wire of initial length l0 and radius r0 has a measured resistance of 1.0 . the wire is drawn under tensile stress to a new uniform radius of r 0.25r0. what is the new resistance of the wire

A steam engine ( Carnot engine ) has an efficiency of 73%. If the waste heat has a temperature of 24◦C, the temperature of the boiler is 827.41°C.

Both 121°C (250°F) and 132°C (270°F) are commonly used steam sterilising temperatures. For a short period of time, these temperatures (and other high temperatures) must be held in order to destroy microbes.

efficiency = 1 - (Temp_cold / Temp_hot)

Temp_cold = 24°C + 273.15 = 297.15 K

efficiency of 73%.=  .73

Tem_hot = T_cold / (1 - efficiency)= 297.15 K / (1 - 0.73)

Tem_hot = 1100.56 K

Finally, by deducting 273.15, we may change the temperature of the hot reservoir back to Celsius:

Tem_hot = 1100.56 K - 273.15 = 827.41°C

hence, he temperature of the boiler is 827.41°C.

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The distribution of cones at the point of image formation is crucial in resolving two point sources

To resolve two point sources, a distribution of cones must occur where the image strikes the retina. Cones are responsible for color vision and high acuity vision, making them essential for resolving fine details such as two point sources.

In order for the brain to distinguish between two closely spaced points, each point must stimulate different cones. This can be achieved by having a distribution of cones at the point of image formation.

The cones should be spaced closely together to ensure that each point is detected by separate cones. The density of cones in the fovea, the area of the retina responsible for high acuity vision, is highest, allowing for the greatest resolution of point sources. .

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The crater on the moon will be more well-preserved than the crater on the Earth.

The main reason for this is the lack of atmosphere on the moon. On Earth, the atmosphere absorbs some of the energy from the impact, reducing the severity of the crater. Additionally, erosion from wind and water can also affect the appearance of the crater on Earth. On the moon, however, there is no atmosphere to absorb the energy from the impact, so the crater will retain its original shape and size for a longer period of time.

The moon also lacks the same degree of erosion processes as Earth. As a result, the craters formed on the moon are often well-preserved and can be used to study the history of impacts on the lunar surface.

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When the air expands

(a) The mass of the air is approximately 0.135 kg.

(b) The temperature change during the process is approximately -45.2 °C.

(c) The entropy change during the process is approximately -0.102 kJ/(K kg).

(d) The air loses entropy during this process.

(a) What is the mass of the air?

To determine the mass of air, we need to use the specific volume of air at the initial conditions:

v1 = V/m = 0.00878 m^3/kg

We can use the ideal gas law to find the specific volume at the final conditions:

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

where P1 = 280 kPa, T1 = 60°C + 273.15 = 333.15 K, P2 = 140 kPa, and V1 = 0.00878 m^3.

Solving for V2 gives:

V2 = V1(P1/P2)(T2/T1) = 0.01756 m^3/kg

The change in specific volume is:

Δv = V2 - V1 = 0.00878 m^3/kg

The work done on the system is given by:

W = mΔu = m(c_v ΔT) = 30 kJ/kg

where c_v is the specific heat at constant volume.

The heat removed from the system is given by:

Q = mΔh = m(c_p ΔT) = -14 kJ/kg

where c_p is the specific heat at constant pressure.

Using the specific heats of air, we can solve for the mass:

m = Q/(c_p ΔT) = -14/(1005 ΔT) = W/(c_v ΔT) = 30/(717 ΔT)

Solving for ΔT, we find:

ΔT = -14/(1005m) = 30/(717m)

Substituting the first equation into the second equation, we get:

ΔT = -14/(1005(30/(717ΔT))) = 30/(717(30/(717ΔT)))

Solving for ΔT gives:

ΔT = -0.041 K

Therefore, the mass of air is:

m = Q/(c_p ΔT) = -14/(1005(-0.041)) = 0.337 kg

(b) What is the temperature change during this process?

The temperature change during this process is ΔT = -0.041 K.

(c) What is the entropy change during this process?

The entropy change during this process can be calculated using the equation:

ΔS = (Q/T) + (W/T)

where T is the temperature in Kelvin.

Substituting the given values, we get:

ΔS = (-14/333.15) + (30/333.15) = 0.069 J/K

Therefore, the entropy change during this process is 0.069 J/K.

(d) Does the air gain or lose entropy during this process?

The air gains entropy during this process because ΔS is positive.

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When measuring the pendulum period, the interface should measure the time between two adjacent blocks of the photogate. This method is used because it accurately captures the time taken for the pendulum to complete one full oscillation.

The photogate is an optical device that detects the interruption of a light beam by the pendulum bob. As the pendulum swings, it passes through the photogate and blocks the light, triggering a timing event. When the pendulum returns and blocks the light again, another timing event is triggered.

Measuring the time between these two adjacent blocks allows the interface to determine the time taken for one complete oscillation (from one extreme to the other and back). This method is reliable and precise, as it directly measures the time it takes for the pendulum to cover its full path, which is the definition of its period.

Other measurement techniques, such as recording the time of multiple oscillations and dividing by the number of cycles, can also be used. However, using the time between adjacent blocks of the photogate provides a more direct and accurate measurement of the pendulum period.

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False. Here is a step-by-step explanation:

1) Relative dating methods and absolute dating methods are two types of techniques used by geologists to determine the age of rocks and fossils.

2) Relative dating methods involve the study of the relationships between different geological formations and the relative order in which they were formed.

3) Absolute dating methods use radiometric techniques to determine the age of a rock or fossil based on the decay rate of radioactive isotopes.

4) Modern geologists use both relative and absolute dating methods, depending on the specific research question and the available data.

5) Relative dating methods are often used to establish a chronological framework for a geological sequence, based on the order in which events occurred.

6) For example, relative dating can be used to determine which geological events came first, second, third, and so on, in a particular area.

7) Absolute dating methods, on the other hand, are used to assign an actual age to a rock or fossil.

8) Absolute dating methods are generally more precise than relative dating methods, but they require the use of specialized equipment and techniques.

9) In many cases, geologists use both relative and absolute dating methods to establish a comprehensive understanding of the geologic history of a particular area.

10) Therefore, the statement that modern geologists have abandoned relative dating methods in favor of more precise absolute dating methods is false, as both methods are still widely used in the field of geology.

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The period between maximum sunspot numbers is roughly half the length of the full solar cycle.

To understand the difference between the period between maximum sunspot numbers and the period of the full solar cycle. The period between maximum sunspot numbers refers to the time it takes for sunspot activity to reach its peak levels, and then decrease back to minimum levels. This period is approximately 11 years.

The full solar cycle, on the other hand, is the time it takes for the sun's magnetic field to complete a full cycle, which includes both increasing and decreasing sunspot activity. This period is approximately 22 years.

In summary, the period between maximum sunspot numbers focuses on the time it takes for sunspot activity to reach its peak and then decrease, while the full solar cycle considers the entire process of the sun's magnetic field cycle. The period between maximum sunspot numbers is roughly half the length of the full solar cycle.

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To calculate the power, in diopters, of eyeglasses that will correct vision when held 1.50 cm from the eyes, you need to know the individual's refractive error in diopters.

Refractive error refers to the degree of near sightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), or astigmatism that an individual has. This value is typically measured by an optometrist or ophthalmologist using a phoropter.

Once the refractive error is known, the power of the corrective eyeglasses can be determined by dividing the refractive error by the distance (in meters) between the glasses and the eyes. In this case, since the glasses are held 1.50 cm from the eyes, the distance in meters would be 0.015 meters.

For example, if the individual has a refractive error of -2.00 diopters, the power of the corrective eyeglasses when held 1.50 cm from the eyes would be -2.00 / 0.015 = -133.33 diopters.

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The initial speed of the first ball was approximately 14.7 m/s.

When the first ball is thrown straight up, it will follow a path determined by the acceleration due to gravity, which is constant at -9.8 m/s². Using the kinematic equation d = vit + 1/2at², we can calculate the height the ball reaches in 1 second:

Since the ball was thrown from a height of 20 meters, its maximum height can be found by subtracting the initial height from the height reached:

When the ball falls back down to the ground, it will cover the same distance as the second ball that was dropped from the roof:

Using the kinematic equation v² = u² + 2as and substituting the known values, we can solve for the initial velocity of the first ball:

Since the velocity is negative, it means that the ball is moving downwards. Therefore, the initial speed of the first ball was approximately 14.7 m/s.

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Based on its appearance in the visible-light view, M82 is classified as an irregular galaxy.

A galaxy is a vast collection of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter that are held together by gravity. Galaxies come in many different shapes and sizes, and they can contain anywhere from a few million to hundreds of billions of stars.

Based on its appearance in the visible-light view, M82 is an irregular galaxy. It has a distorted, asymmetric shape and lacks the clear spiral or elliptical structure that defines those types of galaxies. Its irregular shape suggests that it has experienced some kind of disturbance or interaction with other galaxies in the past.

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The temperature at the center of the protostar would generally increase with time as it undergoes gravitational collapse.

When a cloud of gas and dust collapses under its own gravity, it releases potential energy, which is converted into thermal energy. This thermal energy causes the temperature at the center of the protostar to increase as the density of the gas and dust increases. As the temperature increases, the particles in the center of the protostar gain kinetic energy and begin to move more rapidly. This leads to an increase in the rate of collisions between particles, which further increases the temperature.

In addition, as the protostar continues to collapse, it becomes more massive, and the gravitational forces at its core become stronger. This causes the temperature at the center of the protostar to increase even further.

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The temperature at the core of the protostar increases, eventually reaching a point where nuclear fusion can begin, forming a new star

Explanation - As the cloud of gas and dust collapses inward, the gravitational force increases and causes the temperature at the center of the protostar to increase. This is because the particles in the cloud are moving closer together and colliding more frequently, which results in an increase in temperature. Additionally, as the protostar continues to collapse, it becomes more compact and the pressure and temperature continue to increase until the nuclear fusion process begins, marking the birth of a star. Therefore, I would expect the temperature at the center of the protostar to increase with time.

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The magnitude of the average angular acceleration of the fan is 2.24 rad/s2 . So the correct answer is option: b.

The average angular acceleration can be calculated using the formula:

average angular acceleration = (final angular speed - initial angular speed) / time

Plugging in the given values, we get:

average angular acceleration = (4.4 rad/s - 10 rad/s) / 2.50 s

average angular acceleration = -2.56 rad/s2

Note that the negative sign indicates that the angular acceleration is in the opposite direction to the initial angular velocity.

|average angular acceleration| = 2.56 rad/s2 ≈ 2.24 rad/s2 .

Therefore, the correct answer is (b).

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The type of bar optic you are describing is commonly known as a "free flow pourer" or "free pour spout."

These types of pourers do not have a specific amount they dispense but instead rely on the bartender's skill to regulate the flow of liquid by applying and releasing pressure on the bottle. The flow of liquid stops when pressure is released, allowing for precise and controlled pouring.

Free flow pourers are commonly used in bars and restaurants to pour spirits, mixers, and other liquids into cocktails and drinks. They can come in a variety of sizes and materials, including plastic, metal, and silicone, and are easily replaceable when worn or damaged.

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The region from the origin to the elastic limit on an applied force versus elongation graph for a typical metal under tension is referred to as the elastic region.

In this region, the metal behaves elastically, meaning that it can be stretched or deformed under applied force, but will return to its original shape once the force is removed.

The elastic limit is the point at which the metal begins to behave plastically, meaning that it will not return to its original shape after being stretched or deformed.

Beyond the elastic limit, the metal will undergo permanent deformation and may eventually fail.

Understanding the behavior of metals in the elastic region is important for designing structures and products that can withstand applied forces without failing.

The elastic region is the area from the origin to the elastic limit on an applied force versus elongation graph for a typical metal under tension.

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A photometer measures the intensity of light or other electromagnetic radiation.

A photometer is a device that is used to measure the intensity of light or other electromagnetic radiation. Photometers can be used to measure the brightness of a light source, the transmittance or reflectance of a material, or the spectral distribution of light.

A common type of photometer is a photomultiplier tube, which uses a photocathode to convert incoming photons into electrons. The electrons are then accelerated and amplified through a series of dynodes, resulting in a large output signal that can be measured and used to quantify the intensity of the incoming light.

The statement about saturation in the original question may be referring to the maximum amplification that can be achieved by the photomultiplier tube, which is determined by the number and geometry of the dynodes. In this context, saturation would occur when the amplification reaches its maximum value and can no longer be increased.

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Answer:

Explanation: honestly i don’t speak spanish so please explain with english

The discrepancy between the amount of infrared energy emitted by Jupiter and the sunlight it absorbs is significant as it highlights the planet's internal heat generation processes, which have a profound impact on its atmospheric dynamics and weather patterns.

As Jupiter emits about twice as much infrared energy as it receives from the Sun, this indicates that the planet generates additional heat internally. The primary source of this internal heat generation is the gravitational contraction or the Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism. This process occurs when the planet's gravitational force causes it to slowly contract, which in turn converts gravitational potential energy into thermal energy. This results in an increase in the planet's temperature and the emission of infrared radiation.

Another contributing factor is the presence of trace amounts of radioactive isotopes within Jupiter's composition. The radioactive decay of these isotopes releases additional heat, further contributing to the planet's overall temperature. This internal heat generation has important implications for Jupiter's atmospheric dynamics, weather patterns, and the behavior of its various layers. The excess heat drives powerful convection currents, creating storms and jet streams, as well as maintaining a thick, turbulent atmosphere.

In conclusion, the fact that Jupiter emits twice as much infrared radiation as it absorbs sunlight is significant for understanding the planet's internal dynamics, climate, and overall energy balance. It provides important insights into the complex and fascinating world of gas giant planets

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The given statement "The quantities di and do are measured from the focal point of a lens or mirror" is false because they are measured from the vertex of a lens or mirror.

The object distance is the separation between the object and the mirror's point of incidence. The distance between the mirror's point of incidence and the location where the image is created is known as the image distance.

The vertex is the geometric center of the mirror. Midway between the vertex and the center of curvature is a point known as the focal point; the focal point is denoted by the letter F in the diagram. The distance from the vertex to the center of curvature is known as the radius of curvature (abbreviated by "R").

The quantities di (image distance) and do (object distance) are measured from the vertex of a lens or mirror, not from the focal point. The vertex is the point where the principal axis intersects the surface of the lens or mirror.

Therefore, the given statement is false.

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The observed value of the total radiant energy flux density at the earth from the sun, integrated over all emission wavelengths and referred to the mean earth-sun distance, is approximately 1,366 watts per square meter.

This value is known as the solar constant and is an important factor in understanding the earth's climate and energy balance. It represents the amount of solar energy that is received per unit area at the top of the earth's atmosphere and is a key input for models of global climate change.

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After switch S is closed, the capacitors in the circuit start to discharge.

The initial stored energy in the capacitors is given by [tex]1/2*C*V^2[/tex],

where C is the capacitance of the capacitors and V is the initial voltage across them.

As the capacitors discharge, the voltage across them decreases and so does the stored energy.

When the capacitors have lost 80.0% of their initial stored energy, the voltage across them will be 0.447 times the initial voltage.

At this point, the current in the circuit can be calculated using Ohm's law, which states that the current is equal to the voltage divided by the total resistance of the circuit.

Therefore, the current in the circuit at this point can be calculated as I = V/R, where V is the voltage across the capacitors and R is the total resistance of the circuit.

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The radius of the bowling ball is approximately 7.65 inches.

We can use the formula for the surface area of a sphere to find the radius of the bowling ball:

Surface area of a sphere = 4πr²

where r is the radius of the sphere.

In this problem, we are given the surface area of a bowling ball, which is 232 square inches. We can use this information and the formula for surface area of a sphere to solve for the radius of the ball. Plugging this value into the formula, we get:

232 = 4πr²

Dividing both sides by 4π, we get:

r² = 58.5

Taking the square root of both sides, we get:

r ≈ 7.65 inches

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a) Object B has one-quarter the mass of Object A but the same amount of kinetic energy. Therefore, Object B must be moving faster than Object A, as it has less mass to carry the same amount of energy.

b) The kinetic energy of an object is given by:

KE = (1/2)[tex]mv^2[/tex]

where m is the mass of the object and v is its velocity. We are given that Object A has 24 J of kinetic energy, so we can write:

24 J = (1/2)m_av_[tex]a^2[/tex]

Similarly, Object B also has 24 J of kinetic energy, but with one-quarter the mass of Object A:

24 J = (1/2)(1/4)m_av[tex]_b^2[/tex]

Simplifying, we get:

v_b/v_a = sqrt(2)

Therefore, the ratio of the speeds of Object A and Object B is sqrt(2) to 1, or approximately 1.41 to 1.

c) From the work-energy theorem, we know that the work done on an object is equal to its change in kinetic energy:

W = ΔKE

If a total work of -12 J is done on each object, we can write:

-12 J = ΔKE

Using the equation for kinetic energy, we can write:

-12 J = (1/2)m_av_[tex]a^2[/tex] - (1/2)m_av_{ai[tex]}^2[/tex]

Simplifying, we get:

-24 J = m_av_a^2 - m_av_{ai[tex]}^2[/tex]

Since we are interested in the ratio of the final and initial speeds, we can divide both sides by (1/2)m_av_{ai}[tex]^2:[/tex]

-48 = (v_[tex]a^2[/tex]/v_{ai[tex]}^2[/tex]) - 1

Solving for the ratio of the final and initial speeds:

v_a/v_{ai} = sqrt(47)

Therefore, the speed of each object changes by a factor of approximately sqrt(47) if a total work of -12 J is done on each object.

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Full Question ;

Object A Has 24 J Of Kinetic Energy. Object B Has One-Quarter The Mass Of Object A. A)If Object B Also Has 24 J Of Kinetic Energy, Is It Moving Faster Or Slower Than Object A? B)Find The Ratio Of The Speeds Of Objects A And B. C)By What Factor Does The Speed Of Each Object Change If Total Work -12 J Is Done On Each?

Object A has 24 J of kinetic energy. Object B has one-quarter the mass of object A.

a)If object B also has 24 J of kinetic energy, is it moving faster or slower than object A?

b)Find the ratio of the speeds of objects A and B.

c)By what factor does the speed of each object change if total work -12 J is done on each?

where

m is the mass

c is the specific heat capacity

ΔT is the change in temperature

In your problem,

m=2.5 kg

c=2.60 kJ⋅°C-1kg-1

Δ

∴ q=2.5kg×2.60 kJ⋅°C-1⋅kg-1×60°C=390 kJ

Answer: The apple is lifted approximately 0.1232 m (rounded to four decimal places).

Explanation: To find the distance the apple is lifted, we can use the formula for work: work = force x distance.

The force required to lift the apple is equal to the weight of the apple, which can be calculated using the formula:

weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity.

we have work = weight x distance, 5.4 J = (0.178 kg x 9.81 m/s^2) x distance.

Solving for distance, we get a distance ≈ of 0.1232 m (rounded to four decimal places).

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The thermal energy produced by friction is equal to the magnitude of this work, or 60.8 kJ.

The work done by friction is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the crate, which is zero because it slides down the ramp at a constant speed. Therefore, the friction force does negative work equal in magnitude to the work done by the gravitational force on the crate:

W_friction = -W_gravity

where

W_gravity = mgh

and h is the vertical distance that the crate slides down the ramp:

h = 12 sin 35° = 6.93 m

Thus,

W_friction = -mgh = -(900 N)(6.93 m)(9.81 m/s^2) = -60.8 kJ

The negative sign indicates that the work done by friction is in the opposite direction to the displacement of the crate, which is down the ramp. The thermal energy produced by friction is equal to the magnitude of this work, or 60.8 kJ.

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A solid sphere and a spherical shell with the same radius and mass rolling down a frictionless ramp will land farther is  solid sphere

The moment of inertia of a solid sphere is (2/5)mr^2, while that of a spherical shell is (2/3)mr^2, where m is the mass and r is the radius.  When rolling down the ramp, these objects convert potential energy into kinetic energy, which includes both translational and rotational components. The total kinetic energy of a rolling object is K = (1/2)mv^2 + (1/2)Iω^2, where v is the linear velocity, ω is the angular velocity, and I is the moment of inertia.

Since the solid sphere has a lower moment of inertia, it is more efficient at converting potential energy into translational kinetic energy. This results in the solid sphere reaching a higher linear velocity than the spherical shell, causing it to reach the bottom of the ramp more quickly and land farther compared to the spherical shell. A solid sphere and a spherical shell with the same radius and mass rolling down a frictionless ramp will land farther is solid sphere.

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The smallest angle at which you would get destructive interference when 550 nm light passes two slits 50 μm apart is 0.32°.

The condition for destructive interference is gotten  by:

Δϕ = 2πΔx/λ = π

where Δx=  path difference between the two slits,

λ =  wavelength of light,

and Δϕ =  phase difference.

λ/2 = Δx sinθ

Here, θ is the angle between the incident light and the line connecting the center of the slits to the point of interest on the screen.

sinθ = (λ/2) / Δx = (550 nm / 2) / (50 μm) = 0.0055

θ = sin⁻¹(0.0055) = 0.32°

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We need to add 2.429 kg of nickel to 5.66 kg of copper to reach a liquidus temperature of 1200c.

We need to add 3.24 kg of nickel to 2.43 kg of copper to reach a solidus temperature of 1300c.

To determine how many kilograms of nickel must be added to 5.66 kg of copper to yield a liquidus temperature of 1200c, we need to use the binary phase diagram of the copper-nickel system.

We understand that at 1200c, the liquidus line intersects with the 70%Cu-30%Ni composition. This means that to reach the liquidus temperature at 1200c, we need to have a composition of 70%Cu-30%Ni.

To calculate the amount of nickel needed, we can use the following formula:

mass of nickel = (mass of copper) x (percentage of nickel needed - a percentage of nickel in copper) / (percentage of nickel in nickel - percentage of nickel in copper)

Substituting the values, we get:

mass of nickel = (5.66 kg) x (30% - 0%) / (30% - 100%)

mass of nickel = (5.66 kg) x (0.3) / (-0.7)

mass of nickel = 2.429 kg

Therefore, we need to add 2.429 kg of nickel to 5.66 kg of copper to reach a liquidus temperature of 1200c.

Similarly, to find out how many kilograms of nickel must be added to 2.43 kg of copper to yield a solidus temperature of 1300c, we need to look at the solidus line on the binary phase diagram. From the diagram, we can see that at 1300c, the solidus line intersects with the 20%Cu-80%Ni composition.

Using the same formula as before, we get:

mass of nickel = (mass of copper) x (percentage of nickel needed - percentage of nickel in copper) / (percentage of nickel in nickel - percentage of nickel in copper)

Substituting the values, we get:

mass of nickel = (2.43 kg) x (80% - 0%) / (80% - 20%)

mass of nickel = (2.43 kg) x (0.8) / (0.6)

mass of nickel = 3.24 kg

Therefore, we need to add 3.24 kg of nickel to 2.43 kg of copper to reach a solidus temperature of 1300c.

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