Work is entropy free and it does transfer entropy but the claim is not valid, the entropy of a fluid passing through an adiabatic steady state system with a single outlet and inlet can change due to irreversibilities present in the system during the process.
What is entropy?
Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system.Entropy also describes how much energy is not available to do work.The more disordered a system and the higher the entropy, the less of a system's energy is available to do work.Why doesn't entropy change when there is a work transfer?
We have two grades of energy i.e high-grade energy and low-grade energy. High-grade energy is directly utilized by us like potential energy and kinetic energy. On the other hand, low-grade energy can't be utilized by us directly, it is first converted into high-grade energy eg- heat.According to the second law of thermodynamics low-grade energy can't be completely converted into high-grade energy, there is always some loss associated with it. But high-grade energy can be completely converted into low-grade energy.To know more about entropy:
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Explain the relationship of oxidation numbers to electron confguration for Groups IA through VITA. How can an atom's electron configuration be predicted on the basis of its location in the periodic table?
The oxidation numbers of the elements show us the number of electrons lost or gained which is traceable from the electron configuration which in turn depends on the group that the atom belongs to.
What is the oxidation number?
The oxidation number is the number of charges that an atom appears to have. We know that the elements that we find in the groups IA through VIA only have a narrow range of oxidation numbers. This is because the oxidation numbers does depend on the number of electrons that the atom can be able to loose or gain at a time.
We know that each of the groups are known by the maximum number of electrons that can be found on the outermost shell of the atom. This is part of the electron configuration of the atom. Thus, if we know the group that an atom belongs to, we can at least tell the outer electron configuration of the atom because we know that all the atoms in that group have the same outer electron configuration.
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the following metal specimen was tensile tested until failure. which type of metal would experience this type of failure?
brittle metal would experience this type of failure
Glass, ceramic, graphite, and some alloys with very low plasticity are examples of brittle materials. In these materials, cracks can start without plastic deformation and quickly progress to brittle breakage. It is a steel-gray, lightweight metal called beryllium. It is also highly brittle, which means that it fractures easily when under stress but does not typically distort before it does so (similar to glass or ceramic). Beryllium is a naturally occurring element found in over 100 different minerals and has a wide range of modern-day applications. Cast iron has a rough feel and is more brittle because it includes 2% to 3.5% carbon. Despite being made of alloyed metals, carbon steel lacks other alloying components, hence despite being an alloy, it is not classified as an alloy.
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A(n) ____________________ is one that contains two, and only two, elements.
Answer:
It is a Binary Compound
Explanation:
Answer:
[binary compound]
Explanation:
A(n) A binary compound is one that contains two, and only two, elements.
Oxygen is important in the oxidation of glucose because it ____________________________.
Oxygen is important in the oxidation of glucose because it involves breakdown of glucose in presence of oxygen to produce a large amount of energy.
Glucose oxidation breaks down glucose to create energy. Oxidation of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called respiration. Oxidation means addition of oxygen to a molecule. Respiration is the chemical process by which organic compounds change into different reactions. Glucose reacts with molecular oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. The carbon atoms in glucose are oxidized. It produces less amount of energy in absence of glucose. Presence of oxygen in glucose breakdown produces carbon dioxide and water along with the release of large amounts of energy. So, oxygen is necessary for glucose breakdown.
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convert 4.6 x 10^23 molecules of sucrose to moles of sucrose
Answer:
0.76moles of sucrose
Explanation:
1 mol = 6.022 x 10^23 molecules
4.6 x 10^23 molecules = X x 6.022 x 10^23
X = 0.7639
X = 0.76moles
what makes sprite a substitute for egg in baking?
Carbonated water is used makes sprite a substitute for egg in baking
Carbonated water can add moisture to recipes, but it also works as a great leavening agent
What is carbonated water ?
Carbonated water (soda water, bottled water, sparkling water, club soda, gassed water, also known as bottled water in many places, especially in the United States as seltzer or seltzer water) contains dissolved carbon dioxide. It is also water containing gas. It is artificially injected under pressure or occurs by natural geological processes. Carbonation creates tiny bubbles, giving the water a carbonation quality. Common forms include sparkling natural mineral water, club soda, and commercial sparkling water.
Carbonated water can add moisture to recipes, but it also works as a great leavening agent. Carbonation traps air bubbles and makes the finished product light and fluffy. You can substitute 60 grams of sparkling water per egg. This alternative is great for cakes, cupcakes and quick breads
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determine the empirical formula of a mineral having the percent composition: 28.59% o, 24.95% fe, 46.46% cr.
The empirical formula of a mineral is FeCr2O4.
What is known as empirical formula?
The definition of an empirical formula for a compound is one that displays the ratio of the components present in the complex but not the precise number of atoms in the molecule. Subscripts are used next to the element symbols to indicate the ratios.
Explanation:
[tex]O: 28.59 g x 1 mole O/16 g = 1.79 moles OFe: 24.95 g x 1 mole/55.8 g = 0.447 moles FeCr: 46.46 g x 1 mole/52 g = 0.893 moles CrDividing through by 0.447 one gets 4O, 1Fe and 2CrEmpirical formula = FeCr2O4[/tex]
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The ratio between the components is the empirical formula. Presented as; FeCrO₃.
Why is the empirical formula?Typically, the equation is used to only show the components of a molecule. When one wishes to rapidly identify the elements they are working with, this is helpful. When you want to learn how many atoms of each element are present in the molecule, the chemical formula is the most helpful.
Briefing:Divide the percentage composition by the atomic mass of the elements
Fe =24.95 / 55.845 = 0.4467
Cr = 46.46 / 51.9961 = 0.8935
O = 28.59 / 16 = 1.78
Step 2:
Divide all though by the smallest number (0.4467)
Fe = 0.4467 / 0.4467 = 1.002
Cr = 0.8935 / 0.4467 = 1
O = 1.78 / 0.4467 = 3.038
The ratio between the components is the empirical formula. Presented as; FeCrO₃
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mse 2001 compared to a semi-crystalline polymer of the same composition, a completely amorphous polymer is expected to:
The semi-crystalline polymer of the same composition, a completely amorphous polymer is expected to the crystallites scatter light.
Crystallization of polymers is a manner associated with the partial alignment of their molecular chains. these chains fold together and shape ordered areas called lamellae, which compose larger spheroidal systems named spherulites.
Semi-crystalline plastics can be taken into consideration for a selection of applications. choosing a plastic material for use in excessive temperature surroundings calls for a cautious assessment of fabric residence information. View our interactive Thermoplastics Triangle to evaluate substances.
Polyethylene is a partially crystalline solid whose residences are exceedingly dependent on the relative content of the crystalline section and amorphous section, i.e., crystallinity. Polyethylene is a polymer polymerized from monomeric ethylene.
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if the balloon had a volume of 39000 l , how many kilograms of hydrogen were needed to fill the balloon at stp?
the amount of hydrogen required was about 0.582kg
why do we require STP?
STP: Standard temperature pressure
Consider a scenario in which a chemist in London is conducting an experiment in a lab. 12 °C and 1.015 bar are the average room temperatures and pressures in London. In Austin, where the average room temperature and pressure are 21 °C and 1.014 bar, respectively, the same experiment could yield very different results. This is due to the fact that temperature and pressure have an impact on a lot of scientific experiments, particularly chemistry experiments. We have therefore adopted some standard operating procedures to prevent these deviations and to ensure that laboratory experiments are conducted in a consistent manner worldwide. STP is one of those norms.
Vm=RT/P
=8.314x273.15/39000
=0.0582
so the balloon requires about 0.0582kg of hydrogen gas
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Sodium can combine with element "X" so that
the chemical formula is Na2X. What element
could element "X" be?
Answer:
An element in Group 16 (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, etc.)
Explanation:
Sodium (Na) typically forms the cation Na⁺ during ionic bonding. If the overall charge of the compound is neutral (0), and there are two Na⁺ ions present (+1 + (+1) = +2), the element serving as the anion must have a -2 charge (+2 + (-2) = 0). Elements in group/column 16 have a -2 charge when ionized.
consider a different titrant for this exercise. suppose ca(oh)2 were used as the titrant, instead of naoh. this will make the titrant twice as concentrated in hydroxide ion. the analyte will still be hc2h3o2. (a) what is the stoichiometry of hc2h3o2 to ca(oh)2?
The titrant for this exercise. suppose Ca(OH)₂ were used as the titrant, instead of NaOH. This will make the titrant twice as concentrated in hydroxide ion. the analyte will still be HC₂H₃O₂. the stoichiometry ratio of HC₂H₃O₂ to Ca(OH)₂ is 1 : 2.
The balanced reaction of the given condition as follow :
Ca(OH)₂ + 2HC₂H₃O₂ ------> Ca(C₂H₃O₂)₂ + 2H₂O
from the equation it is clear that stoichiometry of Ca(OH)₂ is 1 and the stoichiometry of HC₂H₃O₂ is 2. therefore the stoichiometry ratio of HC₂H₃O₂ to Ca(OH)₂ is 1 : 2.
Thus, The titrant for this exercise. suppose Ca(OH)₂ were used as the titrant, instead of NaOH. This will make the titrant twice as concentrated in hydroxide ion. the analyte will still be HC₂H₃O₂. the stoichiometry ratio of HC₂H₃O₂ to Ca(OH)₂ is 1 : 2.
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calculate the concentration of h3o ions present in a solution of hcl that has a measured ph of 3.110 .
The concentration of H₃O⁺ present in a solution of HCL is 7.76247 × 10⁻⁴.
Since we know,
pH<7, therefore there are only H₃O+ particles in the solution.
[H₃O⁺ ] = [tex]10^{-pH}[/tex] = [tex]10^{3.110}[/tex] = 7.76247× 10⁻⁴
Pure water will have fewer hydroxide and hydronium ions. They can combine to form water. There will be a dynamic equilibrium between the concentration of molecules of water and ions. The definition of pH states that negative logarithms of hydronium ion concentration. The self-ionization will take place and increase the H⁺ concentration and side by side reduce the OH⁻ concentration.
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a copper ore consisting of 12.5% copper(ii) sulfide (95.61 g/mol), when heated and reacted with oxygen gas (32.00 g/mol), produces copper(ii) oxide (79.55 g/mol) and sulfur dioxide (64.06 g/mol). if the reaction has a 90.0% yield, how many grams of copper(ii) oxide are produced when 1.00 kg of the copper ore is processed?
93.7 grams of copper(ii) oxide are produced when 1.00 kg of the copper ore is processed .
What is combustion ?
Combustion, a chemical reaction between substances, usually containing oxygen, that involves the production of heat and light, usually in the form of a flame. The speed or rate at which reactants combine is partly due to the nature of the chemical reaction itself, and partly due to the more energy produced than can escape to the surrounding medium, the temperature of the reactants is used to rise. further accelerate the reaction.
A well-known example of a combustion reaction is a lit match. When you light a match, the friction heats the head to a temperature at which the chemicals react, producing more heat than escaping into the air and burning in a flame.
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assume that heat in the amount of 100 kj is transferred from a cold reservoir at 600 k to a hot reservoir at 1150 k contrary to the clausius statement of the second law. what is the total entropy change? the total entropy change is kj/k.
The total entropy change is 1.036 JK/K
Entropy means the unavailable energy associated with the system. The entropy generation for the reversible cycle is zero and for irreversible cycle, it is positive. We can also understand entropy to be randomness of a system, Randomness is maximum in gaseous state and least in solid state.
The given data; the amount of heat transferred by the thermal reservoir is Q = 100KJ. Temperature of the high thermal reservoir is [tex]T_{h}[/tex] = 1150k.
The temperature of the low thermal reservoir is [tex]T_l[/tex] = 600K.
[tex]d_{s}[/tex] = -Q + Q
[tex]T_{h}[/tex] [tex]T_{l}[/tex]
Substituting the formula we get
[tex]d_{s}[/tex] = - 100KJ + 1OOKJ
1150K 600K
= 1.036 KJ/K
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When you put food coloring into water, the water will turn the color of the food coloring. When you leave a cut apple out, it will change to a brown color. Which of the two indicates a chemical reaction and why?
Food coloring because it is chemically changing the water to a different color.
Apple because it is chemically reacting with oxygen to create the brown color.
Food coloring because it indicates that there is a temperature in the water.
Apple because by cutting it, you are rearranging the apple molecules which is indicated by the brown color.
When one puts food coloring into water, the water will turn the color of the food coloring. Also, when you leave a cut apple out, it will change to a brown color. The options that indicate a chemical reaction are:
Food coloring because it is chemically changing the water to a different color. (Option A)Apple because it is chemically reacting with oxygen to create the brown color. (Option B)What is the explanation for the above choices?In the case of A, chemically speaking, the nature of the water has been altered. It is now a mixture, not water. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that can be easily separated.
In the case of B, the process that has taken place is called Oxidation.
Redox reactions occur when the oxidation states of the substrate change. The loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state of a chemical or atoms within it is referred to as oxidation. Reduction is the addition of electrons or a reduction in the oxidation state of a chemical or its atoms.
Decomposition Reaction is one of the several forms of redox reactions.
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the molecular art depicts the following reversible reaction at equilibrium: co( g) cl2( g) image cocl2( g). what can be inferred about the equilibrium constant, k, for this reaction?
The molecular art depicts the following reversible reaction at equilibrium: CO( g) + Cl₂ ( g) image COCl₂( g). the equilibrium constant, k, for he given reaction is above one , that means K > 1.
The chemical reaction is given as :
CO( g) + Cl₂ ( g) ⇄ COCl₂( g)
the equilibrium constant is given as :
K = [ COCl₂ ] / [ CO ] [ Cl₂ ]
here, K > 1
if the value of K is greater than 1 that means the reaction is product favored.if the value of K is less than 1 that means the reaction is reactant favored .if k = 1 , neither product nor the reactant favor.Thus, The molecular art depicts the following reversible reaction at equilibrium: CO( g) + Cl₂ ( g) image COCl₂( g). the equilibrium constant, k, for this reaction is greater than 1, K > 1.
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why is it not possible to test for ammonia as evidence of nitrate reduction to ammonia in the nitrate broth culture
Ammonia as proof that nitrate was converted to ammonia in the cultivation of nitrate broth Because amino acids are produced during protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism will always exist.
Nitrifying microorganisms in the soil change ammonia into nitrates. Nitrates are taken up by plants from the soil and used to assemble proteins. Animals may consume the plant, and its biomass may be used to produce animal protein.
The process of nitrate (NO3) being used as an electron acceptor for respiration microbes results in dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), also known as nitrate/nitrite ammonification.
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when you go from left to right more protons are added to the atom. why would that make it get smaller when more particles are added
The atom get smaller when more particles are added as forces of attraction between protons and electrons increase.
The attraction between the nucleus and shell grows as we add additional protons and electrons, which causes the shell to shrink. The atom shrinks as a result. Your final and first-to-last paragraphs are attempting to mimic the behavior of electrons; the first cannot increase and should remain the same, while the second is contracting.
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a series circuit contains 40 ohms of resistance (r) and 70 ohms of capacitive reactance (xc). when 100 volts ac are applied, how much current flows? (round the final answer to two decimal places.)
The current that flows in the circuit is obtained as 1.23 A.
What is RLC circuit?We know that the RLC circuit is one that contains a resistor in addition to a capacitor or an inductor. In either case, the resistance that is offered to the flow of current by the capacitor or the inductor as the case may be is called the reactance.
Given that;
Impedance (Z) = √R^2 + XC^2
R = resistance
XC = capacitive reactance
Z = √(40)^2 + (70)^2
Z = 81 ohms
Now;
V = IZ
V = voltage
I = current
I = V/Z
I = 100 volts/81 ohms
I = 1.23 A
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a 2.65 g sample of dry ice is placed in a 2.90-l vessel and convereted into co2 gas. calculate the pressure inside hte vessel if the temperature is at 35.0 c.
The pressure inside the vessel at temperature of 35 degree Celsius is 0.51atm.
According to the ideal gas equation,
PV = nRT
Where,
P is the pressure of the vessel,
V is the volume of the vessel which is 2.9 L in this case,
n is the number of moles of gas,
R is the gas constant,
T is the temperature of the gas.
n = 2.6/44
R = 0.082 m³-atm/kmol-K
Temperature = (35+273) K.
Temperature = 308° K
Putting the values,
P = 2.6/44 x 0.082 x 308/2.9
P = 0.51 atm.
The pressure of the vessel is 0.51 atm.
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what volume in gas would be produced by the complete reaction of solid at stp according to the following reaction?remember mol of an ideal gas has a volume of lat stp.
3.648 liters of volume in gas would be produced by the complete reaction of solid at STP according to the reaction as 1 mole of an ideal gas has a volume of 22.4 L at STP.
How is the volume in gas calculated?The given reaction is
[tex]2 Al(s) + 6 HCl (aq)[/tex] = [tex]2AlCl[/tex]₃([tex]aq[/tex])[tex]+H[/tex]₂([tex]g[/tex])
1mole of ideal gas is 22.4L
Here we have to convert the mass of Al to moles.
We know, Number of moles = Mass/Molar mass
Mass of Al = 2.93 g
Molar mass of Al = 26.98 g
Therefore, No. of moles = 2.93 g/26.98 g = 0.108 moles
The molar ratio of Al to H₂ is 2:3
As, 2 moles of Al can produce 3 moles of H₂
Then, 0.108 moles of Al can produce
(0.108 × 3)/ 2
= 0.163 moles of H₂
Now by applying the Ideal Gases Law to calculate the volume that is been produced throughout the reaction at STP ,
The standard temperature is 273 K (0° Celsius or 32° Fahrenheit) and the standard pressure is 1 atmosphere.
1 atm × V = 0.163 mol × 0.082L.atm(mol.K)⁻¹ × 273K
Hence,
V = (0.163 mol × 0.082 L.atm(mol.K)⁻¹ × 273K) / 1atm
V = 0.013366 × 273
Therefore, the Volume is 3.648 L
What is STP?In chemistry, STP stands for Standard Temperature and Pressure. STP is most commonly used when doing gas calculations. B. Gas Density. The standard temperature is 273 K (0° Celsius or 32° Fahrenheit) and the standard pressure is 1 atmosphere. This is the freezing point of pure water at atmospheric pressure at sea level.
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calculate the work associated with the expansion of a gas from 42.0 l to 79.0 l at a constant pressure of 13.0 atm.
The work associated with the expansion of a gas is 481 atm. L.
When a gas expands at constant pressure than for a small change in volume dv work done is dw = p dv.
The volume changes from u to v at constant pressure p, then the work done is:
dw = p (v - u)
When the work is done by the system against external pressure then dw = pdv
w = [tex]\int\limits^v_u {p} \, dv[/tex]
So by calculating we get:
dw = 13( 79 - 42)
= 13× 37
= 481 atm. L
Therefore we get the work done in 481 atm. L.
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What is the frequency of a wave whose wavelength is 5.67 x 10^-7
Determine the number of valence electrons and what the atoms charge will be when it forms an ion
a. O
Answer:
You determine the valence electrons by using the Periodic Table.
Let's assume you're using a table that has the groups numbered 1-18.
The electron configurations of ions are those of the neutral atoms plus or minus a number of electrons equal to the charge on the ion.
sam wanted to do a demonstration for her class. the directions called for kcl. there was not kcl in the stockroom. what would be the best choice to substitute in the reaction?
NaCl would be the best choice to substitute in the reaction
The transfer of electrons from one reactant to another occurs during an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction.
Numerous processes that you have already examined, such as single replacement, combustion, and combination, are redox processes. The loss of electrons is called oxidation. Gaining electrons is what reduction is. In the process, electrons are lost and gained simultaneously. For instance, when oxygen and elemental calcium react, calcium oxide is the result.
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Use this equation for the next question.
Mg(OH)2 + NaCl ® MgCl₂ + NaOH
How many hydrogen atoms are on the reactant side?
000
1
02
4
8
There are two atoms of hydrogen on the reactant side of the equation.
What is a reaction?What we try to show on paper are the changes that substances can undergo. A reaction is said to occur when two or more substances are combined together. The combination of the substances would now lead to the rearrangement of bonds and then the formation of a new product.
We know that it is one of the rules of writing a balanced chemical reaction equation that the number of the atoms of each element on the reactant side must be the same as the number of atoms of the same element on the products side.
When we look at the reaction as shown, we can see that the reaction is balanced hence we can be able to find the number of atoms of hydrogen on the reactants side by doing an atom count.
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1. What might cause cosmic radiation to be deflected around Earth?
How many atoms (avogadro’s number) are in 3.3 moles of potassium sulfide, K2S?
Taking into account the definition of Avogadro's Number, 1.98759×10²⁴ atoms are in 3.3 moles of potassium sulfide.
Avogadro's NumberAvogadro's number is currently defined as the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 and its known approximate value is 6.023×10²³. Indicates the amount of substance (usually atoms or molecules) that contains one mole of any substance.
Amount of atoms in 3.3 moles of potassium sulfideYou can apply the following rule of three: if by definition of Avogadro's Number 1 mole of potassium sulfide contains 6.023×10²³ atoms, 3.3 moles of the compound contains how many atoms?
amount of atoms of potassium sulfide= (3.3 moles × 6.023×10²³ atoms)÷ 1 mole
amount of atoms of potassium sulfide= 1.98759×10²⁴
Finally, in 3.3 moles of K₂S are present 1.98759×10²⁴ atoms.
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When a chlorine atom reacts weith a sodium atom to form an ion, the chlorine atom will
Select one:
a.
gain one electron
b.
gain two electons
c.
lose two electrons
d.
lose one electon
Answer:
each chlorine atom will lose one electron
Draw the addition products formed when one equivalent of hbr reacts with 2,4‑hexadiene. Draw a single product for each. Ignore stereochemical or chiral isomers.
The addition products formed after the reaction are 4-bromo-2-hexene and 2-bromo-3-hexene.
What happen when addition of Hbr to alkenes occur?The simplest type of electrophilic reaction to visualize is the addition of as haloacid such as Hbr to an isolated alkene.
The reaction starts between terminal carbon of the double bonds and H⁺. After attaching H⁺ to the carbon, one double bond disappears leaving nearby CH respectively charged. This intermediate is a resonance hybrid of two possible structures. Reaction of bromide at one of the carbons give the 1.2-addition product and at the other carbon gives 1,4-addition product.
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