The unconditional surrender of Germany in the Atlantic theater and Japan in the Pacific theater was a critical step in ending World War II. It was important that both nations surrender unconditionally to ensure a decisive and lasting victory, preventing future conflicts.
An unconditional surrender is when one side completely and irrevocably surrenders to another, with no conditions or negotiations. The Allies required this of both Germany and Japan to avoid prolonging the war, as well as to avoid setting any preconditions for further aggression by either country.
Additionally, an unconditional surrender prevented the possibility of a separate peace between the Allies and either Germany or Japan, which could have disrupted the unity of the Allies. This would have made it more difficult to enforce post-war peace treaties and to bring the war to a lasting conclusion.
Moreover, an unconditional surrender prevented both Germany and Japan from demanding any sort of reparations for war damages. Without such a surrender, the Allies would have been forced to negotiate over how to pay for damages inflicted during the war, potentially leading to further conflicts.
In short, the Allies required unconditional surrender from both Germany and Japan in order to ensure a decisive victory, avoid prolonged warfare, maintain the unity of the Allies, and avoid the potential for further conflict.
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which statements about the magistrate known as a tribune in ancient rome are true? choose two correct answers. responses they were elected by plebeians. they were elected by plebeians. they watched out for the interests of the poor. they watched out for the interests of the poor. they had no legal authority. they had no legal authority. they were in charge of the military. they were in charge of the military.
In Ancient Rome, magistrates called tribunes were elected by plebeians, and they watched out for the interests of the poor. Two correct statements about the magistrate known as a tribune in Ancient Rome are:
They were elected by plebeians.They watched out for the interests of the poor.Tribunes were the representatives of the plebeian class and were appointed to protect their interests. During the late Roman Republic, plebeians gained the right to elect their tribunes. They were also entitled to convene the concilium plebis, the plebeian assembly, where they could pass resolutions that were binding on all Romans.
Tribunes had the ability to veto (forbid) the actions of consuls or other magistrates, which was one of their most effective powers. However, it was a power that they were hesitant to use because it could lead to political turmoil in the city.
They also had the authority to stop any trial from proceeding, irrespective of the charges against the accused. The tribunes had no military authority. The power of the military rested with the consuls, who were elected by the patricians. The tribunes' function was to serve as a check on the consuls' power, ensuring that the interests of the plebeians were safeguarded.
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(q001) hydrothermal fluids ______
group of answer choices a. consist of hot water, steam, and supercritical fluid. b. are chemically active solutions that can dissolve and transport ions. c. can change a rock's chemical composition in a process known as metasomatism.
d. all of the possible answers are correct.
Hydrothermal fluids are natural heated water solutions wherein variety of elements, compounds and gases may be dissolved. The correct option is d. All the possible answers are correct.
What is hydrothermal fluids?Hydrothermal fluids consist of hot water, steam, and supercritical fluid. These are chemically active solutions that can dissolve and trans portions. Hydrothermal fluids can change a rock's chemical composition in a process known as metasomatism. Hydrothermal fluids are formed when water is heated to high temperatures and becomes a supercritical fluid.
Hydrothermal fluids are often located near tectonic plate boundaries, where volcanic activity and magma chambers are present. These fluids are usually at high temperatures and pressures, allowing them to dissolve and transport minerals, ions, and other substances as they move through rocks and geological formations.
Hydrothermal fluids are known for their ability to dissolve and transport minerals, ions, and other substances. They have a number of important properties, including high temperatures and pressures, high levels of acidity, and the ability to react chemically with surrounding rocks and minerals. Hydrothermal fluids can also play a role in the formation of mineral deposits, as they deposit minerals in the surrounding rock as they cool and solidify. These deposits can be valuable sources of precious metals and other resources, and are important targets for mineral exploration and mining.
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complicating the missouri question in 1819 and 1820 was the application of for admission as a free state. multiple choice question. michigan maine indiana
The applications of Michigan, Maine, and Indiana to the Union as free states, as well as the Missouri Compromise, played a role in complicating the Missouri Question in 1819 and 1820.
Michigan applied for admission to the Union as a free state in 1819. The state of Missouri was admitted as a slave state in 1820, but the application sparked controversy and debate in the Senate.
The issue was complicated by the Missouri Compromise, which sought to maintain the balance between free and slave states. The compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state but also admitted Maine, a free state, to the Union.
The compromise also barred slavery in the remaining territories of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36°30' parallel.
Indiana applied for admission to the Union as a free state in 1816 and was admitted as such in 1816. In 1819, a proposed amendment to the state's constitution would have allowed slavery, but it was ultimately voted down and Indiana was admitted as a free state.
These events highlighted the increasingly divided opinions over slavery in the United States, eventually leading to the Civil War.
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Workers on a plantation were supervised by the overseer. O True O False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Pollution Control
In an effort to reduce the amount of waste that is added to the landfill each year, Montgomery County Government has issued fines to companies that do not recycle. What is the Socio-economic goal
The socio-economic goal of these fines is to encourage sustainable waste management practices that benefit both the environment and the economy.
The socioeconomic goal of the fines issued by the Montgomery County Government to companies that do not recycle is to promote sustainable and responsible waste management practices. By encouraging companies to recycle, the government aims to reduce the amount of waste that ends up in landfills, which in turn can lead to reduced environmental pollution and associated health risks.
The fines incentivize companies to adopt environmentally-friendly practices, which not only help protect the environment but can also have positive economic impacts. For example, recycling can help conserve natural resources and reduce the need for expensive raw materials, leading to cost savings for companies in the long run.
Additionally, by promoting responsible waste management practices, the government is encouraging the development of a circular economy, where waste is treated as a resource and can be reused, recycled, or repurposed, leading to economic benefits as well as environmental benefits.
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what did some british cabinet members hope would occur if they created a jewish homeland in palestine?
Some British cabinet members hoped that the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine would help to secure British interests in the region. Specifically, they believed that supporting the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine would:
Secure British control of the Suez Canal: The Suez Canal was a vital waterway that connected Europe to Asia and the Far East. British officials believed that a Jewish homeland in Palestine would provide a buffer zone between the British-controlled Suez Canal and the Ottoman Empire, which controlled much of the Middle East at the time.Strengthen British influence in the Middle East: British officials hoped that by supporting the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, they could gain the support of Jewish communities in Europe and America, and thereby strengthen their influence in the Middle East.Enhance regional stability: Some British officials believed that a Jewish homeland in Palestine could provide a stabilizing influence in the region by creating a new center of political and economic activity that could serve as a counterbalance to the existing Arab powers.In conclusion, British officials saw the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine as a way to further British interests in the region and secure British control over key strategic assets like the Suez Canal.
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This is the practice of making imperialized people conform to the wants of the country that had control over them.
None are correct
Protectorate
Assimilation
Militarism
Answer: Colonies.
Protectorates.
Spheres of influence.
Explanation:
i might be wrong
anselm kiefer's breaking of the vessels suggests several interrelated ideas about knowledge and the introduction of evil into the world, and also alludes to what historical event?
Anselm Kiefer's artwork "Breaking of the Vessels" suggests multiple interrelated ideas about knowledge and the introduction of evil into the world. The artwork depicts a shattered vessel lying in a field, with its broken pieces scattered around it.
The broken vessel symbolizes the shattering of knowledge and the destruction of the divine vessel that contained it, as described in Jewish mysticism's Kabbalah. This destruction is attributed to the introduction of evil into the world, which is also depicted in the artwork's dark and foreboding atmosphere.
Furthermore, the artwork alludes to the historical event of the Holocaust, particularly the devastation inflicted upon the Jewish people during World War II. Anselm Kiefer, a German artist born after the war, addresses the trauma and guilt associated with his country's actions during the war.
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What are the 4 main social classes found in Ancient China? Put them in order from most
important to least important.
Answer:
nobles and officials, peasants, artisans and merchants.
Explanation:
Answer:The top class was the emperor and his immediate family. After that came the gentry (officials all the government). Next came the agriculturalists, landlords, farmers and peasants. Then the artisans and merchants.
Explanation:
Which of the following phrases represents Mahan's belief that the navy would be weak without overseas
C) "A navy without foreign stations is a weak navy" , because it is not strong enough for a fight except in superior numbers"
Mahan argued that naval operations in support of land troops may be of crucial value if they were conducted with a command of the sea, even if it were local and temporary. Additionally, he thought that a global alliance might exercise naval superior while defending an international free trade system. Mahan argued that the education of naval commanders should be founded on a comprehensive study of history because he believed that national greatness was inexorably linked to the sea, with its economic usage in peace and its control in war. He used historical examples to explain his beliefs.
The complete question is :
Which of the following phrases represents Mahan's belief that the navy would be weak without overseas
A) "A navy without overseas stations and coaling depots would be weak indeed."
B) "A navy without foreign stations and colonies is a weak navy."
C) "A navy without foreign stations is a weak navy."
D) "A navy without foreign stations and bases is a weak navy."
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Answer:
the ships . . . will be like land birds
Explanation:
In the first paragraph of the excerpt, Mahan compares US ships without ports overseas to land birds who cannot venture far from home without a place to land, thus stressing the importance of establishing ports in other countries to the navy's strength.
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by what means did the federal government finance road construction in ohio in 1803? multiple choice question. sales of bonds import tariffs sale of public l
The federal government used a combination of the methods like sales of bonds, import tariffs, and sale of public lands to finance road construction in Ohio and other parts of the country, the correct option is D.
The federal government used multiple means to finance road construction in Ohio in 1803. In sales of bonds, the government would issue bonds to investors to raise money for the construction of roads. Import tariffs were also implemented, where the government would place taxes on imported goods to raise revenue.
The sale of public land was another means used to finance road construction, where the government would sell off parcels of land to private citizens or companies for a profit, which could then be used to fund public projects such as road construction, the correct option is D.
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The complete question is:
By what means did the federal government finance road construction in Ohio in 1803? Multiple choice question
A) Sales of bonds
B) Import tariffs
C) Sale of public land
D) All of the above
Drag each tile to the correct location. identify the nations that belonged to the central powers and the allied powers. a. germanyb. russia c. italy d. austria-hungary e. ottoman empire f. france g. japan
Nations belonging to the Central powers area a. Germany, d. Austria-Hungary, e. Ottoman empire. Whereas the Allied powers included b. Russia, c. Italy f. France and g. Japan.
One of the two primary groups that engaged during World War One was the Central Powers, popularly referred to by the name Central Empires (1914–1918). It encompassed the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, as well as the Kingdom of Bulgaria and was also referred to as the Quadruple Alliance. Austria and Germany in 1879 The Central Powers were created as a result of Hungary's collaboration. Despite once having a putative participation in the Triple Alliance, Italy did not fight in World War I on the part of the Central Powers. Before World War I began, Bulgaria and also the Ottoman Empire were not allies. The Triple Entente's Allied Powers faced up against the Central Powers and defeated them.
During World War II, a global coalition known as that of the Entente powers or Allies in the First World War, the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria were engaged by a military alliance of states commanded by France, the Britain, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan.
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what is the name historians give to the phenomenon that allowed average british colonists to be able to spend money on goods and prove their respectability?
The phenomenon that allowed average British colonists to spend money on goods and prove their respectability is known as conspicuous consumption.
Conspicuous consumption is a term coined by economist Thorstein Veblen in his book "The Theory of the Leisure Class." According to Veblen, it refers to the consumption of luxury goods and services for the purpose of displaying one's social status and wealth.
In the context of colonial America, conspicuous consumption allowed average British colonists to acquire and display luxury goods such as fine clothing, furniture, and housewares as a means of proving their respectability and social status. This was particularly important in a society where social class was rigidly defined and upward mobility was difficult.
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What role did alliances play for Germany in World War I?
Alliances played a significant role in Germany in World War I. Before the outbreak of the war, Germany had formed a military alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy, known as the Triple Alliance. This alliance was intended to provide mutual defence and support in a conflict with other European powers.
When the war broke out in 1914, Germany relied heavily on its alliance with Austria-Hungary to engage in a two-front war against Russia in the east and France and Britain in the west. Germany hoped to defeat France quickly before turning its full attention to Russia.
The alliances also helped to escalate the conflict, as each country felt obligated to support its allies and honour its treaties. This contributed to the rapid spread and intensification of the war, ultimately resulting in Germany's defeat and the Treaty of Versailles signing in 1919.
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Task 1 Mapping Ancient Civilizations
The world's oldest civilizations began in the Middle East, Egypt, India, and China. In this task, you will map the civilizations of South and East Asia. Open this blank map file and look at the maps for South Asia and China and then complete the following activities. Using the drawing tools, draw the outline of the Indus Valley Civilization in South Asia and the outline of the area occupied by the Shang Dynasty in China. Then shade in both areas. • Label important physical features on each of the maps. Be sure to include mountain ranges, rivers, deserts, oceans, and seas. • Include the major cities of both civilizations on your maps, labeling them and placing them in the proper location. Properly label the major cities of both regions on the maps. . To see a sample map and get some mapping tips, view this mapping guide. The tips Included in the mapping guide can be used as a reference but may not apply to all image or word processing programs. Your maps can be copied from their current file and pasted into the program you choose to use for completing this task. Save your map and upload it to dropbox.
Indus Valley Civilization - Rivers: Indus River, Saraswati River, Mountains - Himalayas, Karakoram, Deserts - Thar Desert - Major Cities: Harappa, Mohenjo Daro
Yellow River and Yangtze River, Kunlun Mountains and Qinling Mountains, Shang Dynasty the Gobi Desert, Erlitou and Anyang are major cities. This assignment is from a sixth-grade history lecture on the Ancient Indian Civilization. Using maps from their textbooks or the internet, students can pinpoint towns, canals, and other physical features in the area of Ancient India and its surroundings. Activities for colouring and identifying old world maps! This package contains a blank map of ancient India as well as a list of guidelines for labelling and customising the map. This Ancient India Map Coloring & Labeling Activity is a great way to complement your course. While researching India's geography and well-known landmarks.
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technological and scientific innovation greatly increased during world war ii, largely due to the .
Technological and scientific innovation greatly increased during World War II due to the increased need for efficient production and communication systems, as well as the mobilization of scientists and engineers to develop new technologies and strategies.
The war effort stimulated intense research into the development of aircraft, radar systems, computers, and even nuclear weapons.
In order to keep up with the progress of the war, the Allied forces used new production techniques such as assembly lines to quickly produce weapons and other equipment, while also developing advanced radar and communications technologies.
In addition, governments recruited leading scientists to focus on developing new technologies, such as the atomic bomb, to use against their enemies. These efforts created a wave of scientific and technological advancement that far exceeded anything seen before the war.
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discuss the origins of reconstruction, its challenges and achievements, and what led to the end of reconstruction.
The origins of Reconstruction began after the American Civil War (1861-1865). It was a period of rebuilding the country, focusing on improving the rights of African Americans, and restoring the former Confederate states to the Union.
Reconstruction was marked by several challenges, including a lack of consensus in Congress about the best path forward for African Americans, opposition from former Confederate states, and financial difficulties.
Despite these obstacles, Reconstruction brought about some major achievements, such as granting African Americans citizenship and the passage of the 14th Amendment.
Unfortunately, Reconstruction also saw the enactment of segregation laws in the South, and ultimately, the end of Reconstruction was caused by the Supreme Court’s decision in the 1883 Civil Rights Cases, which nullified the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
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When the national government needs
to pay $300 billion in interest
payments, this becomes known as
what?
A. burden of public spending
B. burden of public interest
C. burden of public debt
D. burden of public domain
Answer:
c. burden of public debt
Explanation:
The correct answer is C. burden of public debt. When the national government needs to pay interest on the debt it has accumulated, this is known as the burden of public debt.
Do agree with Barbara Jordan in creating a national community?
Do you disagree with Barbara Jordan with creating a national community?
Barbara Jordan has been accepted into the National Community.
Barbara Jordan, who is she?During her three terms in office, Jordan—one of the first African-American legislators elected from the South since 1898—was able to forge strong coalitions of support among her district's many ethnic groups. She said, "I am willing to work through any structure." "As long as my core values are upheld, I am not too rigid to bend.
The state's first minimum wage law, anti-discrimination provisions in business contracts, and the Texas Fair Employment Practices Commission were all passed thanks to the effective lobbying Jordan did as a legislator.
Jordan worked on the Democratic presidential campaign in addition to beginning her legal career. Later, she assisted in running a highly efficient.
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during the meiji restoration, fought to as fast as possible and as a result changed its significantly
During the Meiji Restoration, Japan fought to modernize as fast as possible and as a result changed its society, economy, and politics significantly.
What us Meiji Restoration?The Meiji Restoration began in 1868 when the Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown, and power was returned to the Emperor. Japan had been isolated from the world for centuries, and during this time, it had fallen behind in technology, industry, and military power. The new government was determined to catch up with the Western powers as quickly as possible.
Programes launched by Meiji government -The Meiji government launched an ambitious program of modernization, which included building railroads, telegraph lines, and modern factories. They also sent students and officials abroad to learn about Western technology, education, and government. The government abolished the samurai class and created a modern army and navy. They also instituted a new constitution that created a constitutional monarchy, with a parliament elected by the people.
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Which statement accurately describes the Russian military throughout WWI?
a. Their generals failed to defeat the Austrian army in any of their battles.
b. Their armies were short of war material due to insufficient industrialization.
c. Their navy controlled the sea passages allowing supplies to be sent to their
allies.
d. Their soldiers were heavily outnumbered in many of their battles against
Germany.
Answer:
b. Their armies were short of war material due to insufficient industrialization.
Explanation:
b. Their armies were short of war material due to insufficient industrialization.
Russia was relatively underdeveloped industrially compared to other major powers, such as Germany and Britain, which made it difficult for them to produce enough war material to adequately support their troops. This led to shortages of weapons, ammunition, and other supplies, which hampered the effectiveness of their armies on the battlefield.
The Russian military also faced other challenges during WWI, including poor leadership, outdated tactics, and internal political instability. However, it's important to note that the Russian army did have some successes during the war, including their initial advance into Austria-Hungary in 1914 and their victory over the Ottoman Empire in 1916.
why were multiple vertical columns needed to support the roofs of stone buildings in ancient egypt and greece?
In ancient Egypt and Greece, multiple vertical columns were needed to support the roofs of stone buildings due to their heavy weight and large size.
The columns provided support for the weight of the roof, as well as stability, which was especially important for large buildings.
To understand why multiple columns were needed, it is important to understand the structure of ancient stone buildings. The roofs were typically constructed from stone blocks, and were very large and heavy. The columns were needed to evenly distribute the weight of the roof and support its size.
The columns provided stability, helping to ensure that the roof wouldn’t collapse. In addition, the columns also created visual appeal, creating a sense of grandeur and majesty in the building.
Finally, the columns were necessary to maintain the structure of the roof, helping to ensure that it didn’t deteriorate over time. Overall, the columns provided structural support, stability, and visual appeal for ancient stone buildings.
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what river acts as a natural boundary between congo and congo republic?
Answer:
The Congo River (formerly the Zaire River). It’s the second largest river in Africa and is approximately 2,715 miles long.
at which battle did the us navy destroy a large portion of the japanese navy, thus eliminating the direct japanese threat to the us mainland?
The US Navy destroyed a large portion of the Japanese navy, thus eliminating the direct Japanese threat to the US mainland at the Battle of Midway.
The Battle of Midway was fought between the US and Japan in June 1942, and it is considered one of the most important naval battles of World War II. This battle was fought between June 4 and June 7, 1942, near Midway Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. The US Navy was able to defeat a larger Japanese fleet and sink four Japanese aircraft carriers, thereby turning the tide of the war in favor of the Allies.
This victory was a significant turning point in the Pacific War and marked the first major defeat of the Japanese Imperial Navy by the US Navy in World War II. It also removed the direct threat of the Japanese invasion of the US mainland.
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What’s the difference between the holocaust in the civil rights movement?
Holocaust and the Civil Rights Movement were significant historical events that involved discrimination and oppression of minority groups, they were distinct in terms of their time period, causes, actors, and consequences.
What are these diference?Consequences: The Holocaust resulted in the death of approximately six million Jews and millions of other minority groups, as well as significant destruction and displacement in Europe. The Civil Rights Movement led to significant changes in U.S. laws and policies, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which helped to reduce racial discrimination and promote equal opportunities for African Americans.
Time period and context: The Holocaust took place during World War II in Europe (1939-1945) and was primarily a result of Nazi Germany's systematic genocide of Jews and other minority groups. The Civil Rights Movement, on the other hand, took place in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s and was a struggle for equal rights and opportunities for African Americans.
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in 1975 the education of all handicapped children act stipulated that children with special needs must be educated in the:
In 1975, the Education of All Handicapped Children Act established that children with special needs should be educated in the “least restrictive environment” possible, meaning they should be integrated into regular classrooms to the maximum extent possible without negatively affecting their education.
This Act was passed to ensure that all children, regardless of their disabilities, have access to a free and appropriate public education. The Education of All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) of 1975 was signed into law by President Gerald Ford. The law aimed to provide equal educational opportunities for children with disabilities. This act is now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
IDEA mandates that children with disabilities be educated in the least restrictive environment (LRE) that is appropriate for their educational needs. That means that students with disabilities are not placed in special education classrooms unless it is necessary. Students with disabilities must be placed in the same classrooms as their peers to the maximum extent possible. If a student with disabilities cannot receive an appropriate education in a general classroom, IDEA provides for a range of alternative placements.
These alternative placements include: separate classrooms, schools for students with disabilities, residential facilities, and home instruction. IDEA also requires that schools provide related services, such as physical therapy or counseling, to students with disabilities that need them. In conclusion, in 1975 the Education of All Handicapped Children Act established that children with special needs should be educated in the least restrictive environment possible.
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act mandates that children with disabilities be educated in the least restrictive environment that is appropriate for their educational needs. If a student with disabilities cannot receive an appropriate education in a general classroom, IDEA provides for a range of alternative placements.
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why did conflict between new england settlers and the regions native americans escalate over the course of the eighteenth century
The colonists' attempts to transform the Native Americans infuriated them, and they opposed them. The colonists were incensed by their unwillingness to adopt European culture, and confrontations between the two groups quickly erupted.
A rapidly expanding population required more land to maintain it, which in turn led to conflicts between local populations and newcomers that grew worse in the seventeenth century throughout the New World. The battles that erupted throughout this century were also influenced by the need for more food and shelter as well as the trade linked with these demands, which led to expanding trade and transportation networks.
The abuse of Native People and their slavery increased as Europeans tried to fulfil their insatiable need for more and more territory. The Indian nations frequently quarrelled with one another about whether or not to form alliances with the newcomers. Even the much-heralded pact of peace, which was preserved for forty years, was really the product of a mixture of Puritans expanding their influence and using Native American ties to assure their safety, as well as Native Americans employing Protestant weaponry for security.
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What is 5 difference of Stalin hitler and Mussolini
Answer: Answer is below <3
Explanation:
1. Joseph Stalin was a dictator of the Soviets and Benito Mussolini was a dictator of Italy prior to WW2.
2. Stalinism had an ideology that existed independently of Stalin, but for Nazism, "Hitler was ideological orthodoxy", and Nazi ideals were by definition whatever Hitler said they were.
3. In Stalinism, the bureaucratic apparatus was the foundation of the system, while in Nazism, the person of the leader was the foundation.
4. Notable examples of totalitarian states include Italy under Benito Mussolini, the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler
5. Stalin was part of the communist party, but Hitler was the leader of the Nazi party.
Write a paragraph here that explains how this particular country achieved freedom—making sure to include the how, what, when, where, why! What has happened in the period of time since then? (20 points) country: guinea
After slavery, the lives of African Americans in the South were transformed. Slavery's brutalities and indignities—sexual assaults, whippings, forced relocation of family members, and education denial—were long gone.
Which nation gained independence without the use of violence?It would be the division of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The separation has been dubbed a "Velvet Divorce," a reference to the 1989 "Velvet Revolution," which resulted in the formation of a democratic government and the end of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia's rule.
Norway and Sweden would be two more examples. The peaceful independence of Norway serves as a model for contemporary conflicts.
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what caused the negative response to impressionism by contemporary audiences in the nineteenth century?