The DOCSIS Media Access Control (MAC) Layer used by the cable modem termination system (CMTS) to differentiate between cable modems.
This part of the DOCSIS protocol stack controls all data that is present on the upstream. Since every communication device in an HFC plant uses the same cable, much like an Ethernet network, it is crucial that a systematic procedure exists so that the CMTS can instruct the cable modem when and how long to transmit data.
Coordination of upstream traffic from the cable modem to the CMTS takes place at the MAC layer.
Each of the different protocols used in the DOCSIS standard serves a particular purpose. Every cable modem operates on the basis of these protocols.
The foundation of communication between any cable modem (CM) and the cable modem termination system is laid by the lower four layers, which are specific to the cable data network (HFC plant and CMTS).
The lower layers establish the communication path, and the upper layers carry out protocols over that path. All well-known IP services are delivered as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) traffic, including e-mail, the Web, file transfers, and network news.
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briefly explain the evolution of i/o-cpu interfaces due to the introduction of i) interrupts and ii) dma.
Since the introduction of the interrupts, the processors can now recognize and process interrupts and share resources accordingly. During each instruction cycle, the CPU samples the interrupt input signal. If the signal is asserted when sampling occurs, the CPU will recognize the interrupt request. Through wired-OR connections, level-triggered inputs enable numerous devices to share the same interrupt signal.
Direct memory access (DMA) is a computer system feature that allows some hardware subsystems to access main system memory without relying on the central processor unit (CPU).
What is an I/O interface?An interface in computing is a common boundary that allows two or more distinct components of a computer system to communicate information. Software, computer hardware, external devices, humans, and blends of these can all be exchanged.
I/O interfaces are the means via which data is delivered from internal logic to external sources and received from external sources. The interface signals can be unilateral or reversible, single-ended or differential, and adhere to one of several I/O standards.
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which of the following environments utilizes dummy data and is most likely to be installed locally on a system that allows code to be assessed directly and modified easily with each build? a. production b. test c. staging
The environments that utilizes dummy data and is most likely to be installed locally on a system that allows code to be assessed directly and modified easily with each build is option b. test.
Why is a test environment necessary?Before delivering the program to the user, the testing teams examine its effectiveness and quality in the test environment. It can test a particular section of an application using various data setups and configurations. It is a crucial component of the agile development process.
In a QA environment, intended users can test the finished Waveset application while your upgrade procedure is tested against data, hardware, and software that closely resembles the Production environment.
Therefore, The testing teams evaluate the application's or program's quality in a test environment. This enables computer programmers to find and correct any issues that might affect how well the application functions or the user experience.
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you suspect that there are a number of deleted files that can still be salvaged in the unallocated space of a drive image. during which phase of the investigation would you use a data carving utility?
The correct answer is examination (file carving ).
The process is known as file carving and can be done manually or with the help of a tool. As you might imagine, tools can greatly speed up the process. Files are identified in the unallocated space by certain unique characteristics. File headers and footers are common examples of these characteristics or signatures.File carving is a process used in computer forensics to extract data from a disk drive or other storage device without the assistance of the file system that originality created the file.
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a user has two usb drives connected to her pc. she complains that when she copies large files to both drives at the same time, it seems to take much longer. what should she look at upgrading to get a better transfer rate?
She should consider upgrading usb drivers having higher Bandwidth.
Higher Bandwidth allows the more data can send and receive at one time.
What is Bandwidth ?The maximum pace of data transport along a particular path is known as bandwidth. Network bandwidth, data bandwidth, and digital bandwidth are three different types of bandwidth.The term "bandwidth" is sometimes used to refer to the maximum throughput of a logical or physical communication line in a digital communication system as well as the net bit rate, "peak bit rate," "information rate," or physical layer "useful bit rate."Multimedia bit rate, also known as average bitrate after multimedia data compression, is another term for digital bandwidth, which is determined by dividing the entire quantity of data by the playback duration.The amount of data transported to or from the server within a predetermined amount of time is wrongly referred to as bandwidth in Web hosting services.To learn more about Bandwidth refer :
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write a program that reads weather data from a given csv file and determines the day with the lowest average temperature.
Python is used for read the .csv file.
What is Pyhton Programming?
The syntax of Python is straightforward and resembles that of English. Python's syntax differs from various other programming languages in that it enables programmers to construct applications with fewer lines of code. Python operates on an interpreter system, allowing for the immediate execution of written code. As a result, prototyping can proceed quickly.
Code for read csv file:
import csv
weather_file = csv.DictReader(open("weather_2012.csv", 'r'),
delimiter=',', quotechar='"')
results = {}
for row in weather_file:
weather = row["Weather"].split(" "" ")
if not (weather in results):
results[weather] = {
"max": float(row["Temp (C)"])
}
continue
if float(row["Temp (C)"]) > results[weather]["max"]:
results[weather]["max"] = float(row["Temp (C)"])
y=[]
print("Weather Mean Temperature")
for month in sorted(results, key=lambda results: results):
y.append(results[month]["max"])
print("%s %.1f" % (weather[month], results[month]["max"]))
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a technician notices that a program that is listed in the registry of a windows computer is not found on that computer. what is a possible solution to the problem?
If a program that is listed in the registry of a windows computer is not found on that computer then Reinstall the application.
What is computer application ?A computer software package known as an application, sometimes known as an application program or application software, performs a particular task either directly for the end user or, in some situations, for another application.Applications might consist of a single program or a collection of programs.A specific task-enabling software program is known as an app.Applications for mobile devices are frequently referred to as mobile apps, whilst those for desktop or laptop computers are occasionally referred to as desktop applications.When you launch an application, the operating system lets it run until you close it.To learn more about applications. refer,
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what does it mean yout ip adress currently blocked due to a high amount of malicious activity originating from it vrchat
The setting of a network service that prohibits requests from hosts with specific IP addresses is known as IP address blocking, also known as IP banning.
Blocking IP addresses is frequently used to defend against brute force attacks and to bar access from disruptive addresses. A website frequently temporarily blocks IP addresses. For instance, if you tried to log in too many times using invalid credentials, you might be barred or banned for 24 hours before being allowed to try again. You can wait a day or see the website's terms of service for details. No, it is not a cause for concern if someone has your IP address. Your access to certain services could be blocked if someone knows your IP address.
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what tool can be used to map out all the roles and responsibilities that will be needed to set up an access control model?
Org chart, information management model, access control list, identity management process can be used to map out all the roles and responsibilities that will be needed to set up an access control model.
What are the access control method?
Access control systems are one of the most important resources in a business and are highly valuable. Access control is defined as "the control of access to system resources following the authentication of a user's identity and account credentials and the granting of access to the system." Access control is used to recognize a subject (user or human) and provide that subject permission to access a resource or piece of data in accordance with the task at hand. These measures are taken to ensure that only secure and pre-approved methods can be used by subjects to access resources, protecting them from unwanted access.
What are the types of access control?
1)Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
In comparison to other forms of access control, DAC systems are thought to be the most adaptable and to provide the greatest number of permissions. The most flexible form also has the lowest level of security, especially when compared to systems that require access control and usability.
2) Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
Mandatory access control systems (MAC), on the other hand, are the most secure kind of access control. The only people who can use the systems are owners and custodians. The system administrator has predetermined all access control settings, and they cannot be altered or removed without that administrator's consent.
3)Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
The most common kind of access control is quickly evolving into role-based access control (RBAC). An RBAC system operates by granting permits to a certain job title rather than issuing them to specific people as in a MAC system. It reduces the amount of time needed to set up or modify user access.
4)Rule-Based Access Control
Rule-based access control, which should not be confused with the other "RBAC," is frequently used as an addition to the other types of access control. In addition to the access control type you select, rule-based access control can modify permissions in accordance with a particular set of rules that the administrator has established.
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write a cross-reference generator, which is a program that reads a text file, extracting word-like tokens (containing only letters, hyphens, and apostrophes; no numerals; must begin with a letter),
So here is the implementation, I first kept each line in a data vector of strings.
then, in order to record every token, I declared map mp, which logs the line number and word frequency for each word.
initially, each line was divided into words, and the frequency of each word was recorded on a map cur.
then every word in cur stored in mp with {line number and frequency of word in line}
i used some conditions just for printing which are not necessary but format is important.
What is Data vector?
Geographical data that is kept as a collection of points, lines, or polygons coupled with attribute data is known as vector data. At its most basic, vector data consists of a set of discrete points represented as coordinate pairs, each of which corresponds to a physical location in the outside world.
Code for the text file:
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
string line,s,temp,word,del=" ";
cin>>s;
ifstream fin;
vector<string>data;
fin.open(s);
while (fin){
getline(fin, line);
data.push_back(line);
}
fin.close();
map<string,vector<pair<int,int> > >mp;
for(int i=0;i<data.size();i++){
vector<string>out;
istringstream ss(data[i]);
do {
ss >> word;
out.push_back(word);
} while (ss);
map<string,int>cur;
for(int i=0;i<out.size();i++){
if(cur.find(out[i])==cur.end()){
cur[out[i]]=1;
}else{
cur[out[i]]+=1;
}
}
for(auto w:cur){
mp[w.first].push_back({i+1,w.second});
}
}
for(auto w:mp){
cout<<w.first<<":";
int n=w.second.size();
for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
cout<<w.second[i].first<<":"<<w.second[i].second;
if(i+1<n){
cout<<",";
}
if(i!=0&&i%8==0){
cout<<endl;
}
}
cout<<endl;
}
}
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what are the two capabilities of the internet that promote and sustain customer relationships? multiple choice question. anywhere and anytime place and form interactivity and individuality integration and customization
The two capabilities of the internet that promote and sustain customer relationships is option C: interactivity and individuality.
What can the internet do and how does it function?A global computer network called the internet transmits many types of data and media between linked devices. It functions by utilizing a packet-routing network that complies with Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP).
Therefore, Note that Web interactivity describes interactive elements that are integrated into websites and allow for the exchange of information between users of technology or between users of communication technology.
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which routing protocol does an edge router use to collect data to build its routing tables for paths across the internet?
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a routing protocol does an edge router use to collect data to build its routing tables for paths across the internet.
What is Routing protocol ?
In any network, routing is the process of choosing a path. The many machines, known as nodes, and the pathways or links that connect them make up a computer network. In a network of interconnected nodes, there are numerous ways to communicate between two nodes.
What is BGP?
The protocol that powers the internet's global routing system is called BGP (Border Gateway Protocol). It controls how packets are forwarded from one network to another by having edge routers communicate routing and reachability data.
BGP is made to allow independent systems on the Internet to share reachability and routing data. A "peer" is a BGP speaker who communicates with other peers by exchanging routing information in the form of network prefix announcements.
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a company vice president (vp) finds that the network security restrictions imposed by the security manager are too confining. to counter them, the vp habitually uses weak passwords, shares accounts with his assistant, and installed unapproved software. what security principle is the vp violating?
Since the company vice president (VP) finds that the network security restrictions imposed by the security manager are too confining, the security principle that the VP is violating is Universal Participation.
What is Universal Participation?
The Universal Participation (UP) Initiative aims to put the Americans with Disabilities Act's goals into action by removing obstacles that prevent everyone from fully participating in civic life in Massachusetts' cultural sector.
Therefore, The Universal Participation (UP) Initiative aims to put the Americans with Disabilities Act's goals into action by removing obstacles that prevent everyone from fully participating in civic life in Massachusetts' cultural sector and in the case above, it is want the VP is fighting against.
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Define a car class that is derived from the vehicle class given in question 2. definea class called sportscar that is derived fromcar class. be creative in choosing member variables and functions. write a driver program to test the car and sportscar classes.
A driver program to test the car and sportscar classes.
class Sportscar: public Car {
private:
int topSpeed;
string color;
public:
Sportscar(int, string);
int getTopSpeed();
string getColor();
};
Sportscar::Sportscar(int speed, string col): Car(speed) {
topSpeed = speed;
color = col;
}
int Sportscar::getTopSpeed() {
return topSpeed;
}
string Sportscar::getColor() {
return color;
}
int main() {
Sportscar car1(200, "red");
cout << "Top speed: " << car1.getTopSpeed() << "mph" << endl;
cout << "Color: " << car1.getColor() << endl;
return 0;
}
What is driver?
A device driver in computing is a computer software that manages or regulates a specific kind of device that is connected to a computer other automaton. A driver offers a software interface to hardware devices so that operating systems and other computer programmes can access hardware operations without having to be aware of the exact specifications of the hardware being utilised.
Through the computer bus and communications subsystem that the hardware links to, a driver communicates with the device. When a calling software calls a driver routine, the driver sends instructions to the device (drives it). The driver may call functions in the original calling application once the device transmits data back to it.
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kirby visited a sweepstakes website and agreed to download a new program. later, when he tried to use a word processing program, his document files became corrupted. how can kirby try to remove the offending program and prevent future attacks? kirby should install a biometric reader. kirby should run an antivirus program. kirby should use wpa network encryption. kirby should change the password on his computer
Kirby should run an antivirus program in order to remove the offending program and prevent attacks in the future. Therefore, option B 'Kirby should run an antivirus program' is the correct answer.
Antivirus software is a program that provides computer devices protection from offending and malicious programs that can otherwise damage the data and files. Antivirus programs can remove malicious programs from computers as well as provide prevention in the future too.
As per the context of the given scenario where Kirby downloaded new software from a website and after that, she faced a problem when using a word-processing document. Because the downloaded program was malicious and made her word-processing document files corrupted. She can remove the malicious program from her computer device using antivirus software. The antivirus software will not only remove the offending program but also provide prevention from such attacks in the future.
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write a class named acc2 containing: an instance variable named sum of type integer initialized to 0
The TupleClassObject's value can be obtained from the index passed as a parameter by calling the getValue() method in the org. javatuples library.
What is JavaTuples getValue() method?The value of the TupleClassObject is retrieved from the index supplied as a parameter using the getValue() function in the org.javatuples package. Any tuple class object from the javatuples library can be used using this function. It returns an Object value that is the TupleClassObject element present at the index that was supplied as an argument. Use of getValue() forfeits type safety because the returned Value is of the Object type.Create the class Acc2 and include the instance variable sum of type integer with an initial value of 0.A getSum method that returns the sum's value.public class Acc2 {
private int sum=0;
public int getSum() {
return sum;
}
}
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True or False. Columns go up and down (vertically).
Answer:true
Explanation:columns are verticle(up and down) and rows are horizontal(side to side)
Select all that apply.
Why is formatting text important?
to allow visual enhancements in documents
to save documents in the correct format
to allow users to create a professional look for documents
to ensure all font is the same size and color
Formatting text is important because
1. To allow visual enhancements in documents to save documents in the correct format
2. To allow users to create a professional look for documents
3. TO ensure all font is the same size and color
Why is formatting important in text documents?
1. Formatting makes the document readable and comprehensible to the person reading it.
2. Points are laid out clearly and consistently. If they are not, either the reader will misinterpret the meaning of the document, or stop reading it altogether.
3. It is a bit like using correct spelling and grammar.
4. First Impression is the Last Impression
5. To facilitate quick reading.
Hence, Option 1,2 and 4 are the reason.
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philip creates a coded value domain containing the values n, s, e, and w to store directions for road names. when he begins editing, there are no values listed in the dropdown list in the table. what is the most likely problem?
Philip only entered the codes in the domain properties and not the descriptions, which is why he didn't get any values in the drop-down list in the table.
What is Table in Excel?
Your data is contained in Excel Tables. Excel is informed that all the data in the columns and rows you have marked as related by the definition of the data as a table. That saves a ton of time. First, many list-related features are provided to you automatically. Second, all formats and formulas are automatically added when a row is added.
How do You create an Excel table?
One of Microsoft Excel's simpler features is making a table. Select the worksheet containing your list when your Excel workbook is open. Either choose the desired list range yourself or let Excel choose your list. Then select a table by clicking on insert. and finished.
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what should you install in a guest os running on vmware workstation to optimize network, video, and disk drivers?
Device drivers enhance the performance of networking, storage, sound, and graphics. While carrying out a customized VMware Tools installation or reinstallation, you can choose the drivers to be installed.
The guest operating system and the VMware product determine the set of drivers that are installed when you install VMware Tools. Consult the documentation for your VMware product for comprehensive information on the features or capabilities of these drivers, including configuration needs, best practices, and performance. Device drivers for the following hardware can be found with VMware Tools.
Fast and effective communication between virtual machines and the hosts they run on is supported by the Virtual Machine Communication Interface driver. To leverage the VMCI virtual device, developers can create client-server applications for the VMCI Sock (vsock) interface.
As part of installing VMware Tools, the VMCI driver is automatically installed.
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what is the method by which an os stores, organizes, and manages access to files on a storage device?
File system is the method by which an OS stores, organizes, and manages access to files on a storage device.
A file system in a computer is the method by which files are named and organised logically for storage and retrieval. Without a file system, data would not be isolated into distinct files and be challenging to locate and retrieve. The organisation and accessibility of individual files are becoming even more crucial for data storage as data capacities rise.
Using the same logic-based method of document storage and retrieval, digital file systems and files are named after and modelled after paper-based filing systems.
Operating systems (OS) like Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux-based systems can have different file systems. Some file systems are created for particular uses.
An index of all the data on a storage device can be thought of as a file system, which stores and organises data. Hard drives, optical drives, and flash drives are some examples of these gadgets.
The maximum number of characters that can be used in a name, the permitted characters, and, in some systems, the length of the file name suffix are all specified by file system conventions. File names are frequently not case sensitive in file systems.
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fill in the blank: a technique is used to balance traffic by iterating a list of items one by one from is known as .
Anycast is a technique is used to balance traffic by iterating a list of items such as location, congestion, or link health, This helps cut down on latency and bandwidth costs, improves load time for users, and improves availability.
What is Anycast?
Incoming requests can be routed to a variety of different locations, or "nodes," using the network addressing and routing technique known as "anycast."
Anycast typically directs incoming traffic to the closest data center with the ability to process the request quickly in the context of a CDN. Anycast networks can withstand high traffic volumes, network congestion, and DDoS attacks thanks to selective routing.
How does Anycast Work?
It is possible to distribute incoming connection requests among various data centers using anycast network routing. The Anycast network distributes data based on some prioritization methodology when requests arrive at a single IP address connected to the network.
The decision-making process for selecting a specific data center is typically optimized to reduce latency by choosing the data center that is closest to the requester. Anycast, one of the five main network protocol techniques used in the Internet protocol, is characterized by a 1-to-1 of many association.
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what command can you use on a linux computer to access a windows share named mydocs on a server name winserv?
The correct answer is smbclient //ComputerName/ShareName -U Username fro Linux.
Linux is used in the following ways: Server OS for web servers, database servers, file servers, email servers and any other type of shared server. Designed to support high-volume and multithreading applications, Linux is well-suited for all types of server applications. Desktop OS for personal productivity computing.Because Linux systems can be as small or as large as you want, it's also now being used in our homes for smart and mobile devices as well. The open source nature of Linux is incredibly beneficial for these enterprise-level companies.
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viruses that load from usb drives left connected to computers when computers are turned on are known as (1 point) polymorphic viruses. encryption viruses. boot-sector viruses. script viruses.
Viruses that load from usb drives left connected to computers when computers are turned on are known as encryption viruses.
If they are found, encrypting viruses, a type of computer virus, can pose serious issues. Computer systems are essential to everyday life around the world. One of the most dangerous viruses is an encryption virus because, once it has infected your computer or laptop, it may start encrypting all of the important and private documents and files you have stored there, rendering them useless and unreadable. It may also be deleted, causing data loss, or it may trigger an automatic factory reset, which may erase all of your accounts and other crucial data.
Cybercriminals use encrypted Ransomware, which has grown to be the most common type, because it is challenging to decrypt it and get rid of the infection.
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1. when would you recommend the use of a multi-tier client-server architecture? 2. what are the two major disadvantages of the use of distributed component architectures?
Having all the resources on the same machine can create an availability and security risk, By distributing data access across multiple servers, multi-tier architecture finds a solution to these issues. The performance of your deployment is improved by spreading out the resources across multiple servers.
What is Multi-tier Client-server architecture?
A program that is distributed across three or more different computers in a distributed network is known as an N-Tier Application.
The 3-tier Application, which is divided into three categories, is the most prevalent type of n-tier:
User interface programming in the user’s computerBusiness logic in a more centralized computer, andRequired data in a computer that manages a database.With the maximum amount of flexibility, this architecture model enables software developers to build reusable applications and systems.
A number of tiers or layers are used in N-tier, such as 2-tier, 3-tier, or 4-tier, etc. It also goes by the name "Multi-Tier Architecture."
An established model of software architecture is the n-tier architecture. By offering solutions for scalability, security, fault tolerance, reusability, and maintainability, it is appropriate to support enterprise level client-server applications. It aids in the creation of reusable and adaptable applications by developers.
Two major disadvantages of the use of distributed component architectures?
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which of the following would be important for an engineer to consider when building a web-based api? a.) the design of the interface b.) the structure of the web page c.) the style definitions of the application d.) the values of the data
The design of the interface is important for an engineer to consider when building a web-based API.
What is Web API?
API is an abbreviation for Application Programming Interface. API is a type of interface that contains a set of functions. These functions will enable programmers to obtain specific features or data from an application.
As the name implies, a web API is an API that can be accessed via the web using the HTTP protocol. It is a framework for creating and developing HTTP-based RESTFUL services. Different technologies, such as java and ASP.NET, can be used to create a web API. Web API can be accessed via a web server or a web browser.
Web API is essentially a web development concept. It is restricted to the client-side of Web Applications and does not include information about a web server or a web browser. Web API services are used when an application is to be used on a distributed system and to provide services on various devices such as laptops, mobile phones, and so on. Web API is a more advanced version of a web application.
So, the correct answer is a.) the design of the interface.
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each end of the vpn represents an extension of your organizational network to a new location; you are creating a(n) .
Extranet represents an extension of your organizational network to a new location.
What is VPN?
A VPN, in its simplest form, offers an encrypted server and conceals your IP address from businesses, authorities, and would-be hackers. When using shared or public Wi-Fi, a VPN secures your identity and keeps your data hidden from snooping online eyes.
What is Extranet?
In contrast to an intranet, an extranet is a private network that is accessible to third parties such as suppliers, key customers, and business partners. An extranet's primary function is to enable user data and application exchange as well as information sharing.
In 2022, a VPN will be a valuable and important tool. Your private and personal information is fully protected, and it is kept out of the hands of anyone who might use it against you in the future.
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write a function called simple addition with a parameter called file, which represents an open file containing a list of numbers (both ints and floats), two on each line, separated by exactly one space each. your simple addition function should add the two numbers together and print their sum (as a float).
The program that illustrates the function will be:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
### IMPORT STATEMENTS ###
import sys
def simple_addition(file):
for line in file:
data = line.strip().split()
print(float(data[0].strip()) + float(data[1].strip()))
### MAIN FUNCTION ###
def main():
if len(sys.argv) > 1:
filename = sys.argv[1]
try:
file = open(filename)
simple_addition(file)
file.close()
except:
print(filename + " does not exists!")
else:
print("Please pass file name as command line argument to the program")
### DUNDER CHECK ###
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
What is a program?A computer program is a set of instructions written in a programming language that a computer can execute. Software includes computer programs as well as documentation and other intangible components.
The necessary steps are:
Defining what the program should be able to do. Visualizing the program that is running on the computer. Checking the model for logical errors. Writing the program source code.Compiling the source code.Correcting any errors that are found during compilation.In this case, the program shows the simple addition with a parameter called file.
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Type the correct answer in the box. Spell all words correctly.
Nathan is working on an article for a newspaperHe wants to go through the file and try to improve the formatting and style. He also wishes to check the accuracy of the input.
What is Nathan's role in the newspaper agency?
Nathan is a ______ in the newspaper agency.
Answer:
an editor
Explanation:
an person who is in charge of and determines the final content of a newspaper, magazine, or multi-author book
Let's say you wanted to make an American Football game. What is an example of a legal issue you'd have to watch out for?
Answer:
Personal injury.
Explanation:
With a bunch of people running around on a field with a goal of slamming into each other, bodily injury becomes a relevant liability.
write a function max magnitude() with three integer parameters that returns the largest magnitude value. use the function in the main program that takes three integer inputs and outputs the largest magnitude value.
The function is def max_magnitude.The absolute value of a number is its magnitude, whether positive or negative.
The absolute value of a number is its magnitude, whether positive or negative.
Significant Points
The absolute value is also returned by the math.fabs() function, although it does so as a floating-point number.
The absolute integer or float value return is what we get when we feed an integer or float value to abs().
Abs(), on the other hand, returns the magnitude of a complex number when given one.
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