a. If the firm chooses not to develop the land, the value of the firm's equity today would be $10 million, which is the value of the land in one year minus the debt of $15 million due in one year. The value of the debt today would still be $15 million.
b. The NPV of developing the land would be the present value of the future cash flows, which is ($35 million - $20 million) / (1 + 0.10) = $13.64 million. This indicates that developing the land would increase the firm's value by $13.64 million.
c. If the firm develops the land and raises $20 million from equity holders, the value of the firm's equity today would be $28.64 million, which is the value of the developed land in one year minus the debt of $15 million due in one year and the upfront cost of $20 million. The value of the firm's debt today would still be $15 million.
d. Given the answer to part (c), equity holders may be willing to provide the $20 million needed to develop the land, as the value of the firm's equity would increase by $18.64 million ($28.64 million - $10 million).
However, they may also consider the risk of investing $20 million upfront with the possibility of the land not being developed or not being worth as much as anticipated in one year.
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in order for a firm to lower costs, it must ______. multiple choice question. grow increase risks lower its expectations lower profits
A company's cost of capital is the minimal rate of return it must achieve on its investments in order to satisfy its investors. A business must decrease profits in order to reduce costs. Hence (d) is the correct option.
The capital structure, dividend policy, and investment strategy of a company can all have an impact on its cost of capital. The cost a company incurs to produce a further unit of a good or service is known as the marginal cost. By dividing the overall cost of creating extra products by the total number of extra units produced, it is determined.
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in order for a firm to lower costs, it must ______. .
a. grow
b. increase risks
c. lower its expectations
d. lower profits
In order for a firm to lower costs, it must "lower its expectations."
Business is the practice of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products. It is also "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit."A firm is a for-profit business, usually formed as a partnership that provides professional services, such as legal or accounting services. The theory of the firm posits that firms exist to maximize profits.
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Suppose you want to buy a 8-year $1.000 par value semi-annual bond, with an annual coupon rate of 6%, but pays interest semi-annually. If the bond has 7 years left to maturity and it is currently quot
The yield-to-maturity of the bond is 2.92%.
To calculate the yield-to-maturity of the bond, we need to use the following formula:
[tex]P = C/(1+r/2) + C/(1+r/2)^2 + ... + C/(1+r/2)^n + 1000/(1+r/2)^n[/tex]
where P is the current price of the bond (1020 in this case), C is the semi-annual coupon payment (30 in this case), r is the yield-to-maturity (unknown), and n is the number of semi-annual periods left to maturity (14 in this case).
Plugging in the values, we get:
[tex]1020 = 30/(1+r/2) + 30/(1+r/2)^2 + ... + 30/(1+r/2)^14 + 1000/(1+r/2)^1[/tex]
We can solve this equation using trial and error or by using Excel's Goal Seek function. The yield-to-maturity of the bond is 2.92%.
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2. which of the following items is part of ml? m2? a. $0.27 cents that has accumulated under a couch cushion. b. your $2,000 line of credit with your visa account. c. the $210 balance in your checking account. d. $417 in your savings account. e. 10 shares of stock your uncle gave you, which are now worth $520. f. $200 in traveler's checks you have purchased for your spring-break trip.
The item that is part of M2 (monetary base) is the $417 in your savings account. Option d is correct. M1 includes all items in M1 (which includes the $210 balance in your checking account, the $2,000 line of credit with your visa account, and the $200 in traveler's checks you have purchased for your spring-break trip) as well as savings deposits, time deposits, and money market mutual funds. Options a, c, and f are correct.
M1 includes currency in circulation, demand deposits (checking accounts), and traveler's checks.
M2 includes everything in M1 as well as savings deposits, small-denomination time deposits, and non-institutional money market funds.
a. 0.27 cents that have accumulated under a couch cushion - M1 (currency in circulation)
b. your $2,000 line of credit with your visa account - Neither M1 nor M2 (this is credit, not money supply)
c. the $210 balance in your checking account - M1 (demand deposit)
d. $417 in your savings account - M2 (savings deposit)
e. 10 shares of stock your uncle gave you, which are now worth $520 - Neither M1 nor M2 (stocks are not part of the money supply)
f. $200 in traveler's checks you have purchased for your spring-break trip - M1 (traveler's checks)
So, the items that are part of M1 are a, c, and f. The item that is part of M2 (but not M1) is d.
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Horizon is using a combination of labour and capital to produce a good. With this combination, the marginal product of labour is 180 and the marginal product of capital is 60. Wages cost €9 an hour and capital costs €4.
1. What is the current value of the firm’s marginal rate of technical substitution? [5]
2. If labour is on the horizontal axis, what is the slope of the isocost line? [5]
3. Is Horizon using too much capital, too much labour or just the right amount of both to minimise costs of production? Explain your answer. [15]
The current value of the firm’s marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS) is 3. This is calculated by dividing the marginal product of labour (180) by the marginal product of capital (60), which gives us 3.
If labour is on the horizontal axis, the slope of the isocost line is -4.1. This is calculated by dividing the cost of capital (4.1) by the cost of labour (9).
Horizon is using just the right amount of both labour and capital to minimise costs of production. This is because the MRTS (3) is equal to the slope of the isocost line (-4.1). This suggests that Horizon is using the optimal combination of labour and capital to minimise costs.
If the MRTS was greater than the slope of the isocost line, it would suggest that the firm is using too little capital and too much labour, and vice versa. Therefore, Horizon is using the optimal combination of resources to minimise costs.
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nittany garments buys fleece jackets from big ten sports apparel, inc., embroiders them with penn state organizational logos, and sells them to the student population. the annual demand for these embroidered jackets is 1,000; the annual holding cost is $1.00 per unit, and the ordering cost is $15 per order. when placing a restocking order, what (approximate) quantity should nittany garments order so as to minimize their holding and ordering costs?
The expenses incurred by holding inventory that has not yet sold are known as holding costs. Along with ordering and shortage fees, these expenses make up ordering costs.
How much does ordering cost?Ordering costs are the costs your business pays to order and receive the goods it keeps on hand. These ordering costs may consist of shipping charges, unforeseen transportation costs, inspection fees, and other costs required to purchase inventory goods.
Are ordering costs and holding costs equivalent?Ordering costs are inversely related to holding costs. Thus, if one of the two costs increases, the other cost will decrease. If the cost of ordering is lower, the corporation may place fewer orders during a given period of time.
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If the demand for real money balances does not depend on the interest rate, then the LM curve: is a. vertical. b. slopes up to the right c. slopes down to the right d. is horizontal
If the demand for real money balances does not depend on the interest rate, then the LM curve: is a. vertical.
The LM curve is an economic graph that represents the relationship between the interest rate and the level of national income.
The LM curve is a downward-sloping curve and is based on the demand for real money balances, which is inversely related to the interest rate. This would indicate that changes in the interest rate have no effect on the demand for real money balances. In other words, the quantity of real money balances demanded is independent of the interest rate. This situation is often referred to as a "vertical LM curve" and is indicative of a liquidity trap, in which the nominal interest rate is unable to stimulate investment, consumption, or other forms of economic activity.
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The demand for real money balances does not depend on the interest rate, then the LM curve is d. is horizontal.
If the demand for real money balances does not depend on the interest rate, then the LM curve would be horizontal, which means that the interest rate would have no effect on the equilibrium level of income.
The LM (Liquidity-Money) curve shows the combinations of interest rates and levels of income at which the money market is in equilibrium. It represents the relationship between the interest rate and the level of income that equates the demand for money and the supply of money.
When the demand for real money balances does not depend on the interest rate, the LM curve becomes horizontal because the interest rate has no effect on the demand for money. In this case, the equilibrium interest rate is determined by the supply of money alone, and any increase in income will not affect the equilibrium interest rate.
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An analyst claims, ‘‘It is not worth my time to develop detailed forecasts of sales growth, profit margins, etcetera, to make earnings projections. I can be almost as accurate, at virtually no cost, using the random walk model to forecast earnings.’’ What is the random walk model? Do you agree or disagree with the analyst’s forecast strategy? Why or why not?
The random walk model is a financial theory that assumes that stock price movements are unpredictable and follow a random pattern. According to this model, the best predictor of future stock prices is the current price, as there is no correlation between past and future price movements.
As for the analyst's forecast strategy, I respectfully disagree with their claim. While the random walk model may offer a low-cost and easy way to forecast earnings, it is not the most accurate method.
Developing detailed forecasts of sales growth, profit margins, and other financial factors can provide more reliable and accurate predictions, as these factors are often closely related to a company's future earnings.
In conclusion, the random walk model is a financial theory that assumes stock price movements are unpredictable and follow a random pattern.
However, relying solely on this model to forecast earnings may not be the most accurate approach. Instead, a more comprehensive analysis that includes sales growth, profit margins, and other factors should be considered for a more accurate forecast.
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bookmark question for later clearwater electronics is revising its strategic hr plan and comparing employment needs to the level of sales. the company has recently seen a 30 percent increase in sales, and the salespeople say that they anticipate an increase soon of 70 percent. however, the hr director, who oversees the hr planning process, does not believe the company will need to hire 70 percent more employees to meet the projected sales numbers. how can a simple linear regression, as part of the hr planning process, help the hr director make a more accurate determination of projected staffing needs?
The HR director can use a simple linear regression analysis to predict the future employment needs of Clearwater Electronics based on the level of sales. This statistical tool will enable the HR director to identify any correlations between sales and staffing needs by analyzing historical data on sales and employment levels. By examining this data, the HR director can identify trends and patterns in staffing needs that correspond with different levels of sales.
Using the results of the regression analysis, the HR director can create a more accurate projection of future staffing needs. By incorporating this information into the HR planning process, the company can better allocate resources and ensure that they have the necessary staff to meet the anticipated demand.
In summary, a simple linear regression analysis can help the HR director at Clearwater Electronics to make more informed decisions regarding staffing needs based on projected sales numbers. By taking a data-driven approach to HR planning, the company can ensure that they are prepared to meet the anticipated demand and achieve their strategic objectives.
Therefore, it is essential to bookmark this question for later and ensure that the HR director uses regression analysis as part of the HR planning process.
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What determines life expectancy?
For this home assignment you will be required to model life expectancy worldwide.
Please use the file: life_expectancy.Rdata (World Bank Database – 2016 values). Please read the description
at the end of this document to understand the variables. In this home assignment we are going to model
life expectancy at birth (dependent variable).
QUESTION 1
Please model the determinants of life expectancy using R:
a) Decide if will use the logarithm or the level of the dependent variable and why? (2 marks)
b) Include a minimum of 5 (five) explanatory variables in the regression equation and provide a scatter
plot of your dependent and independent variables (5 scatter plots worth 0.5 x 5 marks).
When modelling, explain each of your functional form specification choices with respect to:
Economic or common sense behind the model - why do you pick this variable? (0.5 x 5 marks)
Multicollinearity – are the independent variables multicollinear? (0.5 x 5 marks)
Functional form specification- potential nonlinear relationships, eg: log-linear or quadratic
relationships. Explain why you use a linear or logarithmic form of a variable. (0.5 x 5 marks)
in writing. You will be graded on model accuracy in this section.
Use OLS standard errors.
(Subtotal: 10 marks) 1 Table [regression output] & Explanations, 5 scatter plots
c) Interpret the coefficients on the 5 explanatory variables. Describe if the coefficients are elasticities
or semi-elasticities, or simple level variables.
(5 marks)
d) Interpret the statistical significance of these coefficients using the p-values AND calculate the t-
stats.
Hint: The t-stat should be calculated as per the formula we learned, and interpreted accordingly.
Taking a t-value out of the regression is not acceptable.
(5 marks)
RMIT Classification: Trusted
e) Describe each of the five "Gauss Markov" assumptions, (define them) and explain in the context
of the regression output in (b) whether these assumptions are likely to be met in these models.
(5 marks)
f) Test for heteroscedasticity in R using the Breusch-Pagan test and copy below the results. Interpret
the results of the Breusch Pagan test. (2 marks)
g) Present the results from (b) using HAC robust errors! Did any of the standard errors change
significantly? (3 marks) 1 Table & Explanations
h) Define the three major causes of endogeneity and why these arise. (6 marks)
i) What is an instrumental variable estimation and which of the endogeneity biases you described above
is most commonly addressed with it? (2 marks)
Life expectancy is determined by various factors, including healthcare, sanitation, nutrition, education, and economic development. To model life expectancy worldwide, we will use the World Bank Database 2016 values in R.
We will model the determinants of life expectancy at birth using regression analysis. We will use the logarithm of the dependent variable since it is more appropriate for modeling exponential relationships. We will include at least five explanatory variables and provide scatter plots of the dependent and independent variables.
We will also explain our choices of functional form specifications based on economic or common sense reasoning, multicollinearity, and potential nonlinear relationships.
We will interpret the coefficients on the explanatory variables as elasticities or semi-elasticities and determine their statistical significance using p-values and t-stats. We will also test for heteroscedasticity using the Breusch-Pagan test and present the results using HAC robust errors.
Lastly, we will define the three major causes of endogeneity and explain instrumental variable estimation, which is commonly used to address endogeneity biases.
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jordan is 45 and wants to retire in 22 years. his family has a history of living well into their 90s. therefore, he estimates that he will live to age 97. he currently has a salary of $100,000 and expects that he will need about 85% of that amount annually if he were retired. he can earn 9 percent in his portfolio and expects inflation to be 3 percent. jordan currently has $125,000 invested for his retirement. his social security retirement benefit in today's dollars is $30,000 per year at normal age retirement of age 67. how much does he need to save at the end of each year to meet his retirement goals?
Jordan needs to save approximately $4,169,569.76 at the end of each year to meet his retirement goals.
To calculate how much Jordan needs to save at the end of each year to meet his retirement goals, we can follow these steps:
Estimate Jordan's annual retirement expenses
Jordan expects that he will need about 85% of his current salary annually when he is retired. Given that his current salary is $100,000, his estimated annual retirement expenses will be 85% of $100,000, which is $85,000.
Calculate Jordan's retirement period
Jordan wants to retire in 22 years and expects to live until age 97. So, his retirement period will be 97 - 22 = 75 years.
Adjust retirement expenses for inflation
Jordan expects an inflation rate of 3%. To account for inflation, we need to adjust his estimated annual retirement expenses for each year of his retirement period. We can use the formula:
Adjusted Retirement Expenses = Retirement Expenses * (1 + Inflation Rate)^Number of Years
For the first year of his retirement, the adjusted retirement expenses will be $85,000 * (1 + 0.03)^1 = $87,550.
For the second year, it will be $85,000 * (1 + 0.03)^2 = $90,226.5.
We repeat this calculation for each year of Jordan's retirement period.
Calculate Jordan's total retirement savings needed
Next, we need to calculate the total retirement savings Jordan will need at the end of his retirement period. We can use the formula:
Total Retirement Savings = Adjusted Retirement Expenses * ((1 - (1 + Annual Rate of Return)^-Number of Years) / Annual Rate of Return)
Given that Jordan can earn 9% in his portfolio, his annual rate of return will be 0.09.
Using this formula, we can calculate Jordan's total retirement savings needed:
Total Retirement Savings = $87,550 * ((1 - (1 + 0.09)^-75) / 0.09) = $4,324,569.76 (rounded to the nearest cent).
Deduct Jordan's current retirement savings and social security benefit
Finally, we need to deduct Jordan's current retirement savings and social security retirement benefit from the total retirement savings needed to determine how much he needs to save at the end of each year.
Total Retirement Savings Needed - Current Retirement Savings - Social Security Benefit = Annual Savings Needed
Given that Jordan currently has $125,000 invested for his retirement and his social security retirement benefit is $30,000 per year, we can calculate his annual savings needed:
$4,324,569.76 - $125,000 - $30,000 = $4,169,569.76 (rounded to the nearest cent).
So, Jordan needs to save approximately $4,169,569.76 at the end of each year to meet his retirement goals.
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the risks that economic problems or mismanagement in a given country will have a meaningful negative impact upon the conduct of business in that country are called _____ risks.
The risks that economic problems or mismanagement in a given country will have a meaningful negative impact upon the conduct of business in that country are called economic risks.
Economic risks refer to the uncertainties and potential losses that arise from changes in economic conditions, such as inflation, recession, currency fluctuations, and political instability.
These risks can affect businesses in a variety of ways, such as reducing demand for products or services, increasing the cost of inputs, and disrupting supply chains.
Economic risks are a major concern for businesses operating in international markets, as they can be impacted by factors beyond their control, such as changes in government policies or economic conditions in their host countries.
To mitigate these risks, businesses often conduct extensive research on the economic conditions and political climate of the countries in which they operate, and implement strategies to hedge against potential losses, such as diversifying their product lines or investing in multiple markets.
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four descriptive terms describing possible experience a person may have
1) John has had instructors that have improved her coding skills.
2) Adam has traveled to many different parts of the world.
What do personal competencies entail in a job?Personal skills, often known as interpersonal or people skills, are a category of soft skills that deal with how a person communicates and interacts with others as well as their surroundings. It can be more difficult to master personal skills. Some of them are dependability, flexibility, problem-solving, and communication.
To submit an effective job application, you must be aware of these talents and how demonstrate that you have acquired them. Interpersonal aptitude increases approachability, likeability, and comfort. Strong interpersonal communication abilities are a quality that managers strive for when leading their teams. They give employees the impression that they can approach their managers with any issues or worries, which is crucial.
3) Joseph has worked at Apple for 15 years.
4) Mary is a good leader and has a capacity for teamwork.
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The complete question is:
Create a bulleted list of four descriptive terms describing possible experience a person may have in job or business.
Melissa Inc. has an outstanding issue of perpetual preferred stock with an annual dividend of $1.00 per share. If the required return on this preferred stock is 5.24%, at what price should the stock sell? (Multiple Choice) a. $16.46 b. $11.69 c. $19.08 d. $13.69 e. $15.38
A higher yield (return) is expected from investing in an AA-rated corporate bond than investing in a BBB-rated corporate bond if both bonds have the same maturity. True/False) a
The price at which Melissa Inc.'s perpetual preferred stock should sell is $19.08.(C)
To calculate the price of the perpetual preferred stock, use the formula:
Price = Annual Dividend / Required Return
Step 1: Identify the annual dividend and required return.
Annual Dividend = $1.00
Required Return = 5.24% (0.0524 as a decimal)
Step 2: Use the formula to calculate the price.
Price = $1.00 / 0.0524 = $19.08
Thus, the stock should sell at $19.08, which corresponds to option (C).
Regarding the statement about bond yields, it is True. A higher yield is expected from investing in an AA-rated corporate bond than in a BBB-rated corporate bond if both bonds have the same maturity.
This is because the AA-rated bond has a lower credit risk, and investors require a higher yield for taking on the additional risk associated with the BBB-rated bond.
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Your storage firm has been offered 99,400 in one year to store some goods for one year. Assume your costs are $96,500, payable immediately, are the cost of capital is 8.1%. Should you take the contract?
The NPV is negative, which means that the cost of the contract exceeds the present value of the expected cash inflow. Therefore, the contract should not be taken.
To determine whether you should take the contract, we need to calculate the net present value (NPV) of the cash flows associated with it.
The cash inflow is $99,400 in one year. We need to discount it back to the present using the cost of capital, which is 8.1%. Using the formula for calculating the present value of a single cash flow:
PV = FV / (1 + r)ⁿ
where PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the discount rate, and n is the number of years.
So the present value of the cash inflow is:
PV = 99,400 / (1 + 0.081)¹
PV = 91,962.40
The cost of the contract is $96,500, payable immediately. So the net cash flow is:
Net cash flow = $99,400 - $96,500
Net cash flow = $2,900
To determine the net present value, we need to discount the net cash flow back to the present:
NPV = -96,500 + (2,900 / (1 + 0.081)¹)
NPV = -96,500 + 2,677.38
NPV = -93,822.62.The NPV is negative, Therefore, you should not take the contract.
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in the u.s. money is primarily created by . group of answer choices the federal reserve bank printing new currency. the money multiplier effect created by the mpc the federal government selling new bonds. commercial banks lending out customer deposits
In the U.S., money is primarily created by commercial banks lending out customer deposits. The correct answer is commercial banks lending out customer deposits.
The Federal Reserve Bank also plays a role in the creation of money by setting the reserve requirements that commercial banks must meet. If the reserve requirement is lowered, banks can lend out more money, which increases the money supply. Conversely, if the reserve requirement is raised, banks have to keep more money on reserve, which decreases the money supply.The Federal Reserve Bank also has the ability to print new currency, but this is a relatively small portion of the overall money supply.
The federal government selling new bonds can also contribute to the money supply, but this is done through the process of borrowing rather than the direct creation of new money.Overall, while the Federal Reserve Bank and the federal government can play a role in the creation of money, it is primarily done through the money multiplier effect created by commercial banks lending out customer deposits. The correct answer is commercial banks lending out customer deposits.
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Assume you wish to evaluate the risk and return behaviors associated with various combinations of two stocks, Alpha Software and Beta Electronics, under three possible degrees of correlation: perfect positive, uncorrelated, and perfect negative. The average return and standard deviation for each stock appears here: a. If the returns of assets Alpha and Beta are perfectly positively correlated (correlation coefficient = + 1), over what range would the average return on portfolios of these stocks vary? In other words, what is the highest and lowest average retum that different combinations of these stocks could achieve? What is the minimum and maximum standard deviation that portfolios Alpha and Beta could achieve? b. If the returns of assets Alpha and Beta are uncorrelated (correlation coefficient = 0), over what range would the average return on portfolios of these stocks vary? What is the standard deviation of a portfolio that invests 75% in Alpha and 25% in Beta? How does this compare to the standard deviations of Alpha and Beta alone? c. If the returns of assets Alpha and Beta are perfectly negatively correlated (correlation coefficient = -1), over what range would the average retum on portfolios of these stocks vary? Calculate the standard deviation of a portfolio that invests 62.5% in Alpha and 37.5% in Beta.
a. The average return on portfolios of perfectly positively correlated Alpha and Beta stocks would vary between the sum of their individual average returns and the highest average return achieved by a portfolio consisting of only one of the stocks.
The minimum and maximum standard deviation would depend on the combination of weights of each stock in the portfolio.
b. The average return on portfolios of uncorrelated Alpha and Beta stocks would vary between the sum of their individual average returns and the highest average return achieved by a portfolio consisting of only one of the stocks.
The standard deviation of a portfolio that invests 75% in Alpha and 25% in Beta would be less than the standard deviation of Alpha and Beta alone due to the diversification effect.
c. The average return on portfolios of perfectly negatively correlated Alpha and Beta stocks would vary between the sum of their individual average returns and the highest average return achieved by a portfolio consisting of only one of the stocks.
The standard deviation of a portfolio that invests 62.5% in Alpha and 37.5% in Beta can be calculated using the formula for portfolio standard deviation.
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The concept of adverse selection helps to explain all of the following except:
A) why firms are more likely to obtain funds from banks and other financial intermediaries, rather than from the securities markets
B) why indirect finance is more important than direct finance as a source of business finance
C) why direct finance is more important than indirect finance as a source of business finance
D) why the financial system is so heavily regulated
The concept of adverse selection can explain options A, B, and D, but not option C. It does not support the idea that direct finance is more important than indirect finance.
According to the theory of adverse selection, those who are more likely to have negative information are more willing to participate in markets with asymmetric information, such as the financial market. As a result, lenders run the danger of making a bad choice and are limited to working with low-risk clients.
This explains why financial intermediaries are more frequently used by businesses to raise capital than securities markets, and why the financial system is highly regulated. It does not, however, prove that direct financing is a more significant source of corporate funding than indirect financing.
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The concept of adverse selection can explain options A, B, and D, but not option C. It does not support the idea that direct finance is more important than indirect finance.
According to the theory of adverse selection, those who are more likely to have negative information are more willing to participate in markets with asymmetric information, such as the finance market. As a result, lenders run the danger of making a bad choice and are limited to working with low-risk clients. This explains why financial intermediaries are more frequently used by businesses to raise capital than securities markets, and why the financial system is highly regulated. It does not, however, prove that direct financing is a more significant source of corporate funding than indirect financing.
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which one of the following statements is correct? multiple choice at the accounting break-even level, the pretax profit is equal to the aftertax profit. the contribution margin is equal to sales minus fixed costs. the larger the contribution margin, the higher the financial break-even point. the accounting break-even point is higher than the financial break-even point for the same project. taxes are considered when computing the accounting break-even point but not the financial break-even point.
The statement that is correct is: at the accounting break-even level, the pretax profit is equal to the aftertax profit.
Accounting Break- even level:
The correct statement is: at the accounting break-even level, the pretax profit is equal to the aftertax profit. This is because at the accounting break-even point, the company is earning just enough revenue to cover all its expenses, including taxes, so there is no net profit or loss. The other statements are not necessarily true.
The contribution margin is sales minus variable costs, not fixed costs. The larger the contribution margin, the lower the financial break-even point, not higher. The accounting break-even point and the financial break-even point may be the same or different depending on the level of fixed costs and financing costs. Taxes are considered in both the accounting and financial break-even analysis.
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5. Problem 14.07 (Financial Leverage Effects) eBook The Neal Company wants to estimate next year's return on equity (ROE) under different financial leverage ratios. Neal's total capital is $18 million, it currently uses only common equity, it has no future plans to use preferred stock in its capital structure, and its federal-plus-state tax rate is 25%.
Neal should carefully consider the trade-off between higher ROE and higher risk when deciding on its capital structure.
1. To estimate next year's ROE under different financial leverage ratios, The Neal Company will need to use the DuPont Model, which decomposes ROE into three components:
net profit margin (NPM), total asset turnover (TAT), and financial leverage.
Since Neal currently uses only common equity and has no future plans to use preferred stock, its financial leverage ratio is currently 0. This means that its ROE is solely determined by its NPM and TAT.
To estimate next year's ROE under different financial leverage ratios, Neal will need to first determine how much debt it wants to use. Let's say that it decides to use $6 million in debt and $12 million in common equity. This gives it a financial leverage ratio of 0.5 (total debt divided by total capital).
2. Next, Neal will need to estimate the interest expense on its debt. Let's say that the interest rate on the debt is 6%. This means that Neal will have to pay $360,000 in interest expenses each year (6% of $6 million).
Now, we can use the DuPont Model to estimate next year's ROE under a financial leverage ratio of 0.5:
[tex]ROE = NPM x TAT x (1 + D/E) - I/ E Where: - NPM = Net profit margin - TAT = Total asset turnover - D/E = Debt-to-equity ratio - I = Interest expense - E = Total equity[/tex]
Assuming that Neal's NPM is 10% and its TAT is 1.5, we get:
[tex]ROE = 10% x 1.5 x (1 + 0.5) - $360,000 / $12 million \\ROE = 19.17%[/tex]
This means that under a financial leverage ratio of 0.5, Neal's ROE is estimated to be 19.17%.
Neal can repeat this process for different levels of financial leverage to estimate the impact of debt on its ROE. However, it should be noted that increasing financial leverage also increases the risk of financial distress and bankruptcy.
Therefore, Neal should carefully consider the trade-off between higher ROE and higher risk.
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(c) Agency conflicts are the direct outcome of the multiplicityof stakeholders in a firm and their resolution lies in theconvergence of the interests of varied stakeholders. Analyze.
Agency conflicts arise from the multiplicity of stakeholders in a firm, as each stakeholder has different interests and objectives. Resolving agency conflicts involves converging the interests of these varied stakeholders.
Agency conflicts occur when the objectives of a firm's various stakeholders, such as shareholders, management, and employees, conflict with one another. This is a direct outcome of having multiple parties involved in a firm, each with their own goals and preferences. To resolve these conflicts, it's crucial to find a convergence point for the interests of all stakeholders. This may involve establishing a strong corporate governance framework, aligning incentives, and promoting transparent communication.
By ensuring that all stakeholders' interests are considered and properly balanced, a firm can create a more cohesive and harmonious working environment, ultimately leading to increased productivity and long-term success. Agency conflicts arise from the multiplicity of stakeholders in a firm, as each stakeholder has different interests and objectives. Resolving agency conflicts involves converging the interests of these varied stakeholders.
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Background
Your company wants to expand their business to two new continents i.e. Europe and Asia.
Assume 50/50 capital allocation to Europe/Asia
Total Capital amount of $5m is required.
Company Info
Share value is $10/share
Yearly Dividend payout $0.30/share
Minimum Debt/Equity Ratio =30%
Maximum Debt/Equity Ratio = 45%
Company capitalization is $15m
1m shares were issued
Corporate tax rate is 30%
Existing Debt/Equity ratio is 32%
Approved stock split is
To expand your business to two new continents, Europe and Asia, your company will need a total capital amount of $5m.
Assuming a 50/50 capital allocation to both continents, your company will need to allocate $2.5m to each continent.
To fund this expansion, your company could consider issuing new shares or taking on debt. However, it is important to ensure that the company's debt/equity ratio stays within the minimum and maximum limits of 30% and 45%, respectively. With a current debt/equity ratio of 32%, your company is within the acceptable range.
Given the current share value of $10/share and a capitalization of $15m, it means that there are currently 1.5m shares outstanding. To raise the $5m needed for expansion, your company could issue an additional 500,000 shares at a price of $10/share. This would bring the total number of outstanding shares to 2m.
Another option to consider is a stock split. The approved stock split could be in the ratio of 2-for-1, which means that each shareholder would receive an additional share for every share they currently own. This would effectively double the number of outstanding shares to 3m, and the share value would be adjusted to $5/share.
This would make it easier for investors to buy in at a lower price point, and it would also make the stock more liquid.
In either case, it is important to consider the impact of the expansion on the company's financials. With a corporate tax rate of 30%, the company will need to factor in the tax implications of the expansion. It is also important to ensure that the expansion is profitable and will generate enough revenue to cover the increased costs.
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kam Il Practice Problems List and explain the two characteristics of a public good. Give two examples where the concept of public goods applies to environmental issues.
Public goods are goods or services that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous in nature.
These two characteristics are fundamental to understanding the unique nature of public goods:
Non-excludability: Public goods are non-excludable, which means that once provided, it is difficult or impossible to exclude anyone from using or benefiting from the good. Once a public good is available, it is generally available to all members of society, regardless of whether they have contributed to its provision or not. It is not feasible to charge a price or prevent access to those who do not pay for it.
Non-rivalry: Public goods are non-rivalrous, which means that one person's consumption or use of the good does not diminish or reduce the amount available for others to use. The consumption of a public good by one person does not reduce its availability for others, and multiple individuals can benefit from the same unit of the public good simultaneously without conflict.
Examples of public goods in environmental issues:
Clean air: Air quality can be considered a public good as it is difficult to exclude anyone from breathing clean air once it is available. Efforts to reduce air pollution or maintain clean air benefit the entire society, regardless of whether individuals contribute financially towards those efforts or not. For example, regulations on emissions from factories or vehicles, and public investments in air quality monitoring and control measures are aimed at providing clean air as a public good.
Biodiversity: Biodiversity, which refers to the variety of plant and animal species and ecosystems on Earth, can also be considered a public good. Conservation efforts to protect biodiversity, such as preserving natural habitats, maintaining ecological balance, and preventing the extinction of endangered species, benefit society as a whole. These efforts often require collective action and cooperation among different stakeholders, as the benefits of biodiversity conservation are diffuse and not limited to specific individuals or groups.
In both of these examples, the characteristics of non-excludability and non-rivalry apply. It is challenging to exclude individuals from enjoying clean air or biodiversity conservation once they are available, and the consumption or use of clean air or biodiversity by one person does not diminish its availability for others. This makes these environmental issues examples of public goods where collective action and public policy play crucial roles in their management and preservation.
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monitoring the probability or impact of the risk event to assure benefits are realized is called
The practice of monitoring the probability or impact of a risk event to ensure that benefits are realized is known as risk management.
This involves identifying potential risks, analyzing their probability and impact, developing strategies to mitigate them, and monitoring them to ensure that they are effectively managed. By managing risks effectively, organizations can ensure that they are able to maximize the benefits of their projects or initiatives while minimizing any negative impacts.
There are several ways to categorize an effective risk management process’s constituent elements, but at the very least it should incorporate the following risk management components.
Risk Identification- Risk identification is the process of documenting potential risks and then categorizing the actual risks the business faces. The totality of potential and actual risks is sometimes referred to as the risk universe.Risk Analysis - Once risks have been identified, the next step is to analyze their likelihood and potential impact. An organization might divide risks into “serious, moderate, or minor” or “high, medium, or low” depending on their potential for disruption. Response Planning- Response planning answers the question: What are we going to do about it? For example, if during identification and analysis, it is realized that the business is at risk of phishing attacks because its employees are unaware of email security best practices, the response plan might include security awareness training.Risk Mitigation- Risk mitigation is the implementation of your response plan. It is the action your business and its employees take to reduce exposure. Following our previous example, the implementation might involve security awareness training, the creation of onboarding material to educate employees, and so on.Risk Monitoring- Risks are not static; they change over time. The potential impact and probability of occurrence change, and what was once considered a minor risk can grow into one that presents a significant threat to the business and its revenue. Risk monitoring is the process of “keeping an eye” on the situation through regular risk assessments.Learn more about risk management here: https://brainly.com/question/13760012
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The practice of monitoring the probability or impact of a risk event to ensure that benefits are realized is an called risk management. This involves assessing the likelihood and potential impact of various risks, developing strategies to mitigate or prevent them.
Effective risk management can help organizations to minimize losses, optimize performance, and achieve their strategic objectives. Risk evaluation in risk management includes risk mitigation. The management team is in charge of the evaluation procedure.
Risk is the possibility that something will go wrong or negatively affect how an organisation operates. Risks include, but are not limited to, audit risks, control risks, credit risks, business risks, inherent risks, financial risks, and more.
Management assesses risk in order to lessen its impacts and mitigate it. There are several strategies to lessen the impacts of risk, as well as numerous measures that may be taken to analyse the risk.
The best approaches to limit the impacts of a risk are determined via risk analysis and risk management strategies. Transferring the risk and avoiding.
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Astro Burger announced today that it will begin paying annual dividends. The first dividend of $0.41 will be paid in one year. The second and third annual dividends will be $0.46 and $0.61, respectively. The forth annual dividend will be $0.91, and subsequent dividends will increase at 3.0 percent per year in perpetuity. If your required return is 11 percent, how much are you willing to pay today to buy this stock?
You would be willing to pay $5.23 today to buy Astro Burger's stock.
To calculate this, first, we need to find the present value of the dividends. We will divide each dividend by (1+required return) raised to the power of the year in which the dividend is paid:
PV1 = $0.41 / (1+0.11)¹ = $0.369
PV2 = $0.46 / (1+0.11)² = $0.373
PV3 = $0.61 / (1+0.11)³ = $0.440
PV4 = $0.91 / (1+0.11)⁴ = $0.564
Next, we need to calculate the present value of the perpetuity (constant growth) part of the dividend stream, which begins with the 4th annual dividend of $0.91 and grows at 3% per year. We'll use the perpetuity formula:
PV Perpetuity = (D4 * (1 + growth rate)) / (required return - growth rate)
PV Perpetuity = ($0.91 * 1.03) / (0.11 - 0.03) = $11.703
Finally, we'll sum the present values to find the total value of the stock:
Stock Value = PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV4 + PV Perpetuity = $0.369 + $0.373 + $0.440 + $0.564 + $11.703 = $5.23
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Suppose your company is expected to grow at a constant rate of 6 percent long into the future. In addition, its dividend yield is expected to be 8 percent. If your company expects to pay a dividend equal to $1.06 per share at the end of the year, what is the value of your firm's stock?
The value of the firm's stock is $13.25.
We can use the Gordon Growth Model to find the value of the firm's stock:
Value of Stock = Dividend / (Cost of Equity - Growth Rate)
where:
Dividend = $1.06 (the expected dividend per share at the end of the year)
Growth Rate = 6% (the expected constant growth rate)
Cost of Equity = Dividend Yield + Growth Rate
Since the dividend yield is expected to be 8%, we can calculate the cost of equity as:
Cost of Equity = 8% + 6% = 14%
Now we can substitute these values into the formula:
Value of Stock = $1.06 / (0.14 - 0.06) = $1.06 / 0.08 = $13.25
Therefore, the value of the firm's stock is $13.25.
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why does a government policy to reduce the supply of illegal drugs greatly increase the price of illegal drugs? how might this policy result in more crime? might a government policy to reduce the demand for drugs have a different effect?
A government policy to reduce the supply of illegal drugs can increase the price of illegal drugs due to the basic principles of supply and demand. A government policy to reduce the demand for drugs can have a different effect.
If the supply of illegal drugs is reduced, while the demand for the drugs remains the same, the price of the drugs will rise. This is because there are fewer drugs available in the market, but the demand for the drugs remains the same, or even increases as some people may be willing to pay higher prices for the drugs.
The increase in the price of illegal drugs may result in more crime as individuals who are addicted to drugs may resort to criminal activities, such as theft or drug-related crimes, to obtain the funds to purchase the drugs at the higher prices. Moreover, drug dealers may also become more violent to protect their supply or increase their profits.
If the demand for drugs is reduced, while the supply remains constant, the price of illegal drugs may decrease. This is because there are fewer buyers in the market for the same amount of drugs. However, the effectiveness of such a policy in reducing drug-related crime would depend on the specific measures implemented to reduce demand, as well as the willingness of individuals to seek treatment or reduce their drug use.
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what is the name of a newer conflict-handling mode where decision making incorporate different viewpoints and insights to develop consensus and commitment?
The conflict-handling mode that you are referring to is called the collaborative mode. This mode is characterized by the willingness of all parties involved to work together to reach a mutually beneficial solution. The focus is on finding common ground and incorporating different viewpoints and insights to develop consensus and commitment.
In collaborative mode, parties engage in active listening and constructive communication to ensure that everyone's concerns are heard and understood. The goal is not just to resolve the conflict, but to create a lasting agreement that everyone is committed to.
Collaborative mode is a newer approach to conflict resolution that is gaining popularity in many organizations. It recognizes that conflicts can be opportunities for growth and change, and that by working together, parties can create solutions that are more creative and sustainable.
Overall, collaborative mode is a powerful tool for managing conflicts and creating positive outcomes. By fostering open communication and a willingness to work together, parties can overcome even the most difficult challenges and build strong, lasting relationships based on trust and respect.
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Organizations that emphasize performance metrics with a focus on support and trust will tend to produce _____ contexts.
a. country club
b. high performance
c. low performance
d. burnout
Organizations that emphasize performance metrics with support and trust tend to produce high-performance contexts, as individuals are motivated to achieve goals while feeling valued and supported. Thus the correct option is B.
High-performance settings are often created by organisations that place a strong emphasis on performance measurements while also emphasising support and trust. Employees are frequently more motivated and engaged in their job when given clear performance criteria and the support and trust needed to attain these goals.
People may perform at their best when assistance is given, such as training and resources, and a culture of trust is fostered. This strategy can result in a high-performance workplace by boosting productivity, enhancing job happiness, and lowering burnout.
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b. high performance.
Organizations that prioritize performance metrics and emphasize support and trust tend to create a high-performance culture. By providing employees with clear expectations and regular feedback, these organizations create a culture of accountability and continuous improvement. When employees feel supported and trusted, they are more likely to take risks, innovate, and collaborate effectively. This ultimately leads to better performance and higher levels of productivity. In contrast, organizations that neglect performance metrics or focus too heavily on metrics without providing support and trust can create a culture of low performance or even burnout, where employees feel overworked, undervalued, and disconnected from their work.
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Make a list of the legal issues that created confusion in the dispute between Katy Perry and the nuns from the Los Angeles convent. Discuss the impact on the various stakeholders of these points of legal confusion.
The legal issues that created confusion in the dispute between Katy Perry and the nuns from the Los Angeles convent include the ownership of the property, the authority of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, and the validity of the sale.
The nuns argued that they had the right to sell the property to a local restaurateur, while the Archdiocese of Los Angeles claimed ownership of the property and argued that the nuns did not have the authority to sell it. Furthermore, there were questions surrounding the validity of the sale and whether it followed proper procedures.
The impact on the various stakeholders of these points of legal confusion was significant. The nuns faced legal action and potential penalties for the attempted sale, while the Archdiocese of Los Angeles faced negative publicity and potential loss of property ownership.
Katy Perry and the restaurateur faced uncertainty regarding the status of their purchase, as well as the possibility of legal repercussions. Overall, the legal issues created confusion and tension among the stakeholders involved, leading to a prolonged and contentious dispute.
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You take out a 30 year fixed rate mortgage for $175,000 If the annual interest rate is 5.75% APR, what is your monthly payment? Round to the nearest dollar. Select one: O a $1,021 O b. $1,036 OC. $914
If you take out a 30-year fixed rate mortgage for $175,000 with an annual interest rate of 5.75% APR, your monthly payment will be approximately $1,021.
How monthly payment will be approximately $1,021?A mortgage is a type of loan that is used to purchase a property. When you take out a mortgage, you borrow a specific amount of money from a lender and agree to pay it back over a set period of time, along with interest.
In the case of a 30-year fixed rate mortgage, the interest rate remains the same for the entire term of the loan. This means that your monthly payment will also remain the same, making it easier to budget for your expenses.
To calculate the monthly payment for a mortgage, you need to consider the loan amount, the interest rate, and the length of the loan. The formula I used above is a standard formula used by lenders to calculate mortgage payments.
In this case, the loan amount is $175,000, the interest rate is 5.75% APR (or 0.004792 per month), and the length of the loan is 30 years (or 360 months). By plugging these values into the formula, we can calculate that the monthly payment for this mortgage is approximately $1,021.
It's important to note that while this calculation gives you an estimate of your monthly payment, it may not include other expenses associated with owning a home, such as property taxes, insurance, and maintenance costs. You should also consider your personal financial situation and budget when deciding how much you can afford to spend on a mortgage payment each month.
In conclusion, if you take out a 30-year fixed rate mortgage for $175,000 with an annual interest rate of 5.75% APR, your monthly payment will be approximately $1,021.
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