amortization. What is the carrying value of the bonds on January 1, 2020? $236500 $246700 $250000 $238000
Answer:
$238000
Explanation:
The computation of the carrying value of the bond is shown below:
Given that
Face Value of Bonds = $250,000
Proceeds from issuance of bonds = $235,000
Before that we need to compute the following things
Now
Discount on Bonds Payable = Face Value of Bonds - Proceeds from issuance of bonds
= $250,000 - $235,000
= $15,000
Life of Bonds = 10 years
Now
Discount on Bonds amortized annually = Discount on Bonds Payable ÷ Life of Bonds
= $15,000 ÷ 10
= $1,500
Now
Discount amortized is
= Discount on Bonds amortized annually × expired life
= $1,500 × 2
= $3,000
Finally
Carrying Value of Bonds = Issue Price + Discount amortized
= $235,000 + $3.000
= $238,000
Research into genetically modified crops has led to significant productivity gains for countries such as the United States that employ these techniques. Countries such as the European Union member nations, however, have imposed controls on the import of these products, citing concern for public health. Given the situation, the European Union's regulation of genetically modified crops is
Answer:
The answer is " If you have legitimate health issues, then it is the part of the share-the-earnings theory".
Explanation:
It also stands for EPS, which is the primary financial measure that demonstrates a firm ’s profitability. Its estimation consists of dividing the gross profit of the business with its number of shares. Its greater the company's profits for each share, the greater its productivity.
It is the management of efficiency, that indicates how often revenue the business generates for its stockholders buy not just because of increases in earnings, and because of the impact of new ordinary shares.
All of the following statements about GDP are false except Group of answer choices Higher GDP reflects more equal distribution in the economy. Higher the real GDP, happier is the economy. Higher GDP reflects higher economic growth of an economy. Higher GDP reflects better access to education.
Answer:
Higher GDP reflects higher economic growth of an economy
Explanation:
Gross domestic product is the total sum of final goods and services produced in an economy within a given period which is usually a year
GDP calculated using the expenditure approach = Consumption spending by households + Investment spending by businesses + Government spending + Net export
Net export = exports – imports
When exports exceeds import there is a trade deficit and when import exceeds import, there is a trade surplus.
Items not included in the calculation off GDP includes:
1. services not rendered to oneself
2. Activities not reported to the government
3. illegal activities
4. sale or purchase of used products
5. sale or purchase of intermediate products
6. Measures for calculating happiness. so higher GDP doesn't indicate higher happiness
Trident Sports Inc. manufactures and distributes athletic wear, sporting equipment, and protective sports gear worldwide. They are departmentalized based on products sold to professional athletes, products sold to people who pursue sports only for leisure, and products sold to sports teams. Which approach to departmentalization does the company follow
Answer: customer
Explanation:
From the question, we are informed that Trident Sports Inc. produces and then distributes athletic wear, sporting equipment, and protective sports gear worldwide and that they are departmentalized based on products sold to professional athletes, products sold to people who pursue sports only for leisure, and products sold to sports teams.
This shows that the approach to departmentalization that the company follow is the customer approach. This can be seen in the way that the company is departmentalized.
The revocation or suspension of a federal covered investment adviser's registration under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 may be appealed A) to the United States Supreme Court because the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 is federal legislation, unlike the Uniform Securities Act, which is a model for state securities legislation B) through arbitration with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) C) by petition to the appropriate state securities Administrator D) to the U.S. Court of Appeals serving the district where the order was issued within 60 days of its issuance
Answer:
D) to the U.S. Court of Appeals serving the district where the order was issued within 60 days of its issuance.
Explanation:
An investment adviser is an individual or group of people who professionally advise others with information on investing in securities such as bonds or stocks.
The revocation or suspension of a federal covered investment adviser's registration under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 may be appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals serving the district where the order for revocation or suspension was issued within 60 days of its issuance.
Under Section 213 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, any individual or party who has their license revoked or suspended by a Commission may appeal and obtain a review of such order in the US Court of Appeals within serving the district where the order was issued within 60 days of its issuance, through a written petition pleading that it be modified or set aside by the court in whole or in part.
If a firm is worried about distance, country risk, employee morale, intellectual property protection, legal issues, and obtaining specialized talent, then which option is likely the best for this firm
Options:
Offshore
Outsource
Keep in-house
Keep domestic
Answer: keep domestic
Explanation: The recruitment options embarked upon by firms may affect the policies or type of processes the firm's employ in overseeing their recruitment process. For firms who seems skeptical about issues relating to distance, legal issues, country risk, morale and other issues listed above, such firms will best be better placed to oversee a hiring process which is restricted to the local environment which the firm is well informed about and devoid of international and legal barriers, oversea culture and mentality which may hamper or affect the required hiring structure of the firm.
In its third year, a project is expected to generate earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization of $283,104 and its depreciation expense is expected to be $53,228. If the company’s tax rate is 38%, what is the project’s expected operating cash flow?
Answer:
$195,751
Explanation:
Calculation for the project's expected operating cash flow
The first step will be to find the EBIT
using this formula
EBIT =(Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization -Depreciation expense)
Let plug in the formula
EBIT= 283,104 - 53,228
EBIT= 229,876
Second step is to find the NOPAT using this formula
NOPAT = EBIT(1- tax rate)
NOPAT= 229,876(1 - 0.38)
NOPAT= 142,523
Last step is to calculate for Expected Operating Cash flow
Using this formula
Operating cash flow = NOPAT + Depreciation expenses
Let plug in the formula
Operating cash flow = 142,523 + 53,228
Operating cash flow = $195,751
Therefore the project's expected operating cash flow will be $195,751
Lisa lives next to a vacant plot that belongs to Carol. Carol has never visited the plot in the last 20 years during which period, Lisa has taken care of it by fencing the plot and mowing the grass. If this continues, Lisa will be able to claim ownership of land based on:
Answer:
Adverse possession.
Explanation:
In this scenario, Lisa lives next to a vacant plot that belongs to Carol. Carol has never visited the plot in the last 20 years during which period, Lisa has taken care of it by fencing the plot and mowing the grass. If this continues, Lisa will be able to claim ownership of land based on adverse possession.
In Real estate law, Adverse possession is a legal principle which allows a non-owner individual to possess a piece of land and gain title with the exclusion of the real owner, after a certain period of time.
However, the non-owner occupant must proof to the court of law meets the following requirements;
1. Continuous.
2. Hostile.
3. Open.
4. Actual.
5. Exclusive.
Which of the following is true of the strategic trade theory? a. It advocates complete deregulation of international trade. b. It explains patterns of trade based on factor endowments. c. It provides direct policy advice. d. It is the first theory to account for dynamic changes in trade patterns.
Answer: c. It provides direct policy advice
Explanation:
Strategic trade policy is a government policy whereby the excess profit that an oligopolistic international market generates will be shifted towards the firms that are in the home country.
The argument for strategic trade policy is that it help companies to take advantage of the economies of scale and also provides direct policy advice.
Dragonfly, publisher of children's books, has purchased White Rabbit, another publisher of children's books. Both companies' books are sold to the same retail stores and schools. Their content is different because Dragonfly produces children's literature, whereas White Rabbit focuses on child-level nonfiction scientific and nature topics. Which of the following statements is probably true about this acquisition?
A. This is a horizontal acquisition.
B. This is an example of virtual integration.
C. Dragonfly is beginning to build a conglomerate.
D. Economies of scope are unlikely to result from this acquisition.
Answer:
C.
Explanation:
conglomerate is a thing consisting of a number of different and distinct parts or items that are grouped together.
Omni Healthcare's analgesic drug Cetaprin has a 40% share in the analgesics market in the country of Terrania. Its closest competitor, Febex, has a 25% share in the market, while four other analgesic brands split the remainder. Which statement indicates that Cetaprin is a cash cow according to the BCG matrix
Answer:
C) The demand for analgesic drugs in the Terranian market is expected to remain stable.
Explanation:
The options were missing:
A) Omni Healthcare often takes money from other strategic business units to support Cetaprin. B) A customer survey shows that Cetaprin users do not prefer it to other analgesics in the market. C) The demand for analgesic drugs in the Terranian market is expected to remain stable. D) Febex is rapidly gaining market share over Cetaprin due to aggressive marketing efforts. E) The Terranian market for healthcare products is expanding rapidly.A cash cow is a mature product that is sold in a slow growth market, but holds a significant market share, and generate large and constant cash inflows to the company.
When launching a new venture, finding a way to begin doing business must ______________ generate cash flow, build credibility, attract good employees, and overcome the liability of newness.
Answer: evaluate
Explanation:
An investment-banking firm underwrites a new issue of stocks and bonds by Multiple Choice buying the entire bond or stock issue a company wants to sell at an agreed discount. guaranteeing a minimum price in the market for a stock or bond. selling the entire bond or stock issue for the issuing firm in global markets. putting up collateral for long-term loans, such as bonds.An investment-banking firm underwrites a new issue of stocks and bonds by Multiple Choice buying the entire bond or stock issue a company wants to sell at an agreed discount. guaranteeing a minimum price in the market for a stock or bond. selling the entire bond or stock issue for the issuing firm in global markets. putting up collateral for long-term loans, such as bonds.
Answer:
buying the entire bond or stock issue a company wants to sell at an agreed discount.
Explanation:
An investment-banking firm underwrites a new issue of stocks and bonds by buying the entire bond or stock issue a company wants to sell at an agreed discount.
Underwriting can be defined as the process through which an individual or organization assumes a financial risk at an appropriate and agreed fee.
In order to underwrite a new issue of securities such as bonds or stocks, the investment-banking firm buys the entire securities that the issuer is willing to sell at an agreed discount.
Assume that your firm is an importer of Mexican chairs denominated in pesos. Your competition is mainly U.S. producers of chairs. You wish to assess the relationship between the percentage change in the firm’s stock price (SPt) and the percentage change in the peso's value relative to the dollar (PESOt). SPt is the dependent variable. You apply the regression model to an earlier subperiod and a more recent subperiod. In the recent subperiod, you increased your importing volume. You should expect that the regression coefficient in the PESOt variable would be ____ in the first subperiod and ____ in the second subperiod.
Answer:
negative, negative.
Explanation:
So, let us fill in the gap in the question given above. Bother that the capitalized words are the answers to the missing gaps;
" Assume that your firm is an importer of Mexican chairs denominated in pesos. Your competition is mainly U.S. producers of chairs. You wish to assess the relationship between the percentage change in the firm’s stock price (SPt) and the percentage change in the peso's value relative to the dollar (PESOt). SPt is the dependent variable. You apply the regression model to an earlier subperiod and a more recent subperiod. In the recent subperiod, you increased your importing volume. You should expect that the regression coefficient in the PESOt variable would be NEGATIVE in the first subperiod and NEGATIVE in the second subperiod."
This question is all about the measurement of exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. The measurement of exposure to exchange rate fluctuations is done by firms in order to be able to calculate the risk involves in exchange rate fluctuations.
In the problem given Above, as the importing volume increase, we have a negative regression coefficient in the PESOt variable.
Over time, external monitoring processes should capture information about the external environment in a format that can be referenced across the organization as threats emerge and for historical use.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
True
when monitoring processes are observed when threats emerge the organization will know how to tackle the threats
Beth is the assistant store manager at a trendy clothing store. The store hires lots of seasonal employees. Beth has little regard for the skill or ability of those she hires, and she is certain that few would come to work on time each day if it weren't for the fact that the store is known to fire any employee who fails to be on time. As a student of motivational theory, you would describe the management style of Beth as
Answer:
The correct answer will be "Theory X".
Explanation:
Through Theory X, alternatives to administration may range across a hard methodology to another soft one. The hard or challenging framework is focused on intimidation, overt threats, small compared oversight as well as tighter restrictions, which are control or perhaps management system.One such approach to management believes the average employee seems to have little motivation, lacks accountability, and therefore is structured to individual objectives.So you might well characterize Beth's leadership approach as Theory X as being a graduate of motivation factors.
In _____ technology, raw materials are transformed to a finished product by a series of machine transformations in such a way that the composition of the materials themselves is changed.
Answer:
Continuous process.
Explanation:
In continuous process technology, raw materials are transformed to a finished product by a series of machine transformations in such a way that the composition of the materials themselves is changed.
This ultimately implies that, the continuous process technology refers to a flow production or streamlined method that companies use to manufacture or produce such that the process of converting raw materials are done without any interruption.
It enables companies to continue to produce finished goods 24 hours a day, 7 days a week continuously nonstop.
Some examples of a continuous process technology are production of ice-cream, pasta, fruit juice, mayonnaise, tomato sauce etc.
This type of production method helps companies to reduce wastage, increase efficiency and meet consumer demand in a timely manner as the process of producing finished goods occur concurrently.
A bond currently has a price of $1,050. The yield on the bond is 7%. If the yield increases 23 basis points, the price of the bond will go down to $1,037. The duration of this bond is ____ years.
Answer:
The duration of the bond is 5.8 years
Explanation:
Given that :
Current price of a bond $1,050
Yield on the bond = 7% = 0.07
If the yield increases 23 basis points, the price of the bond will go down to $1,037
The objective is to determine the duration of the bond.
In order to determine the duration of the bond; we need to first find the change in percentage of the price. Afterwards, this is find the modified duration which quantify the change in percentage in the market price for every change in the yield to maturity. Then finally to the determination of the duration of the bond.
Mathematically;
Percentage change in price = [tex]\dfrac{new \ price - old \ price }{old \ price}[/tex]
Percentage change in price =[tex]\dfrac{1037 - 1050 }{1050}[/tex]
Percentage change in price =[tex]\dfrac{-13 }{1050}[/tex]
Percentage change in price = −0.01238
Percentage change in price ≅ - 0.0124
Percentage change in price = - 1.24%
Let recall from the knowledge of our basis points which say;
1 basis point = 1/100
Therefore ; given that if he yield increases 23 basis points, then we have:
23 basis point = 23/100 = 0.23
The modified duration = [tex]\dfrac{percentage \ change \ in \ price }{ change}[/tex]
The modified duration = [tex]\dfrac{1.24 }{0.23}[/tex]
The modified duration = 5.3913 years
Finally, The duration of the bond = Modified duration × (1 + Yield to Maturity)
The duration of the bond = 5.3913 × (1 + 0.07)
The duration of the bond = 5.3913 × 1.07
The duration of the bond = 5.768691 years
The duration of the bond ≅ 5.8 years
If the _______ are not valued as a strength, they can lead to low morale, diminished trust, reduced productivity, greater tension, and suspicion and become a serious impediment to team performance.
Answer:
differences within the project team
Explanation:
There are usually a lot of differences between people in a project team. This makes the team to be more diversified and if these differences are not are not valued as a strength, they can lead to low morale, diminished trust, reduced productivity, greater tension, and suspicion and become a serious impediment to team performance. The team members are from different cultural groups and there may be issues in sharing knowledge, trust and productivity. If such issues are not tackled on time, they may become greater problems for an organization.
When an organization with a functional structure diversifies into related product-markets, it generally Multiple Choice maintains its functional structure. develops a divisional structure. develops a matrix structure. develops a worldwide product-division structure.
Answer:
B). Develops a divisional structure.
Explanation:
A functional organizational structure aims to bifurcate the teams or groups on the basis of the functional or specialized area of the employees while a divisional structure organizes the teams in different divisions as per market, product, etc. Therefore, when an organization having a functional structure begins to diversify into product-related markets, it usually develops a 'divisional structure' as it is now focusing on the organization of teams corresponding to the end product or service offered by the organization. Thus, option B is the correct answer.
Which of the following decisions is least likely to involve collaboration? Group of answer choices How much of product A should be ordered from vendor B? Should our company acquire company A? What products should we include in the new product line? What type of relationship should the company maintain with company A?
Answer:
How much of product A should be ordered from vendor B?
Explanation:
The decision that is least likely to involve collaboration is "What type of relationship should the company maintain with the other company?"
Collaboration simply means when people engage and discuss in order for the decision-making process.In order to know the product that should be included in the new product line, collaboration is essential because one will need to engage the different departments in the organization such as sales, marketing, etc. Everyone has to give their opinion on the issue.Also, "Should our company acquire another company ?" is a collaborative decision. This isn't a decision that can be decided by one person. Therefore, the correct option is "What type of relationship should the company maintain with the other company ?" as the decision can be taken by a top manager alone.In conclusion, the correct option is D
Read related link on:
https://brainly.com/question/19497984
The distribution department at Golden Grains Wheat Company has decided to adopt the FIFO (first in, first out) method of inventory to dispatch its bags of wheat. Which of the following strategies does this scenario best illustrate?
A. corporate strategy
B. functional strategy
C. master strategy
D. business strategy
Answer:
Option B "functional strategy " is the correct option.
Explanation:
A functional approach or strategy is necessarily connected to operations and maintenance-level decision-making, also recognized as tactical changes.Those same tactical decisions were mostly applied to different operational departments such as business, research as well as development, human resources, warehousing, logistic support, amongst others.And therefore this strategy demonstrates best the specific situation.
Which of the following would be an effective approach for encouraging authentic feedback? A. Defend yourself if you disagree with criticisms you receive. B. In the beginning, ask for feedback each time you see the person. C. Ask for feedback only when you are open to hearing it. D. only in formal situations, so employees understand the importance of the feedback.
Answer:
C. Ask for feedback only when you are open to hearing it.
Explanation:
Feedback refers to providing the information gathered after evaluating any specific action or event. Providing authentic feed-backs helps in promoting and improving the better quality of the original topic. It is more personalized and user-oriented. There are various ways by which authentic feed-backs can be given. Through messaging, writing, discussing over calls, and conversations over video calls helps in providing authentic feedback. Asking for feedback should be initiated by the person only when the person is willing to listen and acquire those feed-backs is an effective approach for encouraging authentic feedback.
In How Economics Saved Christmas, economist Art Carden retold the Dr. Seuss story of the Grinch who hated Christmas and stole the decorations, food, and presents from neighboring Whoville. Complete this passage from Carden's poem: He reached for his textbooks; he knew what to do He'd fight them with ideas from A.C. Pigou This idea has merit, he thought in the frost A ____ that was equal to _____ cost
Complete/Correct Question:
In How Economics Saved Christmas, economist Art Carden retold the Dr. Seuss story of the Grinch who hated Christmas and stole the decorations, food, and presents from neighboring Whoville. Complete this passage from Carden's poem:
He reached for his textbooks; he knew what to do
He'd fight them with ideas from A.C. Pigou
This idea has merit, he thought in the frost
A ____ that was equal to _____ cost
A) subsidy, social
B) subsidy, private
C) tax, total
D) tax, external
Answer:
D. tax, external
Explanation:
He reached for his textboks; he knew what to do
He'd fight them with ideas from A.C. Pigou
This idea has merit, he thought to in the frost
A tax that was equal to external cost
Cheers