Answer:
It is necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate in mammals and birds to maintain their body temperature. Also, if they both are mixed, the blood will get impure and it would be difficult for the heart to supply impure blood. We also can't live with impure blood so we most probably will die.
In chickens, a condition referred to as "creeper" exists whereby the bird has very short legs and wings, and appears to be creeping when it walks. If creepers are bred to normal chickens, one-half of the offspring are normal and one-half are creepers. Creepers never breed true. If bred together, they yield two-thirds creepers and one-third normal. Propose an explanation for the inheritance of this condition.
Answer Explanation:
Due to technical difficulties, the answer and explanation for this problem are available in the attached file.
Mendel crossed two plants that were heterozygous for the trait of flower color. Which genotypes could he have used to represent the cross?
PP ´ PP
Pp ´ Pp
pp ´ pp
Pp ´ PP
heterozygous means it is not the same gene expression
so both are
Pp'Pp
the second one
The genotypes that he could have used to represent the cross between two heterozygous individuals is: Pp ´ Pp
WHAT IS HETEROZYGOUS CROSS:Heterozygous cross is a cross between two individuals in which the genotype of both contains different alleles of a gene. According to this question, Mendel crossed two plants that were heterozygous for the trait of flower color. The alleles of flower color are P (purple) and p (white). This means that a heterozygous genotype will be Pp.Therefore, the genotypes that he could have used to represent the cross between two heterozygous individuals is: Pp ´ Pp
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Consider a pendulum swinging. Which type(s) of energy is/are associated with the pendulum in the
following instances:_________.
1. the moment at which it completes one cycle, just before it begins to fall back towards the other end
2. the moment that it is in the middle between the two ends
3. just before it reaches the end of one cycle (before step 1
a.
1. potential and kinetic
2. potential and kinetic
3. kinetic
b.
1. potential
2. potential and kinetic
3. potential and kinetic
c.
1. potential
2. kinetic
3. potential and kinetic
d.
1. potential and kinetic
2. kinetic
3. kinetic
Answer:
1 - Potential 2 - Kinetic 3 - Potential and Kinetic
Explanation:
Potential energy is the energy that an object has when it has a certain amount of elevation from the ground level and to calculate it, we can multiply the mass of the object with the gravitational acceleration constant.
hKinetic energy is the energy that the object has when it has a speed above zero, when it is moving. We can calculate the kinetic energy by multiplying the mass of the object with it's speed.
In the first option, the pendulum has a height because it is just about to fall down, but it has no speed. So it only has potential energy.
In the second option, the pendulum is between the two ends so it is at the equilibrium point where it has no elevation but it has speed. So İt only has kinetic energy.
In the third option, the pendulum is still moving to the maximum height, so it has both elevation and speed, giving it both kinetic and potential energy.
I hope this answer helps.
How is the endosymbiosis theory used to support the emergence of eukaryota
Answer:
The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is circular, not linear.
Answer:
tho mpal u moan nice not lock yt?
The muscle that originates on the sacrum and transverse process of each vertebra and inserts on the spinous process of the third or fourth more superior vertebra is the ________ muscle.
Answer:
The muscle that originates on the sacrum and transverse process of each vertebra and inserts on the spinous process of the third or fourth more superior vertebra is the Longissimus muscle
Explanation:
The Longissimus is a group made of three muscles: longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis and longissimus thoracis. It has the length of the vertebral column.
It is placed in the back, and as the statement says, it originates on the sacrum and transverse of each vertebra. Each of them originates at the transverse elements and insert in the costal ones.
In the process of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down into simpler compounds. Respiration is carried on in the presence (aerobic) or absence (anaerobic) of free oxygen.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
a. True
Explanation:
Cellular Respiration is the process by which cells of all living organisms obtain the required energy for their metabolic activities. Respiration is a catabolic process whereby glucose is broken down to release Its high energy and used to synthesize a usable form of energy by the cell (ATP).
Cellular respiration occurs in living cells with oxygen (aerobic) or without oxygen (anaerobic). In aerobic respiration, three processes viz: Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation are involved. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the Electron transport chain of the Oxidative phosphorylation.
On the other hand, anaerobic respiration is employed by certain bacteria in the absence of oxygen. In anaerobic respiration, another final electron acceptor is used other than oxygen.
Both processes yield Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Your mom has started complaining to you about her varicose veins and is thinking about surgery. What true information could you tell about varicose veins?
Answer:
One very true and essential information to know about varicose veins is that there is often re-occurrence following after surgery.
Explanation:
Varicose veins are a group of large, benign, twisted, and superficial veins on the skin surface. They may come with no side effect in some sufferer (asides from the physical appearance), and can cause chronic pain and discomfort in others, usually pointing to an underlying circulatory problem. Varicose veins are caused by damaged or weak valves in the veins, and complications like bleeding might occur. Some people with the risk of developing this disease are obese people, people with genetic tendencies, and usually pregnant women. Treatment methods includes compression stocking, a lifestyle change, and some medical procedures like surgery. After surgery, there is usually re-occurrence.
Adaptive immunity comprises two branches: humoral immunity and cellular immunity. What are the characteristics of each of the two arms of the adaptive defense system
Answer:
Adaptive or acquired immunity is that we acquire throughout our lives through vaccines (active), breast milk (passive) or injection of specific artificial or natural antibodies to a certain pathogen (passive).
The two great arms of this immunity are the humoral and the cellular.
The humoral refers to the cytokines and immunomodulatory molecules that are responsible for transmitting fundamental messages between defense cells in order to coordinate the destruction of the pathogen between them.
Instead, cellular immunity speaks about cell lineage such as b, t, tcd4 lymphocytes, natural killers, plasmacytes, etc.
It can be said that the humoral factor is the one that coordinates the pathways and the relationships between the cells of the acquired immunity, both are important because the two need each other for adaptive immunity to work.
Explanation:
Examples of the humoral factor: pro and anti inflammatory cytokines, interleukins, complement chain, antibodies, TNF alpha, beta, etc.
Examples of cellular factor: plasmacyst, b lymphocyte, t lymphocyte, NT lymphocyte
ASAP Mitosis and Meiosis have all of the following in common, except: A. Both duplicate their DNA first B. Both result in cell division C. Both have chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell D. Both result in genetically identical daughter cells
Answer:
D
Explanation:
they both produce daughter haploid cells.
Mitosis and Meiosis have all of the following in common, except both results in genetically identical daughter cells. Thus, the correct option is D.
What is Meiosis?Meiosis may be defined as the type of cell division that forms four daughter cells that are haploid in nature from a parental cell. It is also known as reductional division.
The common methods of both types of cell division are both duplicate their DNA first, both result in cell division, and both have chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
Mitosis is only the type of cell division that results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells.
Therefore, the correct option for this question is D.
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What would be the functional problems that would be experienced by a person in which the fiber tracts listed below have been cut. As part of your description give an example of an everyday event or activity and how it would be affected if the given tract was cut. Type your answers by number in the response box. 1. Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathways 2. Anterolateral pathways 3. Spinocerebellar tracts 4. Pyramidal tracts
1. Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathways - It would prevent the body from receiving stimuli related to pain and temperature: Corresponds to sensory pathways related to an organism's proprioceptive awareness. It is through these pathways that sensory stimuli and electrical impulses are transmitted from the body to the brain resulting in the display of quick and efficient responses. If cut, the individual would not be successful in receiving stimuli related to pain and temperature.
2. Anterolateral pathways - It would also prevent the sensation of pain and temperature, in addition to hindering the perception of touch and pressure: Located in the anterior part of the lateral column, this pathway is responsible for the transmission of nociceptive information, generally related to pain awareness. and temperature. Its cut would not only make it difficult to transmit these factors, but it would also make it difficult to transmit extroceptive information to the cortex.
3. Spinocerebellar pathways - would hinder information about the position of body members and joints: This pathway is located between the spinal cord and the ipsilaterally in the cerebellum. It consists of thousands of axonal fibers whose main function is to transmit information about the location of the body members, arms and legs, in addition to their joints. Its cut would make it difficult, or even prevent this information from being captured by the brain.
4. Pyramidal pathways - It would prevent the union of the cerebral cortex to the motor neurons of the spinal cord: It is formed by several axons that extend between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord passing motor information that would be interrupted if the path was cut.
The Functional problems to be experienced when each fiber tracts is cut ;
1) Inability of to feel pain and temperature stimulus
2) Inability to perceive touch and pressure by the person
3) Inability to determine position of body organs like hands and legs
4) Prevention of the unionization of the cerebral cortex and the motor neurons
Every Fiber tract found in the human body system play a vital role in the overall functioning of the human therefore when any of the fiber tract is mutilated ( cut ) it presents some functional problems to the body.
When Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathways is cut It would prevent the human body from receiving pain and temperature stimulus.
When Anterolateral pathways is cut the functional problem experienced is Inability to perceive touch and pressure by the person
When Spinocerebellar tracts are cut the individual will experience the Inability to determine position of body organs like hands and legs
When Pyramidal tracts are cut the functional problem experienced is the Prevention of the unionization of the cerebral cortex and the motor neurons located in the spinal cords
Hence we can conclude that the answers to your question are as mentioned above.
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Transcribe and translate the following strand.
CGTACGGGCAGGATCGGCGAACTGGA
Transcription: 1
(The answer for transcription must be in all caps; example: AAAAAAA)
Translation:
(The answer for translation must be in the following format: first letter capitalized and each amino
acid separated by a hyphen; example: Met-Met-Met-Met)
Second Base of mRNA Codon
С
A
G
UUU Phe
UUC Phe
UUA Leu
UUG Leu
UCU Ser
UCC Ser
UCA Ser
UCG Ser
UAU Tyr UGU Cys
UAC Тут UGC Cys
С
UAA STOPUGA STOPA
UAG STOP UGG Trp
CUU LCI
CUC Leu
CỦA LcU
CƯ Leu
CCU Pro
CCC Pro
CCA Pro
CCG Pro
CAU His
CAC His
CAA Gln
CAG Gln
CGU Ang
CGC Arg
CGA Arg
CGG Arg
First Base of mRNA Codon
Third Base of mRNA Codon
AUU Te
AUC le
AUA Ile
AUG Met
ACU Thr
ACC Thr
ACA Thr
ACG Thr
AAU Asn
AAC Asn
AAA Lys
AAG Lys
AGU Ser
AGC Ser
AGA Arg
AGG Arg
G
GUU Val
GUC Val
GUA Val
GUG Val
GCU Ala
GCC Ala
GCA Ala
GCG Ala
GAU Asp
GAC Asp
GAA Glu
GAG Glu
GGU Gly
GGC Gly
GGA Gly
GGG Gly
Pon-90A
Answer:
AAC Asn
AAA Lys
AAG Lys
AGU Ser
AGC Ser
AGA Arg
AGG Arg
G
GUU Val
GUC Val
GUA Val
GUG Val
GCU Ala
G
Two students performed the same experiment, testing how far iodine will diffuse through starchy tissue, such as potatoes. They cut 5 potato squares each, all of equal sizes, and placed them into small cups with iodine solution for 15 minutes. Then they measured how far from the edge of the potato the iodine diffused into the potatoes, in millimeters
Distance Diffused (mm)
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
Student 1 3.25 3.17 3.26 3.64 3.44
Student 2 3.14 3.43 3.22 3.37 3.28
What is the range of student 1's results?
A. 3.35
B. 0.29
C.0.47
D. 3.29
Answer:
0.19
Explanation:
3.44-3.25 = 0.19
Is B supposted to be 0.29 or 0.19?
The the range of student 1's results is 0.47. The correct option is C.
What is testing?An experiment is a test in which a system's component is changed to examine how the result is affected.
In order to determine the exact source of the experimental outcomes, tests should ideally involve manipulating as many additional variables as possible.
The process of scientific testing is determining what we would expect to see if a theory were true and contrasting it with what we actually see.
Through testing and experimentation, the scientific method establishes facts in an unbiased manner.
Making an observation, formulating a hypothesis, making a prediction, carrying out an experiment, and then evaluating the findings are the fundamental steps.
The range of student 1’s result is equal to = 3.64 - 3.17 = = 0.47
Thus, the correct option is C.
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Which of the following tissues would NOT be found in fibrovascular bundles?
Answer:
Phloem cells are hollow and nonliving, and they form a continuous pipeline that transports sugars.
hope this answer is correct ...
Respond to the following based on your reading
1. are chemical messengers secreted by glands.
2. Exocrine glands, such as sweat glands, secrete fluids through ducts.
glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
3. The gland plays an important role in puberty and growth
4 Epinephrine, triggering the "fight or flight response, is produced by the
glands, which sit on top of the kidneys.
5. Most glands that secrete hormones operate using feedback mechanisms.
When hormone concentrations are high, the gland will produce
of
the hormone
6. Many cells produce chemicals called hormone-Eke substances that
impact inflammation and reproduction
7. The gland that helps regulate growth, body temperature, and the level of
calcium in the blood is called the
8. Describe the function and compare steroidal and nonsteroidal hormones. How
does each type of hormone interact with the cell? What other molecules are
required for or involved in their function?
Answer:
1. hormones
2. endocrine glands
3. pituitary
4. adrenal glands
5. fewer amounts of the hormone
6. parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH)
7. the thyroid and parathyroid glands
8. Steroid hormones are produced from cholesterol, while nonsteroid hormones are produced from amino acids.
Explanation:
Hormones are signaling molecules secreted by the body to control cellular activities The endocrine glands are glands that don't have ducts to carry their secreted products (hormones) to the surface. Endocrine glands include the hypothalamus, ovaries, testes, pancreas, adrenal glands, parathyroid glands, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thymus and thyroid glands. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes many hormones into the bloodstream, which are capable of controlling the functioning of other organs and glands. During the puberty stage, this gland secretes LH and FSH gonadotropin hormones that affect male and female gonads in order to activate the production of sex hormones. The adrenal glands secrete cortisol, which is known as the stress hormone. These glands also produce adrenaline which regulates visceral functions such as, for example, respiration. The parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH) is generated by epithelial cells and plays important roles in fetal and adult tissues, (i.e., cell proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis). The thyroid gland regulates body temperature, while parathyroid glands control the calcium level in the blood by secreting the parathyroid hormone (PTH). Steroid hormones are lipidic hormones known to bind steroid receptors and they can easily cross the cell membrane, while non-steroid hormones cannot diffuse across the cell membranes and they are secreted by the endocrine system.
A scientist is observing cells undergoing division and identifies a cell that contains 15 pairs of homologous chromosomes. However, a new technique allows the scientist to determine that several of the chromosomes have exchanged pieces of genetic material with their homolog. The scientist now knows that which of the following is true?
A. The cell is in mitosis and has just completed crossing over
B. The cell is in meiosis II and is ready to complete the second division over
C. The cell is in meiosis and has just undergone crossing
D. The cell is in late anaphase of mitosis
Answer:
B. The cell is in meiosis II and is ready to complete the second division over.
Explanation:
Hope it helps.
Art-Labeling Activity: Components of blood.
Explanation:
Blood is a specialized body fluid. It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
what is a type of emigration where offspring move
away from their parents.
Answer:Dispersal
Explanation: This refers to offspring moving away from their parents. This prevents the offspring from competing with the parents for resources such as light or water. For example, dandelion seeds have “parachutes.” They allow the wind to carry the seeds far from the parents
At birth,the skin is covered by
Answer:
Vernix Caseosa
Explanation:
it's a waxy white substance that covers the babies skin.
Answer:
The skin is covered by VERNIX CASEOSA.
Explanation:
A waxy cheese like white substance.
This is produced by dedicated cells and have some protective roles during fetal development.
You are the microbiologist in charge of reading the Gram stain for this case. You observe Gram positive cocci, epithelial cells, and neutrophils. List at least two genera of clinically significant bacteria that are consistent with your observations.
Answer:
The genera include...
Mycobacterium
Actinomyces.
Explanation:
The genera Actinomyces and mycobacterium show significant observation of gram positive bacteria because they test positive and give a violet or purple color under microscope when the undergo gram staining which is which uses crystal violet due. They are able to retain the violet color due to their posses of thick peptidoglylcan cell wall.
Actinomyces spp. Of the general actinomyces play an important role in soil ecology, and some species are human pathogens that cause diseases.
Mycobacterium genera example is bacilli which is covered with a mycolic acid coat. This waxy coat protects the bacteria from antibiotics, prevents them from destruction and hinder the penetration by Gram stain reagents. They cause different infectious diseases in humans.
In imaginary fruit, white fruit color (W) is dominant over yellow fruit color (w) and disk-shaped fruit (D) is dominant over sphere-shaped fruit (d). If a plant true-breeding for white, disk-shaped fruit is crossed with a plant true-breeding for yellow, sphere-shaped fruit, what will the phenotypic ratios be for: Show all work
Answer:
See the answer below
Explanation:
Genotype of a true-breeding white, disk-shaped fruit = WWDD
Genotype of a true-breeding yellow, sphere-shaped fruit = wwdd
Crossing the two:
WWDD x wwdd
WwDd
All the offspring (100%) will have the genotype WwDd with white, disk-shaped phenotype.
Assuming the cross is advanced to F2:
WwDd x WwDd
W_D_ 9 White, disk-shaped (9/16)
W_dd 3 White, sphere-shaped (3/16)
wwD_ 3 Yellow, disk-shaped (3/16)
wwdd 1 Yellow, sphere-shaped (1/16)
(See the attached image for the Punnet's square)
So far, we have examined a cell that does not undergo crossing over. What is true about such a cell?
b. It will produce a limited variety of gametes with certain alleles being always passed on together.
Crossing over is a process that happens during meiosis, where the 23 chromosomes from the mother mixes with the 23 from the dad, creating an individual with an unique combination of genes. The only chromosome that does not do crossing over is the chromosome Y, because it is too different from his counterpart, the chromosome X.
The diagram shows two charged objects, A and B.
Based on the field lines, what are the charges of the
objects?
3
A: positive
B: negative
O A: negative
B: positive
O A negative
B: negative
OA: positive
B: positive
A
B)
AR
NAL
Save and Fit
Answer:
A: positive
B: negative
Explanation:
Hope it helps.
Answer
A is positve and B is negitive
Explanation:
Approximately how much methane does one cow produce per year? How does the greenhouse gas warming effect of methane compare to carbon dioxide? Describe the organisms that digest and ferment the hay inside of the cow’s stomach? How are scientists reducing the amount of methane released from cows?
Answer:
Cattle and other ruminants are significant producers of the greenhouse gas methane—contributing 37 percent of the methane emissions resulting from human activity. A single cow on average produces between 70 and 120 kg of methane per year and, worldwide, there are about 1.5 billion cattle.
While carbon dioxide is typically painted as the bad boy of greenhouse gases, methane is roughly 30 times more potent as a heat-trapping gas. ... As temperatures rise, the relative increase of methane emissions will outpace that of carbon dioxide from these sources, the researchers report.
The cow's rumen is like a large fermentation vat. More than 200 different bacteria and 20 types of protozoa help the cow to utilize fibrous feedstuffs and non-protein nitrogen sources. ... Bacteria adhere to the feed and gradually digest the fermentable material.
“You can probably reduce methane by about 20-25% by altering diet,” he says. One study by researchers at the University of California, Davis, estimated it might be possible to reduce global methane emissions from cows by 15% by changing their diet.
Explanation:
Hope it helps.
Place in correct order the following steps in the process of appositional growth of cartilage. a: New matrix is produced and secreted. b: Chondrocytes differentiate, each in its own lacuna. c: Stem cells undergo mitosis. d: Committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts.
Answer:
c: stem cells mitosis stem.
d: the compromised cells differentiate into chondroblasts.
a: New matrix is produced and secreted.
b: Chondrocytes differ, each in its own gap.
Explanation:
The appositional growth of cartilage occurs in an appositional order, thus generating these cartilage structures to give future bone structures or mature cartilages themselves.
In the cartilage of growth of long bones this process happens.
Chondroblasts are differentiated cells that can form the extracellular matrix, and chondrocytes would be the mature form of these that are submerged in their MEC once they reach the secretion limit.
The constant cartilage of cellular, mineral and organic structures, with organic compounds predominating (almost 80 percent are collagen fibers, proteoglycans and glycoproteins), that is why this tissue has a certain elasticity.
Weight loss is a common goal among many aduls, and losing woight can be very difficult. There are countiess approaches to consider, but an often-overlooked area is the role of an individuals evironment. Environmental factors can be a good place to start for people looking to Iose weight or prevent weight gain. Which of these statements describe environmental factors that can make it difficult for an individual to loose weight or maintain weight loss?
to lose weight or meintain weight loss?
a. decreased portions sizes in restaurarts and movie theaters.
b. increased use of personal vehicles, telephones, and computers.
c. increased number of meals eaten outside the home
Answer:
c. increased number of meals eaten outside the home
Explanation:
Environment is the surrounding of living organism, where he gets to survive by meeting its needs.
Environmental factors are factors in the environment that are associated to growth and development example is temperature.
The environment an individual stays have a great influence on the physical expression and character of the individual.
For a fat person the environment had played out his role which should be controlled to achieve a significant weight loss. Increasing number of meals eaten outside the house is one major factor that would not allow such individual to loose weight. Intake of food should be greatly controlled and watched to achieve weight loss.
A phosphodiester bond is used to: A. join two glucose molecules. B. join two nucleotides into a polynucleotide. C. join glycerol to fatty acids. D. join two amino acids into a polypeptide.
To join two nucleotide in a polynucleotide, phosphodiester bond is used. The correct option is B.
What is phosphodiester bond?A bond formed by a sugar group and a phosphate group; these bonds make up the sugar-phosphate-sugar backbone of DNA and RNA.
A diester bond connects two different nucleotides to form the nucleotide polymers DNA and RNA.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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2. What can you conclude from your results about the relative effectiveness of antiseptics vs. disinfectants in preventing the growth of E. coli
Answer:
Efficacy o disinfectant is relatively greater than that of antiseptics
Explanation:
Most of the reason has to do with the fact that antiseptics are made in a mild form so as to not harm human tissue, while disinfectants are more concentrated and ought to be applied directly to surfaces in order to sanitize them.
What would cause antibodies to attack the cells of the body?
Answer:
In autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, people produce antibodies that stick to their body's own proteins and attack healthy cells.
Explanation:
Which statement is best supported by the data in the graph? A graph entitled Number of people living with H I V, number of people newly infected with H I V and number of AIDS deaths worldwide from 1990 to 2008 in millions is shown. Year is on the horizontal axis and number of people is on the vertical axis. The number of people living with H I V steadily increases over the years. The number of people newly infected increased from 1990 to 1996 and then began to decrease. The number of deaths due to AIDS increased from 1990 to 2002, and then began to level off and decrease. Since 2000, there has been an increase in the number of people living with HIV, but a decrease in the number of people newly infected with HIV. Since 1990, both the number of new HIV infections and the number of deaths due to AIDS has consistently increased. The life span of a person living with HIV has become shorter. Twice as many people were living with HIV in 2008 than in 2000.
Answer: A. Since 2000, there has been an increase in the number of people living with HIV, but a decrease in the number of people newly infected with HIV.
Explanation:
The statement "Since 2000, there has been an increase in the number of people living with HIV, but a decrease in the number of people newly infected with HIV" best supported by the data in the graph. Hence, option A is correct.
What is HIV?The virus known as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) targets the immune system of the body. HIV can cause AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) if it is not treated. Right now, there is no efficient treatment.
Nevertheless, since 1996, there have been fewer new infections. For this reason, we can assume that if we look at the year 2000, we will observe that there was a rise in the number of HIV-positive persons but a decline in the number of HIV-positive people.
Therefore, since 2000, there has been an increase in the number of people living with HIV, but a decrease in the number of people newly infected with HIV.
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The given question is incomplete, so the most probable image of the question is attached below.
Compare and contrast the contributions of Neel, Pauling, and Ingram to our understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of sickle cell disease (SCD).
He demonstrated that SCD and sickle cell trait were due to the presence of abnormal 8-globin polypeptides in red blood cells. He demonstrated that the electrophhoretic mobility of B-globin from patients with SCD was different from that of healthy individuals. He demonstrated that both parents of multiple patients with SCD had low levels of sickled red blood cells. He hypothesized that SCD was a recessive trait and that the parents of patients with SCD would be heterozygous carriers. He demonstrated that the difference between B-globin polypeptides in individuals who were healthy and those with SCD is an amino acid substitution. He performed a peptide fingerprint analysis on B-globin from individuals with 84 84 and 89 88, which identified the segment of B-globin that was changed by the BS mutation. James Neel Linus Pauling Vernon Ingram
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