When the Europeans left, what were some of the problems left behind?

Answer:

Let us start at the beginning by asking what was the European left in its heyday. The defining characteristic of the post-war European left (which was distinct from the eastern European left of the time) was the democratic fight for the rights of working people. Shortly after the Second World War, most of the mainstream European left rejected Communism, and accepted a democratic path towards the emancipation and support of the working class. During the golden age of post-war development, the left participated in the construction of European welfare regimes, and where it has been most successful – in Scandinavia – it built up universalistic, egalitarian, and predominantly tax-funded and state-run systems of welfare provision.

In this construction, the parties of the left have primarily leaned on a significant and relatively homogenous group of working class electorates. These electorates were since the late 19th century defined by a strong sense of group belonging, or ‘class consciousness’. This consciousness was constructed from the cradle and lasted to the grave. It was passed on from parents to children, and cultivated by a plethora of party-associated organisations, such as daycare centres, sports clubs, choral societies, women’s clubs, and others. Together with workers’ unions organising the work on factory floors, and later in offices, these organisations helped construct a working-class subculture that permeated the social as well as the political, and that ensured the electoral stability of the European left.

Seymour Martin Lipset suggested that the greatest achievement of the left had been the lifting of the working class away from authoritarianism and towards cosmopolitanism espoused by left-wing intellectuals. Indeed, the general success of the left in capturing and ‘educating’ the lower social strata profoundly shaped European party systems. In western Europe, the political left has been uniformly and continuously associated with progressive policies not only in the economic domain, but also in non-economic matters such as the environment, women’s rights, and (slowly and shyly) the rights of minorities – both ethnic and sexual.

Somewhat paradoxically, the left’s success precipitated its own demise in a dialectic fashion. First, the emancipation of the working class – primarily the extension of access to higher education – changed the working class and its dependence on left-wing subcultures and organisations. Second, the left’s enabling of the search for rights allowed younger generations to seek personal liberation from traditional hierarchies, including those of the left.

From proletariat to ‘precariat’

Having lived in Gothenburg, Sweden, the home of the Volvo, I eagerly visited the Volvo factory, looking forward to meeting the contemporary proletariat. What did I see? Halls and halls of conveyor belts shuffling skeletons that would become fancy SUVs in about an hour, while silver robotic arms added various parts to them. And the working class? I saw precious few of them. They were mostly young women, sitting on comfortable chairs surrounded by computer screens and keyboards, listening to their iPods… I later learned that these workers earn as much as Swedish university professors (that means – a lot).

The traditional working class as we imagine it from the times of Henry Ford does not exist anymore. Most of the workers at Volvo with their above-average pay, comfort and job security can hardly be considered as such. Today’s working class is much less visible, and much more atomised. Today’s working class are the masses of unskilled service workers who predominantly cook, clean or drive. Often, their jobs are short-term or part-time, and low-paying. These people do not come into contact with each other nearly as much as the traditional factory-floor workers did. They are more often than not from diverse minority backgrounds, and thus are separated by cultural boundaries. In short, these people have significantly reduced ability to organise, and they do not. As my research with Allison Rovny shows, their political belonging is weak, and – in the absence of a formative subculture – it is malleable.

The extension of access to higher education has increased the individual ability of people to process more complex information and make their own choices. As education also brings better jobs, this process has created more cognitively and financially independent citizens. The 1968 generation opted for more socially liberal and less hierarchical politics, forming new social movements and later political parties that espoused left-wing economics, but that were defined by their social and cultural openness.

There was an old man of the coast,

Who placidly sat on a post;

But when it was cold,

He relinquished his hold

And called for some hot buttered toast.

Edward Lear

What is the rhyme scheme for this poem?
A.
aabba
B.
abcde
C.
ababa
D.
abcab

What officially brought the US into WWll? (and when did it happen)

The Indus Valley can be found in the country of ___. HELP QUICK PLEASE
choices
Bangladesh
Pakistan
Nepal
India

Use the following graph and what you know about American military involvement to answer the question below:

What accounts for the spikes in American defense spending in the 1950s? (5 points)


The entry of the U.S. into the UN


The Afghan War


The Vietnam War


The Korean War

Number 6 PLEASE SOMEONE PLEASE HELP ME

What caused the Whiskey Rebellion? *
10 points
A.The government prevented the sale of whiskey.
B.Pennsylvania farmers were upset about a tax on whiskey.
C.The government used force to seize a whiskey business.
D.American settlers brought whiskey into Ohio.

Nixon’s plan to end the Vietnam War through the strategy of Vietnamization
proved successful within a surprisingly short period of time.
did not appease most American citizens.
assured his election as president in 1968.
struck most Americans as the most sensible strategy.

Is cancelling Culture a good or bad thing, why?

I give Brainliest!

Select the correct answer.
Why does Article II of the Constitution use the phrase natural born to describe citizenship?
A. to make it clear that anyone who was a US citizen at birth can become president
B. to make it clear that only people who have always lived in the United States can become president
C. to make it clear that anyone who is a naturalized citizen can become president
D. to make it clear that anyone who is a US citizen can become president

A member of the "silent majority" in the 1970s would most likely agree with
which of the following statements?
A. Unpatriotic young people agitating for civil rights and an end to the
Vietnam War do not represent the values of average Americans,
B. Political scandals like Watergate prove that there is really no point
in participating in the corrupt American political system
C. Women and minorities need to unite to fight for the political and
social rights that American society has traditionally denied them.
D. The United States is on the verge of exhausting its natural
resources and needs to enact strict environmental regulations
immediately

Ambitious soldier who introduced economic reform in Egypt

Hirohito, Hitler, or Mussolini
item bank drag and drop

_____ of the US Constitution states that the document is the supreme law of the land.
A. Article I
B. Article II
C. Article V
D. Article VI

*PLEASE ANSWER!!!*
Why is it important for our governments to be interested in the health of its citizens?

a.) Governments want to insure that revenue from citizens is able to be collected.

b.) Governments understand that good health leads to greater productivity.

c.) Governments have spent too much time and money eradicating disease to have them return.

i need help on these two please !!!!

Who did the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 target?

can anbody answer all 4 of these. ill mark brainliest

What accords to judge David has changed and not changed since the ratification of the bill of rights that informs modern -day interpretations?

Match each word or term to its definition on the right.

systematic

policy

ethnic cleansing

deportation

Holodomor

Multiple choice.

The establishment class of the first amendment has often been interpreted to mean....

what did thomas paine mean when he said 'the law ought to be king'?

As the United States converted dirt roads into paved roads?

Which of the following Reconstruction events was the most significant because of its impact on civil rights in the United States?
A) Impeachment of President Johnson
B) The Missouri Compromise
C) Creation of the 13th 14th, and 15th Amendments
D) Military occupation of the former Confederacy

Ax) = x2. What is g(x)?
(f(x) = x²
9(x)
(3,1)
5
-5
O A. g(x)=CO
O B. g(x) = 3x2
O c. g(x)=(
**
O D. g(x)=1 x2

Where did lawyers work in 1880

What is the principal message of this cartoon?

(1) The United States is afraid of a united Vietnam.

(2) Other nations in Southeast Asia might fall to communism.

This battle was different in that the Confederate Army, under General Lee's command, went on the _________ with the battle taking place in the ________rather than the South.

if the Founding Fathers had approved the Virginia Plan, what would have been the probable outcome for New Jersey and the other small states? A) They would have been fairly represented in Congress. B) They would have had difficulty passing laws that were not supported by states with large populations. C) They would have had the same input in making laws as the larger states. D) They would have had more influence in Congress than the larger states. i need help

Which event led to the massacre at Sand Creek in 1864?
A) The government built a trail through hunting grounds.
B) Dakota attacks killed more than 400 white settlers.
C) Militia units started a campaign against American Indians.
D) White farmers staged an uprising against the Sioux.

Match the church with its leader.