The net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium fluoride and hydrochloric acid is H+(aq) + F- (aq) → HF (g)
The Net Ionic Equation for the Reaction between Aqueous Sodium Fluoride and Hydrochloric AcidThe ions in an aqueous solution that are created when chemicals are dissociated are represented by the ionic reaction equation. The cations and anions dissociating from the appropriate molecule or chemical is how the ionic reaction is demonstrated.
The ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium fluoride (NaF) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) is:
NaF(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) +HF(g)
Another way to write it is,
Net ionic equation: H+(aq) + F- (aq) → HF (g)
This is a neutralization reaction, in which an acid (HCl) and a base (NaF) react to form a salt (NaCl) and water (HF). In this case, the hydrogen ion (H+) from the hydrochloric acid reacts with the fluoride ion (F) from the sodium fluoride to form hydrogen fluoride gas (HF), and the sodium and chloride ions remain in solution as the salt sodium chloride (NaCl).
So, the net ionic equation is H+(aq) + F- (aq) → HF (g).
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Accuracy of which of the following equipment will be analyzed in this experiment: (If you are unsure; consult the lab experiment write-up:) Select one or more: A. Thermometer 50 mL B. Graduated Cylinder 10 mL C. Pipet Analytical Balance Buret 10 mL D. Graduated Cylinder
C. Pipet Analytical balance,It is expected that the accuracy of the following equipment will be examined depending on the equipment listed: Thermometer Graduated Cylinder Thermometer Buret C.
Pipet Analytical balance, part E These tools are frequently used in scientific experiments to measure volume, temperature, and weight. It's also crucial to understand the difference between accuracy and precision. While precision refers to the reproducibility of a series of measurements, accuracy relates to how near a measurement is to the real value of the quantity being measured.While 10 ml graduated cylinders feature marks every tenth of a milliliter, most 50 ml graduated cylinders have markings spaced every milliliter. Our measurement should be more precise if we use a 10 ml graduated container than if we use a 50 ml graduated container. We refer to an instrument as being ACCURATE if it produces values that are extremely near to the genuine value. Example: The same sample was measured three times using a graduated cylinder, yielding readings of 566 mL, 584 mL, and 541 mL. These three figures add out to 563.7 mL on average.
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sulfosalicylic acid is a secondary method that can be used to determine the presence of which one of the following substances in the urine, if color interference prevents the accurate reading of a urine chemical reagent strip?
Sulfosalicylic acid is a secondary method that can be used to determine the presence of Protein in urine.
Sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) is a secondary method that can be used to determine the presence of proteins in urine if colour interference prevents the accurate reading of a urine chemical reagent strip. The reagent strip is a primary screening method for detecting proteins in urine, but certain substances can cause colour interference and make it difficult to accurately interpret the results. In these cases, SSA can be used as a confirmatory test.
The SSA test works by precipitating proteins in the urine sample. The resulting protein precipitate is then centrifuged and the supernatant is removed. The protein pellet is dissolved in a small amount of acid and the solution is then analyzed spectrophotometrically.
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when sodium chloride, n a c l , dissolves in water, the solution contains choose... in addition to the water solvent. the partial charges in water help dissolve the compound as the hydrogen end of water is attracted to the choose... and the oxygen end is attracted to the choose... .
The fill in the blanks is as follows :
a) Sodium and chloride ions
b) Chloride ions
c) Sodium ions
a) When sodium chloride, NaCl , dissolves in the water, the solution contains sodium and chloride ions in the addition to the water solvent.
b) The partial charges in the water help to dissolve the compound as the hydrogen end of the water is attracted to the chloride ions and the oxygen end is attracted to the sodium ions.
The Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an ionic compound. The sodium chloride is formed by the ionic bond. the ionic bond is formed between the negatively charged ion and the positively charged ion.
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you work for a plastics manufacturer. the company wants to expand into producing plastic syringes, catheters, and other medical devices that must be packaged inside sterile wrappers. the items cannot be in contact with a liquid or high heat when they are sterilized. which of these disinfectants would be best used to sterilize your new product line? ethylene oxide 70% solution of isopropyl alcohol phenol derivatives a cationic detergent
Syringes, catheters, and other items that cannot tolerate high heat or contact with liquids during the sterilization process are frequently sterilized using ethylene oxide (EtO).
What is ethylene oxide?The chemical compound ethylene oxide, also known as EO or EtO, has the formula C2H4O. It is a tasteless, ether-like gas that is combustible and colorless.
Packaging can be penetrated by ethylene oxide gas, which can also sanitize contents without endangering them. Although it is a liquid, 70% isopropyl alcohol solution is also used to sterilize medical devices; however, this solution is often sprayed on surfaces outside of the packaging. It is uncommon to sterilize medical equipment using phenol derivatives or cationic detergent. It is crucial to remember that EtO is a hazardous gas and should only be handled by qualified individuals in an environment with adequate ventilation.
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does a complex carbohydrate molecule have more or less atoms than a glucose molecule?
The carbohydrate molecule would have more atoms than the glucose molecule.
What is Glucose molecule?We need to know what is a monomer and what is a polymer. It is important to note that the polymer is made from the agglomeration of the small units of the compound that combine together.
We ought to know that glucose is a monomer and that carbohydrate is the polymer. The monomer is composed of a few atoms but there are many more atoms in the polymer as the atoms join together. This is because the carbohydrate is made up of many atoms much more than glucose.
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for each of the following reactions, write a balanced chemical equation. a)equimolar solutions of cobalt (iii) bromide and lithium sulfide are mixed
Lithium sulfide and cobalt (III) bromide are mixed in equimolar solutions. Chemical equation that is balanced:
CoBr3(aq) + Li2S(aq) ---> LiBr(aq) + CoS(s)In the equation CoBr3(aq) + Li2S(aq) ---> LiBr(aq) + CoS(s), each component can be identified as follows:
CoBr3(aq): cobalt (III) bromide in aqueous solutionLi2S(aq): lithium sulfide in aqueous solutionLiBr(aq): lithium bromide in aqueous solutionCoS(s): cobalt sulfide, a solid compoundIn this reaction, cobalt (III) bromide and lithium sulfide react to form lithium bromide and cobalt sulfide. The reactants are equimolar solutions, meaning that there are equal amounts of each reactant. When the two solutions are mixed, the cobalt (III) ions and lithium ions come into contact and form an ionic bond, which results in the formation of new solid cobalt sulfide and aqueous lithium bromide.
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Rank in order of acidity (1= most acidic)
The rank order of acidity is para nitro phenol > meta nitro phenol > phenol > Para amino phenol.
What does acidity order mean?'The nitro group is a powerful electron withdrawing group. As a result, by removing electron density from the carboxylate ion, it increases the acidity of benzoic acid. This effect is strongest when the nitro group is in the ortho position (the effect is known as ortho effect).
The chemical structure of an acid can be used to predict its relative strength. An acid is generally stronger when the H-A bond is more polar. When the H-A bond is weaker and the conjugate base, A, is more stable, acidity increases.
Thus, The rank order of acidity is para nitro phenol > meta nitro phenol > phenol > Para amino phenol.
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iron has a density of 7.86 g/cm3 . Calculate the volume (in dL ) of a piece of iron having a mass of 4.62 kg . Note that the density is provided in different units of volume and mass than the desired units of volume ( dL ) and the given units of mass ( kg ). You will need to express the density in kg/dL ( 1 cm3 = 1 mL ) before calculating the volume for the piece of iron.
Answer:
To calculate the volume of the piece of iron, we need to divide its mass by its density. But first, we need to express the density in the same units as the mass, which is kg/dL. To do this, we need to convert the density from g/cm3 to kg/dL.
1 cm3 = 1 mL = 0.001 L
1 dL = 0.1 L
Therefore, 1 cm3 = 0.001 L = 0.1 dL
Also, 1 g = 0.001 kg
Therefore,
density in kg/dL = (density in g/cm3) * (1 kg/1000 g) * (0.1 dL/1 cm3)
= 7.86 g/cm3 * 0.001 kg/g * 0.1 dL/cm3
= 0.00786 kg/dL
Now we can use this density to calculate the volume of the piece of iron:
Volume = mass / density
= 4.62 kg / 0.00786 kg/dL
= 5892.9 dL
So, the volume of the piece of iron is 5892.9 dL.
a child is 3 feet 5 inches tall how tall is the child in meters?
Answer: 0.889 meters
Explanation:
measurements and significant figures a. calculate the density of a substance weighing 0.100 g and occupying 10.00 ml. b. calculate the molar mass of ag2o. c. the following buret measurements were collected for a titration experiment.
a. To calculate the density of a substance, divide its mass by its volume. In this case, the density would be:
0.100 g / 10.00 ml = 0.01 g/ml
The density has two significant figures, as it was given in the question.
b. To calculate the molar mass of Ag2O, you would need to know the atomic masses of silver (Ag) and oxygen (O) and multiply them by the number of atoms of each element in the compound. Ag2O is made up of 2 atoms of silver and 1 atom of oxygen, so the molar mass would be:
(2 x 107.87 g/mol) + (1 x 16.00 g/mol) = 231.87 g/mol
The molar mass has four significant figures, as it was calculated using the given atomic masses.
c. The following burette measurements were collected for a titration experiment:
Initial burette reading: 0.300 ml.
Final burette reading: 23.45 ml.
The volume of solution used in the titration would be the difference between the final and initial burette readings, which is:
23.45 ml - 0.300 ml = 23.15 ml
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Polar covalent bond is said to have a dipole, which exists whenever opposite charges are separated from each other
The polarity of the bond expressed in terms of the dipole moment. which is given the symbol mu and which will takes into account not only the electronegativity difference between the two bonded elements but also for the distance between their centers.
A polar covalent bond is meant to have the dipole, which exists whenever the opposite charges are separated from the each other.
The polarity of the bond will be expressed in terms of the dipole moment, which is given the symbol mu and which will takes into the account not only for the electronegativity difference between the two bonded elements but also for the distance between their centers. The Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of the electrons between the two atoms. The molecule with the dipole moment zero are non polar molecule.
The question is incomplete, the complete question is :
A polar covalent bond is said to have a dipole, which exists whenever opposite charges are separated from each other. The polarity of the bond can be expressed in terms of a dipole _____, which is given the symbol "mu" and which takes into account not only the ___ difference between the two bonded elements but also the ____ between their centers.
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Why is it difficult to classify all chemical reactions into one of the 5 basic types?
One of five fundamental types can be applied to a wide variety of chemical processes.To accurately forecast the byproducts of an unknown reaction, a detailed grasp of various kinds of reactions is helpful.
What are 5 ways to classify the type of reaction?One of five fundamental types can be applied to a wide variety of chemical processes.To accurately forecast the byproducts of an unknown reaction, a detailed grasp of various kinds of reactions is helpful.Condensation reactions (and their opposite, cleavage reactions), exchange reactions, acid-base interactions, and oxidation-reduction reactions are the five basic kinds into which the majority of chemical reactions can be divided.Students will be better equipped to forecast the outcomes of a chemical reaction once they have mastered identifying and categorizing the five reactions.All five sorts of reactions will be defined by the students. Finding practical ways to classify reactions is the key to success.It will be easier for you to foresee the outcomes of interactions between certain chemicals or elements if you are familiar with a few fundamental types of reactions.To learn more about chemical reactions refer
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g draw a peptide bond and describe its conformation and its role in polypeptide sequences. indicate the n- and c-terminal residues in peptides.
A peptide bond is a covalent link produced by one amino acid's carboxyl group (-COOH) and another amino acid's amino group (-NH2). A condensation process.
between the two groups produces a molecule of water (H2O) and a peptide bond (-CO-NH-). The peptide bond has a planar, partial double bond structure. This signifies that the electrons in the bond are distributed evenly across the two atoms, although not all orbitals are involved in bonding. In the creation of polypeptide sequences, the peptide bond is critical. It connects individual amino acids to form a chain of amino acids capable of folding into specified three-dimensional structures. The function of these structures is determined by them.The polypeptide is a kind of protein. The peptide bond also permits the polypeptide to be flexible, which is necessary for its proper activity.The initial amino acid in a peptide is known as the N-terminal (NH2) residue, while the last amino acid is known as the C-termina.
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Consider the reversible reaction
A(g) B(g)
Which K values would indicate that there is more B than A at equilibrium?
K = 1 x 10-5
K = 7000
K = 8 x 105
K = 0.2
PLEASE HURRY WILL MARK BRAINLY!!!!
Answer:
2nd and 3rd
Explanation:
A K-value >> 1 typically indicates a lot more of the product (in this case B) than the reactants. So K = 7000 and K = [tex]8*10^5[/tex] matches that description.
Write the balanced chemical equation when lead(II) nitrate reacts with potassium chromate.
Answer:
Pb(NO3)2+K2CrO4=2KNO3+PbCrO4
in a period of 1.0 s, 5.0 3 1023 nitrogen molecules strike a wall of area 8.0 cm2 . if the molecules move at 3.00 3 102 m/s and strike the wall head-on in a perfectly elastic collision, find the pressure exerted on the wall. (the mass of one n2 molecule is 4.68 3 10226 kg.)
P=17.4 KPa is the pressure exerted on the wall.
A t = 1.00s
A = 8x10" m²,
N = 5x10^23 molecules
ΔV = 300 m/s
P=?
As, Momentum for I molecule is 2 MΔV
N molecules is 2N MΔV
Force exerted on the wall = Momentum/Δt
Also, So, Pressure exented on the wall
P= F /A = 2NMΔV/AΔt=2×5×10^23×4.65×10^-26×300/8×10^-4×1
P=17.4 KPa
What do pressure units mean?
The standard unit of pressure is a pascal (Pa). Given that a pascal is a very small unit of pressure, the kilopascal is the most appropriate measurement for commonplace gas pressures (kPa). 1000 pascals make up one kilopascal. The atmosphere is another frequently used measurement of pressure (atm).
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On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has
an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59.
It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these
probably have…… A. about 80 neutrons each. B. fewer than 80 neutrons each. C. more than 80 neutrons each. D. more electrons than neutrons.
On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have more than 80 neutrons each
What are isotopes?Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons or atomic umber, but differing numbers of neutrons. They differ in mass, which affects their physical characteristics even if they have nearly identical chemical properties.
There is no elemental decay in stable isotopes. In contrast, unstable radioactive isotopes, like 14C, will decay into other elements.
Since number of proton and neutron makes the mass number which is 200.59. and number of proton is already 80 hence number of neutron should be above 80 to meet up with the 200.59
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which of the following is the strongest nucleophile? which of the following is the strongest nucleophile? meo- ch3- nh3 meoh
The strongest nucleophile is C: NH3.
The strongest nucleophile is the compound that can donate its electrons the most effectively to form a covalent bond with an electron-deficient species (electrophile).
Out of the compounds listed, NH3 is the strongest nucleophile. This is because nitrogen atoms in NH3 have an unshared pair of electrons that are highly polarized and readily available for bonding.
Methoxide (MeO-) is a nucleophile, but it is less basic than NH3 because the oxygen atom is an electron-withdrawing group and is less able to donate electrons.
Methanol (MeOH) is not a nucleophile, as it does not have a lone pair of electrons that can be used for bonding.
Methyl (Me-) is not a nucleophile as it is not a compound, a methyl is just a functional group that can be bound to various atoms or molecules, but it doesn't have any electron pair to donate.
So NH3 is the strongest nucleophile.
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the above plot shows how the volume of a 1.0-g sample of compound 1 in the gaseous state varies with temperature at constant pressure. where on the graphic would a similar plot of a 1.0-g sample of compound 2 appear?
The graphic would have a similar plot of a 1.0-g sample of compound 2 appear because compound 2 has a higher molecular weight than compound 1.
The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of the state of a hypothetical ideal gas.
The ideal gas law is written in an empirical form:
PV = nRT -> V = nRT/P -> V = (nR/P) x T
Pressure is constant, so it is only dependent on moles.
since compound 2 has a greater mass, it will also have a smaller number of moles, which means the slope will be smaller and located below the compound.
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6b. Identify the quantum numbers for the very last electron in Cadmium (Cd).
n=
1=
mi =
ms=
The quantum numbers for the very last electron in Cadmium (Cd) atom is (5, 0, 0, ±¹/₂) for the four quantum numbers.
What are quantum numbers?Quantum numbers are the set of numbers used to express the location and energy of an electron in an atom.
There are four quantum numbers used to describe the location and energy of an electron in an atom, and they are:
Principal quantum number, nazimuthal quantum number, lmagnetic quantum number, mi andspin quantum numbers, msThe electronic configuration of cadmium is [Kr]4d¹⁰5s².
Hence, cadmium belongs to period 5 of the periodic table, and the last electron occupies the 5s orbital.
The l value of the s orbital is 0, and mi is 0 as well.
The value of ms is ±¹/₂.
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The Toxic Substances Control Act requires firms to retain records of employee exposure to toxic chemicals:
Yes, the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) requires firms to keep and maintain records of employee exposure to toxic chemicals.
What is toxic chemicals?Toxic chemicals are chemical compounds that are harmful to humans, animals and the environment. They can be found in food, water, air, soil, and consumer products.
Employers must also ensure that these records are made available to workers and their representatives, as well as to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The records must be kept for at least 30 years and must include information such as the names of all employees exposed to the toxic chemicals, the chemicals to which they were exposed, the duration of their exposure, and the results of any tests that have been conducted. Additionally, firms must have a system in place to notify employees of any health risks associated with their exposure to the toxic chemicals.
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Answer the following questions about the proton. Location in atom In the nucleus Charge elementary charge Approximate Mass 1.0073 amu Evaluate At least one answer is incorrect
The location in atom : In the nucleus
The Charge : + 1 elementary charge
The Approximate Mass = 1.0073 amu
The nucleus of an atom contains the protons, electrons and the neutrons. The Protons are the positively charged species, the electrons are negatively charged species and the neutrons have no charge means it is neutral. For the neutral atom the number of the protons is equals to the number of the electrons. The approximate mass of the proton is 1.0073 amu.
Thus, The Protons location is inside nucleus of an atom , the proton has the elementary charge of + 1. The approx mass is the 1.0073 amu.
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heparin is a common anti-coagulant. to prepare an iv containing heparin and buffers, you acquire a large mixing tank. for this problem, assume a simplified system in which there are three inlet streams and one outlet stream. in mixing the solution, you keep track of two constituents: heparin and bicarbonate. streams 1, 2, and 3 enter the mixer; stream 4 leaves the mixer. stream 1 contains 300 mm heparin in water. stream 2 contains 200 mm bicarbonate in water. stream 3 contains water with no heparin or bicarbonate. the overall mass flow rate in stream 4 is 1000 g/min. the outlet stream contains 60 mm heparin, 30 mm bicarbonate, and water. assume that the density of every stream is 1.0 g/cm3 .
You may use the following equation to get each stream's mass flow rate: concentration times flow rate equals mass flow rate. Mass flow rate for Stream 1 is 300 mm (heparin) times flow rate determine by other means
The amount of fluid passing through a pipe or other conduit in a specific amount of time is measured as the flow rate. It is frequently expressed in terms of volume/time, such as gallons/minute or cubic meters/second. Numerous variables, such as the pipe's size and form, the fluid's pressure, and its viscosity, can have an impact on the flow rate. In some circumstances, the flow rate may be managed by valves or other equipment like flow metres or pumps. Numerous sectors, including water treatment, oil and gas extraction, and manufacturing, depend on knowing and managing flow rate. such as cubic feet per second (cf/s) or
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If an athlete weighs 155 lb and has 15.0 % body fat by weight, how many pounds of fat does the athlete's body contain?
two different ionic compounds each contain only copper and chlorine. both compounds are powders, one white and one brown. an elemental analysis is performed on each powder. which of the following questions about the compounds is most likely to be answered by the results of the analysis?
The question about compounds that is most likely to be answered by the analysis is a) what is the formula unit of each compound?
The elemental analysis of two different ionic compounds, both of which contain only copper and chlorine, can be used to determine the formula unit of each compound.
An ionic compound is a type of chemical bond formed by the attraction between ions with opposite charges. In this case, the two different ionic compounds, which are powders, one white and one brown, contain only copper and chlorine ions.
The elemental analysis will help to determine the ratio between the copper and chlorine ions in the compound, which in turn will give the formula unit for each compound.
By conducting an elemental analysis on the two powders, one can answer the question of what the formula unit of each compound is. Hence, option a is correct.
This is because an elemental analysis can determine the elements present in a given compound, as well as the ratio between them. Knowing the elements present in a compound and their ratio allows us to determine the formula unit of the compound.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
Two different ionic compounds each contain only copper and chlorine. both compounds are powders, one white and one brown. An elemental analysis is performed on each powder. Which of the following questions about the compounds is most likely to be answered by the results of the analysis?
a) what is the formula unit of each compound?
b) what is the molecular mass of each compound?
c) What is ratio or each compound?
d) none of the above
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when sulfur dioxide (so2) combines with other nitrogen compounds, droplets of sulfuric acid (h2so4) are formed that precipitate and fall to earth as
A chemical reaction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) with other nitrogen compounds which form sulfuric acid (H2SO4), will fall to the earth as acid rain.
How does acid rain form?Acid rain is any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere. This can include rain, snow, fog, or even acidic dust.
Acid rain results from SO2 and NOx which react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. These mix with water and other materials in the air before falling to the ground.
The chemical reaction of acid rain is as follows.
[tex]SO_{3} + H_{2} O -- > H_{2} SO_{4}[/tex] (sulfuric acid)
[tex]NO_{x} + H_{2} O -- > 2HNO_{3}[/tex] (nitric acid)
A source of SO2 and NOx that cause acid rain comes from burning fossil fuels, vehicles, manufacturing, and volcanoes.
Thus, acid rain can happen as there are interactions between SO2 and NOx with water, forming sulfuric or nitric acid.
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An atom of nitrogen has 7 protons, 7 electrons, and 7 neutrons. What is the atomic mass of the nitrogen atom?
Answer:
Explanation:
The atomic mass of the nitrogen atom is 14
According to this passage what can we calculate about cleavage 
Passage in photo and answers in photo !
Answer:
E. Cleavage of diamonds is a random property and differs from stone to stone.
A student obtains a mixture of the liquids hexane and octane, which are miscible in all proportions. Which of the following techniques would be best for separating the two components of the mixture, and why?
A. Filtration, because the different densities of the liquids would allow one to pass through the filter paper while the other would not.
B. Paper chromatography, because the liquids would move along the stationary phase at different rates owning to the difference in polarity of their molecules.
C. Column chromatography, because the higher molar mass of octane would cause it to move down the column faster than hexane.
D. Distillation, because the liquids would boil at different temperatures owning to the difference in strength of their intermolecular forces.
D. Distillation, because the liquids would boil at different temperatures owing to the difference in the strength of their intermolecular forces.
Key points:
Distillation is a separation technique that utilizes differences in boiling points of the components in a mixture.Hexane and octane have different boiling points, therefore they can be separated by distillation.The liquid mixture is heated and the component with the lower boiling point vaporizes first and is condensed and collected as a separate fraction.This process can be repeated to obtain other fractions as well.Distillation is a very common and efficient method for separating volatile components with large differences in boiling points.Learn more about Distillation here:
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a mixture containing equimolar amounts of benzene(1), toluene(2), and ethylbenzene(3) is flashed to conditions t and p. for one of the following conditions, determine the equilibrium mole fractions {xi} and {yi} of the liquid and vapor phases for
The equilibrium mole fractions {xi} and {yi} of the liquid and vapor phases can be determined using the Raoult's law and the ideal gas law.
Raoult's law states that the vapor pressure of a component in a liquid mixture is equal to the product of its mole fraction and its pure component vapor pressure. P = xi * Pi .The ideal gas law relates the pressure, temperature, and molar amount of a gas. PV = nRT . To determine the equilibrium mole fractions {xi} and {yi} of the liquid and vapor phases, we would need more information about the conditions T and P, such as the pressure, temperature and the vapor pressures of each component at the given temperature. Also the vapor pressures of each component at the given temperature are needed. It's also important to note that the vapor pressures of each component at the given temperature are needed. With the vapor pressures and the mole fractions, we can use the Raoult's law to find the vapor pressures of each component, and use the ideal gas law to find the mole fractions {yi} in the vapor phase. And then by using the mole fractions in vapor and liquid phases, the mole fractions of the liquid phase {xi} can be calculated.
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