which of the given fatty acids is produced when oleic acid is hydrogenated? palmitic acid lauric acid myrsitic acid arachidic acid stearic acid

a) NaNO3 is an electrolyte

b) . C6H12O6 (glucose) is a nonelectrolyte

c) FeCl3 is an electrolyte

a. NaNO3 is an electrolyte. When NaNO3 is dissolved in water, it dissociates into Na+ and NO3- ions, which are capable of conducting electricity. This is because the ions in the solution can move freely and carry an electric charge.

b. C6H12O6 (glucose) is a nonelectrolyte. When glucose is dissolved in water, it does not dissociate into ions, meaning that it is not capable of conducting electricity. This is because the electrons in the solution are not free to move and carry an electric charge.

c. FeCl3 is an electrolyte. When FeCl3 is dissolved in water, it dissociates into Fe3+ and Cl- ions, which are capable of conducting electricity. This is because the ions in the solution can move freely and carry an electric charge.

Electrolytes are substances that can dissociate into ions in a solution and conduct electricity. Nonelectrolytes, on the other hand, are substances that do not dissociate into ions in a solution and cannot conduct electricity. The ability to conduct electricity is dependent on the presence of charged particles in a solution. Therefore, substances that can dissociate into ions are electrolytes, while those that cannot dissociate into ions are nonelectrolytes.

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To synthesize 3-hexanol using the Grignard reaction, we need to perform retrosynthetic analysis and work backwards. 3-hexanol can be synthesized by the reduction of 3-hexanal. Therefore, we need to identify the aldehyde required for this reaction. The aldehyde required for the synthesis of 3-hexanol can be obtained from the cleavage of the C-C bond present in 2-methylpentane.

This will give us 2-methylpentanal, which can then be used as a starting material. To form the Grignard reagent, we need magnesium and the halogenated compound. Therefore, we need to react magnesium with 2-bromo-3-methylpentane to obtain the Grignard reagent required for the reaction. In summary, to synthesize 3-hexanol using the Grignard reaction, we need 2-methylpentanal and the Grignard reagent formed from the reaction between magnesium and 2-bromo-3-methylpentane.

To synthesize 3-hexanol using the Grignard reaction and retrosynthetic analysis, we first identify the target molecule's functional group. In this case, it is an alcohol. We then perform a disconnection at the carbon-oxygen bond, yielding an aldehyde and a Grignard reagent. The aldehyde needed for the synthesis of 3-hexanol is butanal (C4H8O) and the Grignard reagent needed is ethylmagnesium bromide (C2H5MgBr). The reaction between butanal and ethylmagnesium bromide will yield 3-hexanol, as the Grignard reagent will attack the carbonyl group of the aldehyde, resulting in the formation of the desired alcohol.

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The reaction involved is the reaction of PbO with sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) to produce lead(II) carbonate (PbCO3) and sodium oxide (Na2O).

To prepare a solid sample of lead(II) carbonate, we can start with lead(II) oxide (PbO) as the starting material. The chemical equation for the reaction is:

PbO + Na2CO3 → PbCO3 + Na2O

To carry out the reaction, we first need to weigh out the required amount of PbO and Na2CO3 based on the stoichiometry of the reaction. The PbO and Na2CO3 are then mixed thoroughly and placed in a crucible. The mixture is heated in a furnace at a temperature of around 600-700°C for a few hours until the reaction is complete and the mixture has turned into a solid mass.

Once the reaction is complete, the crucible is removed from the furnace and allowed to cool to room temperature. The solid mass of PbCO3 is then carefully removed from the crucible, crushed to a fine powder, and stored in an airtight container for further use. This method is a simple and efficient way to prepare a solid sample of lead(II) carbonate from lead(II) oxide.

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When K3PO4 dissolves in water, it dissociates into three K+ ions and one PO4^3- ion.

Therefore, the total number of moles of ions released when 0.56 mol of K3PO4 dissolves completely in water can be calculated as follows:

Number of moles of K+ ions released = 3 x 0.56 mol = 1.68 mol

Number of moles of PO4^3- ions released = 1 x 0.56 mol = 0.56 mol

Thus, the total number of moles of ions released is 1.68 + 0.56 = 2.24 mol.

It is important to note that when ionic compounds dissolve in water, they dissociate into their respective ions, and the total number of moles of ions released can be calculated by multiplying the number of moles of the compound by the number of ions produced per mole of the compound. This is a fundamental concept in understanding the behavior of electrolytes in solution and is essential in many areas of chemistry, including electrochemistry and chemical equilibrium.

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Vibrational frequency refers to the frequency at which the atoms or molecules in a substance vibrate.

If the frequency is high enough, it means that the vibrational energy can contribute significantly to the total internal energy. However, the temperature of the substance also plays a role in determining whether or not the vibrational energy will contribute to the total internal energy. At low temperatures, the vibrational energy may not be significant enough to contribute, while at higher temperatures, the vibrational energy can contribute significantly.

Therefore, both temperature and vibrational frequency are important factors in determining whether or not a vibrational degree of freedom will contribute to the total internal energy. To determine if a vibrational degree of freedom will contribute to the total internal energy, you need both temperature and vibrational frequency (Option B). Temperature provides information about the system's thermal energy, while vibrational frequency indicates the specific energy levels associated with molecular vibrations. Together, these factors help you understand if the vibrational degree of freedom contributes to the total internal energy.

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The addition of perchloric acid (HClO₄) to a solution of a slightly soluble substance will have no effect on the solubility of AgBr(s), or silver bromide.

Silver bromide is a sparingly soluble ionic compound that dissolves in water to form Ag⁺ and Br⁻ ions. Perchloric acid is a strong acid that dissociates completely in water to form H⁺ and ClO₄⁻ ions.

When perchloric acid is added to a solution containing a slightly soluble substance, it increases the concentration of H⁺ ions. However, since there is no common ion between AgBr and HClO₄, Le Chatelier's principle dictates that the solubility equilibrium of AgBr will not be affected by the addition of perchloric acid.

In contrast, the other substances (Cu(OH)₂, MgCO₃, and PbF₂) contain ions that can interact with H⁺ ions, such as the hydroxide ion (OH⁻) or the carbonate ion (CO₃²⁻), which would cause shifts in their solubility equilibria. Therefore, the correct answer is AgBr(s).

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The answer is (b) I. The dissolution of NH4NO3 is an endothermic process, meaning it absorbs heat from its surroundings. As a result, the temperature of the solution decreases, making it cool. Option I shows a solid NH4NO3 dissolving in water with a decrease in temperature, which is consistent with this observation.

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The correct answer which is consistent with this observation When solid NH4NO3 dissolves spontaneously in water is option II.

When NH4NO3 dissolves in water, it undergoes an endothermic process, meaning it absorbs heat from the surroundings, resulting in a decrease in temperature and a cool solution. Option II represents the dissolution of NH4NO3 in water, showing the solid NH4NO3 on the left side of the equation and aqueous NH4+ and NO3- ions on the right side.

This dissolution process is represented by an upward arrow, indicating that it is an endothermic process that absorbs heat. The other options do not represent the correct dissolution process and therefore cannot explain the observed cooling effect.

Option I represents the dissolution of KCl, which is an exothermic process, and options III and IV do not show the proper dissociation of NH4NO3 into its constituent ions. Therefore, option II is the only answer that is consistent with the observation of a cool solution when solid NH4NO3 dissolves spontaneously in water.

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Answer:

Hey people. In this question, there was a question about the importance of Ah woeller synthesis of Yuria. The early 18 hundreds, organic chemistry was

An allosteric interaction between a ligand and a protein is one in which the binding of the ligand to a specific site on the protein causes a conformational change in a different site, known as the allosteric site.

This change can either activate or inhibit the protein's activity. Allosteric interactions play a crucial role in many biological processes, including enzyme regulation, signal transduction, and metabolic pathways.

They allow for fine-tuning of cellular processes in response to changing conditions. Allosteric modulators, which bind to the allosteric site rather than the active site, are being increasingly used as drugs due to their ability to provide selective and potent regulation of protein function.

Overall, understanding allosteric interactions is critical for advancing our understanding of how biological systems function and for developing new therapeutic strategies.

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The pH of the solution after dilution is approximately 1.71.

moles of formic acid = concentration x volume

moles of formic acid = 0.1750 mol/L x 0.0200 L

moles of formic acid = 0.00350 mol

Next, we need to determine the final concentration of formic acid in the 45 mL solution:

final concentration = moles of formic acid / total volume of solution

final concentration = 0.00350 mol / 0.0450 L

final concentration = 0.0778 M

Now, we can use the dissociation constant of formic acid (Ka = 1.8 x [tex]10^{-4[/tex]) to calculate the pH of the solution:

Ka = [H+][HCOO-] / [HCOOH]

[H+] = √(Ka x [HCOOH] / [HCOO-])

[H+] =√(1.8 x [tex]10^{-4[/tex] x 0.0778 / 0.0000)

[H+] = 0.0193 M

pH = -log[H+]

pH = -log(0.0193)

pH = 1.71

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution and is an important concept in chemistry. It stands for "potential of hydrogen" and is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral, values below 7 being acidic and values above 7 being basic or alkaline.

Acids are substances that donate hydrogen ions, increasing the concentration of H+ in a solution, while bases are substances that accept hydrogen ions, decreasing the concentration of H+. A solution with a pH of 7 is considered neutral because it has an equal concentration of H+ and OH- ions. A lower pH value indicates a higher concentration of H+ ions, making the solution more acidic, while a higher pH value indicates a lower concentration of H+ ions, making the solution more basic or alkaline.

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Answer:

The balanced single replacement reaction for the given chemical equation "Ag + CoBr₂" is:

2Ag + CoBr₂ → 2AgBr + Co

In this reaction, silver (Ag) replaces cobalt (Co) in the compound CoBr₂ (cobalt(II) bromide) to form silver bromide (AgBr) and solid cobalt (Co). The reaction is balanced because the number of atoms of each element is equal on both the reactant and product sides of the equation.

Note that the coefficients are 2 in front of Ag and AgBr, indicating that two molecules of Ag and two molecules of AgBr are required to balance the reaction.

The pH of the buffer solution is approximately 10.550 calculated by using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.


To find the pH of the buffer solution, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]).

First, we need to calculate the pKa from the given Kb (5.9 x 10^(-4)) for dimethylamine. pKa = -log(Ka), where Ka = Kw/Kb.

After calculating the Ka, the pKa is approximately 4.748.  

Next, we will plug the concentrations of the base (0.270 M) and its conjugate acid (0.449 M) into the equation: pH = 4.748 + log(0.270/0.449).

The resulting pH is approximately 10.550, which corresponds to option E.

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To calculate the pH of a 0.135 M solution of morphine, we need to know its pKb. The pKb value represents the negative logarithm of the base dissociation constant, which characterizes the strength of the base.

By using the pKb value, we can determine the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution and then calculate the pH.

To find the pH of the morphine solution, we first need to convert the pKb value to Kb by taking the antilogarithm. The Kb value represents the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of the base into hydroxide ions.

Once we have the Kb value, we can calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in the solution using the equation Kb = [OH-]^2 / [morphine]. Since morphine is a weak base, we can assume that the concentration of hydroxide ions is twice the concentration of morphine that dissociates.

With the concentration of hydroxide ions, we can calculate the pOH by taking the negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration. Finally, we can find the pH by subtracting the pOH from 14, as pH + pOH = 14 for aqueous solutions at 25°C.

In this way, we can determine the pH of the 0.135 M solution of morphine using the pKb value and relevant calculations.

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The presence of double bonds between some of the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chains of a fat influences whether it is a solid or a liquid at room temperature.

Fats are composed of long hydrocarbon chains called fatty acids. Fatty acids can be either saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fatty acids have single bonds between all carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

The presence of double bonds introduces kinks in the hydrocarbon chain, preventing the molecules from closely packing together. This results in a less dense arrangement, making unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature. In contrast, saturated fats with only single bonds allow for closer packing, leading to a solid state at room temperature.

In summary, the presence of double bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of a fat influences its physical state at room temperature. Saturated fats, with no double bonds, are solid, while unsaturated fats, with one or more double bonds, are liquid. This property has significant implications for the nutritional value, texture, and shelf life of fats in various food products.

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The heat capacity of air is 1.006 J/g·K.

First, we need to calculate the mass of the air sample using its density:

density = mass / volume

Rearranging this equation gives us:

mass = density x volume

mass = 1.204 mg/cm3 x 1000 cm3 = 1.204 g

Next, we can use the formula for heat capacity to calculate the heat capacity of the air:

Q = mcΔT

where Q is the heat transferred, m is the mass of the air, c is the specific heat capacity of air, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

We know Q = 6.052 J, m = 1.204 g, ΔT = 5.0 °C, and we want to solve for c.

Plugging in the values, we get:

6.052 J = (1.204 g) c (5.0 °C)

Solving for c gives:

c = 1.006 J/g·K

Therefore, the heat capacity of air is 1.006 J/g·K.

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glass is: a supercooled liquid whose viscosity is so high is behaves like a solid

What makes glass a super-cooled liquid, and why?

In essence, glass is an amorphous solid. It does not take the shape of crystals. The glass's component parts can therefore move. Under normal circumstances, the component particles of ordinary solids do not move. Glass is sometimes referred to as a supercooled liquid because of its fluidity. It is possible to think of glass as a very viscous liquid. The windows' gradual increase in bottom thickness serves as visual proof of the claim.

Glass is an amorphous solid that is widely used in window panes, dinnerware, and optics for practical, technical, and ornamental purposes1. It is typically clear or translucent as well as hard, brittle, and resistant to the environment. Glasses are created by rapidly cooling molten components, such as silica sand so that no apparent crystals develop. They do not have crystalline internal structures.

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To determine the pH after adding 0.00 mL of HCl to a 20.00 mL sample of 0.150 M NH3, we need to calculate the concentration of NH4+ ions formed and then determine the pH using the dissociation constant of NH4+ (Ka) and the concentration of NH4+.

The calculation involves using the equilibrium expression for the reaction between NH3 and HCl and considering the equilibrium concentrations of NH3 and NH4+.

The reaction between NH3 and HCl can be represented as NH3 + HCl ⇌ NH4+ + Cl-. Given that the initial volume of HCl added is 0.00 mL, there is no reaction yet. Therefore, the concentration of NH4+ at this point is 0. Since pH is defined as -log[H+], and NH4+ is a weak acid, we need to calculate the concentration of H+ ions from NH4+.

Using the equilibrium expression for the reaction, we can write: Ka = [NH4+][OH-] / [NH3]. Given the value of Kb for NH3 (1.8 x 10^-5), we can calculate Kw (the ion product of water) using Kw = Ka * Kb.

Next, we can calculate the concentration of NH4+ using the initial concentration of NH3 and the volume change after adding 0.00 mL of HCl.

Finally, using the concentration of NH4+, we can calculate the concentration of H+ ions. From the concentration of H+, we can determine the pH using the equation pH = -log[H+].

By following these steps, we can determine the pH after adding 0.00 mL of HCl to the NH3 solL

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The amount of element A that would have the same number of particles as 2.0 g of element B is 10.0 g. The correct option is D

We must first determine the number of moles of B because we need to determine the quantity of A that has the same number particles as 2.0 g of B.

moles of B = 2.0 g / molar mass of B

Then, using the formula molar mass of A = 5.0 x molar mass of B, we can get the molar mass of A.

Now we can substitute the values we have into the equation for moles of A:

moles of A = mass of A / molar mass of A

moles of A = (moles of B) x (molar mass of B / molar mass of A)

moles of A = (2.0 g / molar mass of B) x (molar mass of B / 5.0 x molar mass of B)

moles of A = 0.4

Finally, we can use the moles of A to calculate the mass of A:

mass of A = moles of A x molar mass of A

mass of A = 0.4 x 5.0 x (molar mass of B)

mass of A = 2.0 x (molar mass of B)

Therefore, the amount of element A that would have the same number of particles as 2.0 g of element B is 2.0 g x 5.0 = 10.0 g.

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Balance chemical reaction in the basic solution :

Al(s) + MnO⁴⁻(aq) + 2H₂O → Al(OH)⁴⁻(aq) + MnO₂(s)

The chemical equation is :

Al + MnO⁴⁻  →  MnO₂ + Al(OH)⁴⁻

The Oxidation half equation :

Al + 4H₂O + 4OH⁻ → l(OH)⁴⁻ + 4H₂O + 3e⁻

The Reduction half equation:

MnO⁴⁻ + 4H₂O  + 3e⁻  → MnO₂ + 2H₂O  + 4OH⁻

By adding the two half reactions we get :

Al + MnO⁴⁻ + 8H₂O   + 4OH⁻ + 3e⁻ → Al(OH)⁴⁻ +  MnO₂ + 6H₂O   + 3e⁻ + 4OH⁻

On simplifying the equation we get the complete balance equation :

Al(s) + MnO⁴⁻(aq) + 2H₂O → Al(OH)⁴⁻(aq) + MnO₂(s)

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If we have the mentioned equilibrium constant, The corresponding ΔG∘ is -20.7 kJ/mol, and the E∘cel is 0.16 V under standard conditions.

To calculate ΔG∘, we can use the equation

where R is the gas constant (8.314 J/(mol·K)), T is the temperature in Kelvin (298 K), and K is the equilibrium constant (2.0×10⁻⁴).

Plugging in the values, we get

ΔG∘ = -(-8.314 J/(mol·K) × 298 K × ln(2.0×10⁻⁴))

≈ -20.7 kJ/mol.

To find E∘cel, we can use the relationship ΔG∘ = -nF E∘cel, where n is the number of electrons transferred (in this case, 2), and F is Faraday's constant (96,485 C/mol). Rearranging the equation, we have

E∘cel = -ΔG∘ / (nF)

= -(-20.7 kJ/mol) / (2 × 96,485 C/mol)

≈ 0.16 V.

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When 6.52 grams of pyridine (C5H5N) is added to 30.0 mL of 0.950 M HCl, we can calculate the pH of the resulting solution.

To calculate the pH of the resulting solution, we need to consider the reaction between pyridine and HCl. Pyridine is a weak base, and HCl is a strong acid. The reaction between the two will result in the formation of pyridinium ion (C5H5NH+) and chloride ion (Cl-).

First, we need to determine the moles of pyridine present in the solution. We can do this by dividing the given mass of pyridine by its molar mass.

Next, we can determine the moles of HCl present in the solution by multiplying the initial volume of HCl by its molarity.

Since pyridine is a weak base, it will react with HCl to form the pyridinium ion. The moles of pyridine that react with HCl can be determined based on the stoichiometry of the reaction.

After the reaction, we have the moles of pyridinium ion and chloride ion in the solution. We can calculate the concentration of the pyridinium ion by dividing its moles by the final volume of the solution.

Finally, we can calculate the pOH of the solution using the concentration of the pyridinium ion, and then convert it to pH using the equation pH = 14 - pOH.

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Alternatively, it is possible that there was a mistake in the mixing of the components, resulting in an incorrect concentration of each component in the mixture.  

(a) A flow chart for the separation scheme of a mixture containing three components: NACL, NaCl, and [tex]SiO_2[/tex], is as follows:

         |                       |

         |       Separation      |

         |      Method: HPLC      |

         |                       |

         +--------+--------+--------+

         |       |       |       |

         |   Na   |   Cl   |   Si   |

         |    +   +   +   +   |   +   +   +

         |   H   |   H   |   H   |   H   |

         |   +   +   +   +   |   +   +   +

         |   O   |   O   |   O   |   O   |

         +--------+--------+--------+

In this flow chart, the mixture is first dissolved in a suitable solvent, which is then passed through a column packed with an adsorbent material. The adsorbent material selectively adsorbs one of the components, while the other two components pass through the column and are collected separately.

(b) If a student found that her mixture was 13% NH4Cl, 18% NaCl, and 75%  [tex]SiO_2[/tex], and her calculations were correct, then she most likely made an error in the volume of the solution or in the volume of the sample that was taken. It is possible that she did not accurately measure the volume of the solution or the volume of the sample, resulting in a different concentration of each component in the mixture. Alternatively, it is possible that there was a mistake in the mixing of the components, resulting in an incorrect concentration of each component in the mixture.  

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The pressure of this same amount of gas in a 2.50 L container at a temperature of 221 K is 1.008 × 10⁵ mmHg.

The pressure of a gas can be calculated using the combined gas law equation as follows;

PaVa/Ta = PbVb/Tb

Where;

According to this question, 425 L container of ammonia gas exerts a pressure of 652 mm Hg at a temperature of 243 K. The final pressure can be calculated as follows;

652 × 425/243 = 2.5 × Pb/221

1,140.33 × 221 = 2.5Pb

Pb = 1.008 × 10⁵ mmHg

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he value of the rate constant at 338.9 °c is 0.0523 s^-1. To calculate the value of the rate constant at 338.9 °c, we can use the Arrhenius equation which relates the rate constant (k) to the activation energy (Ea), temperature (T), and the gas constant (R):

k = Ae^(-Ea/RT)
Where A is the pre-exponential factor.
First, we need to calculate the pre-exponential factor (A). We can do this by using the rate constant value at 237.2 °c:
0.00379 = A * e^(-21.54/(8.314 * 510.35))
Here, we have converted the temperature to Kelvin (T = 237.2 + 273.15 = 510.35 K) and used the gas constant value (R = 8.314 J/K·mol).

Solving for A, we get:

A = 6.878 x 10^9 s^-1
Now, we can use this value of A and the activation energy to calculate the rate constant at 338.9 °c (T = 338.9 + 273.15 = 612.05 K):
k = 6.878 x 10^9 * e^(-21.54/(8.314 * 612.05))
k = 0.0523 s^-1 (rounded to four significant figures)

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In general, the solubility of ionic compounds is dependent on their respective solubility products.

The solubility product is a constant that relates to the maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature. The higher the solubility product, the more soluble the compound is.

The solubility product of Cd(OH)2 is approximately 2.5 x 10^-14, while the solubility product of ZnCO3 is approximately 2.8 x 10^-10. This means that Cd(OH)2 has a lower solubility product than ZnCO3 and therefore, Cd(OH)2 is less soluble than ZnCO3.

Hence, ZnCO3 has greater solubility compared to Cd(OH)2.

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The most effective separation technique for the given scenario would be fractional distillation. Fractional distillation is a separation technique used for separating two or more liquids with boiling points close to each other. In this case, the boiling points of the two organic compounds are 130°C and 135°C, respectively, which are relatively close.

Fractional distillation can effectively separate these two compounds because it involves a process of repeated distillation cycles, which separates the compounds based on their vaporization and condensation properties. As the mixture is heated, the compound with the lower boiling point will vaporize first and pass through the fractionating column, while the compound with the higher boiling point will remain in the flask. By repeating this process, the two compounds can be separated with high precision.
Recrystallization, simple distillation, steam distillation, thin layer chromatography, and extraction are not suitable for this specific separation as they are better suited for other types of separations. Recrystallization is used to purify solids, while simple and steam distillation are used to separate liquids with large differences in boiling points. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate and analyze small amounts of different compounds in a mixture, while extraction is used to separate compounds from mixtures based on their solubility in different solvents.

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We can use the ideal gas law equation to get the volume of the sample:

PV = nRT

Where:

P = pressure (in atm)

V = volume (in liters)

n = number of moles

R = ideal gas constant (0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)

T = temperature (in Kelvin)

The temperature must first be converted from Celsius to Kelvin:

T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15

T(K) = 34 + 273.15 = 307.15 K

The values ​​can now be entered into the ideal gas law equation as follows:

1.21 atm * V = 4.22 mol * 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K * 307.15 K

Simplifying the equation:

V = (4.22 mol * 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K * 307.15 K) / 1.21 atm

V = 87.886 L

The volume is roughly 87.9 L, rounded to three significant numbers.

Therefore, the correct option is A.

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