Given: K for acetic acid is 1.8 X 10–5You are titrating 0.108 M NaOH into 142.0 ml of acetic acid of unknown concentration. You have an indicator that will change color when equivalence is reached. At equivalence, you have added 72.0 ml of the base. Calculate molarity of the acid. What is the pH of the solution at the equivalence point? Now that you know the molarity of the acid, find pH when you mix 50.0ml of the acid with 75.0 ml of the same NaOH solution. Now you are working with different acid and base, both weak. K for the acid is 2.25 X 10-5. You mix 63 ml of 0.275 M acid with 55.0 ml of a weak base of concentration 0.188 M. Find pH

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:0.493 M NaOH means 0.493 mol NaOH/L

mols

mols = ------ x L

L

mols = M x V

In a titration procedure, 40.57 mL of 0.493 M NaOH solution was used. How many mols NaOH did this volume of NaOH solution contain?

mols = M x V

0.493 mols NaOH

mols = ----------------------- x 0.04057 L

L

mols = 0.0200 mols NaOH


Related Questions

Which metal will react spontaneously with Cu2+ (aq) at 25°C?

Hg

Mg

Ag

Au

Answers

Answer:

Mg  

Explanation:

The standard reduction potentials are

                                              E°/V

Au³⁺(aq ) + 3e⁻  ⟶  Au(s);     1.42

Hg²⁺(aq)  + 2e⁻  ⟶  Hg(l);     0.85

Ag⁺(aq)    +   e⁻  ⟶  Ag(s);    0.80

Cu²⁺(aq)   + 2e⁻ ⟶  Cu(s);   0.34

Mg2+(aq) + 2e- ⟶  Mg(s);   -2.38

The more negative the standard reduction potential, the stronger the metal is as a reducing agent.

Mg is the only metal with a standard reduction potential lower than that of Cu, so

Only Mg will react spontaneously with Cu²⁺.

 

Answer:

B. Mg

Explanation:

For which of the following reactions will a decrease in pressure shift the equilibrium to the left?
A). 2A2 (g) + B2 (g) --> 2A2B (g)

B). 2AB (g) --> A2 (g)+ B2 (g)

C). 2A2F3 (g) --> 4A (g) + 3F2 (g)

D). 2B (s) + 2HA (aq) --> 2BA (aq) + H2 (g)

Answers

Answer: I just took the test, the answer is A.

Explanation:

When the name of ions end with ide, is it true that they are all negative ions

Answers

Yes, from all the examples I can think of
Negative: Chloride, Bromide, Iodide
Positive: Sodium, Silver, Mercury

Describe the crystallization process as applied in salt preparation

Answers

Explanation:

The principle used in the preparation of these salts is to dissolve

the cystine in an alcoholic alkali solution to which just sufficient

water to effect solution has been added, and, after filtering from

excess cystine, to precipitate the salt by addition of a suitable

indifferent solvent. While various solvents, such as acetone,

ether, or large amounts of alcohol caused precipitations, these were

either oily or amorphous. Only acetonitrile was found to possess

the power of initiating regular crystallization in the salt solutions.

While the solutions of the different salts require different amounts

of the solvent for complete precipitation, a partial substitution of

absolute ether for acetonitrile was found expedient in the case

of the most soluble of the salts, the K salt.

Answer:

It is simply a process of forming crystal.

Explanation:            When salt is heated and dissolve in the liquid mainly water then its called saturated solution. When we further add salt and increase heat in order to dissolve it then it forcibly dissolve in liquid it's called supersaturated solution. After we slowly cool down the temperature then the salt we have put in supersaturated solution arises in the form of crystal. Hence its called crystalization.

Why are the oxidation and reduction half-reactions separated in an
electrochemical cell?

Answers

Answer:

Electrochemical cells typically consist of two half-cells. The half-cells separate the oxidation half-reaction from the reduction half-reaction and make it possible for current to flow through an external wire.

Explanation:

A 35 gram of saturated solution is distilled out completely. If the solubility of the solute is 110, find the amount of residue solute snd distilled water

Answers

Answer:

3850g

Explanation:

Solubility is the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent.

Solubility is mass of solute÷mass of solvent

The solvent is 35grams

Solute?

Solubility of solute is 110

110=x/35

= 110 × 35

The amount of residue solute is 3850g

Which of the following would NOT be a conversion factor for mole to mole calculations for the following reaction: 2Al + 3Cl2 --> 2AlCl3
A: 3 mol Cl2 3 mol Al
B: 2 mol Al 3 mol Cl2
C: 2 mol AlCl3 2 mol Al
D: 3 mole Cl2 2 mol AlCl3

Answers

Answer: A. 3 mol [tex]Cl_2[/tex] 3 mol Al:

Explanation:

Te given balanced chemical equation is :

[tex]2Al+3Cl_2\rightarrow 2AlCl_3[/tex]

According to the stochiometry :

A: 3 mol [tex]Cl_2[/tex] 3 mol Al:

3 moles of chlorine reacts with 2 moles of aluminium

B. 2 mol [tex]Al[/tex] 3 mol [tex]Cl_2[/tex]:

2 moles of aluminium  reacts with 3 moles of chlorine

C.  2 mol [tex]AlCl_3[/tex] 2 mol Al

2 mol of aluminium produces 2 mol of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex]

D. 3 mol [tex]Cl_2[/tex] 2 mol [tex]AlCl_3[/tex]

3 moles of chlorine produces with 2 moles of [tex]AlCl_3[/tex]

Thus the conversion factor not used for mole to mole calculations is  3 mol [tex]Cl_2[/tex] 3 mol Al:

The freezing point of pure chloroform is -63.5°C, and its freezing point depression constant is 4.07°C•kg/mol. If the freezing point of a solution of benzoic acid in chloroform is -70.55°C, what is the molality of this solution? 0.58 m 1.7 m 16 m 17 m

Answers

Answer: The molality of this solution is 1.7 m

Explanation:

Depression in freezing point:

[tex]T_f^0-T^f=i\times k_f\times m[/tex]

where,

[tex]T_f[/tex] = freezing point of solution = [tex]-70.55^0C[/tex]

[tex]T_f^0[/tex] = freezing point of pure chloroform = [tex]-63.5^0C[/tex]

[tex]k_f[/tex] = freezing point constant of benzene = [tex]4.07^0Ckg/mol[/tex]

m = molality

i = Van't Hoff factor = 1 (for non-electrolyte)

[tex]-63.5-(-70.55)^0C=1\times 4.07^0Ckg/mol\times m[/tex]

[tex]7.05=1\times 4.07^0Ckg/mol\times m[/tex]

[tex]m=1.7[/tex]

Thus the molality of this solution is 1.7 m

Below are 5 sets of potential solutes for you to compare. Both members of each pair are very soluble in water. If you had equal molar concentrations of each solution, which member of each pair would theoretically be the better conductor of electricity?
A. CsCl, CaCl2.
B. CaS, Li2S.
C. KBr, AlCl3.
D. AlCl3, MgC2.
E. KI, K2S.

Answers

Answer:

Option D. AlCl₃, MgC₂

Explanation:

We need to dissociate all the salts, to determine the i. (Van't Hoff factor).

The salt who has the highest value, will be the better conductor of electricity

CsCl  → Cs⁺  +  Cl⁻   i = 2

CaCl → Ca²⁺ +  Cl⁻   i = 2

CaS → Ca²⁺ +  S⁻²    i = 2

Li₂S → 2Li⁺  +  S⁻²    i = 3

KBr →  K⁺  +  Br⁻       i = 2

AlCl₃ →  Al³⁺ + 3Cl⁻   i = 4

MgC₂  →  Mg²⁺  +  2C⁻   i = 3

KI  →  K⁺  +  I⁻     i = 2

K₂S  →  2K⁺  + S⁻²   i = 3

The biggest i, is in pair D.

Answer:

Look at the Screenshot!!!

Explanation:

Got it right on Odessyware ;) Have a nice day!!!!!

You are given a mixture of sand, sugar and sulphur. Give the method you will use to separate the three constituents. ___________

Answers

Answer:

1:put these in sneaker and add water since sulphur is insoluble and the sugar will dissolve and the sand will settle obtain the sulphur

2:filter the mixture of sand and sugar solution to obtain the sand as residue and solution as filtrate

3:using an evaporating dish evaporate sugar solution to saturation not dryness to get crystals.

Which event is most likely occurring? diffusion because particles move from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration diffusion because particles move from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration effusion because there is a movement of a gas through a small opening into a larger volume effusion because there is a movement of a gas through a large opening into a smaller volume

Answers

Answer: c

Explanation: effusion because there is a movement of a gas through a small opening into a larger volume

Which type of river is similar to a mature river, but flows more slowly so has less power to change the landscape? Select one: a. Youthful River b. Mature River c. Old Age River

Answers

Answer:

The correct option is;

C. Old Age River

Explanation:

Among the three stages of  the development of a river, which are the youthful, mature, and old age stages, the old age river is least dynamic

The water is very slow moving  with a low gradient and lesser erosive power to alter the landscape which results in the appearance of flood planes

Examples of old age rivers include, lower Ganges, lower Nile, Indus, and Yellow rivers

Old age rivers are characterized by a broad shape, with a wide flood plane, a very gentle gradient and the water current is low.

Answer:c

Explanation:

old age river

The temperature of a sample of liquid water changes from 50°C to 30°C. Which statement best explains the change
that must happen at the molecular level?
ОООО
The molecules move more quickly and their average kinetic energy increases.
The molecules move more slowly and their average kinetic energy decreases.
The molecules move more quickly and their average kinetic energy decreases.
The molecules move more slowly and their average kinetic energy increases.

Answers

Answer:

The molecules move more slowly and their average kinetic energy decreases

Explanation:

The increased temperature meant that the atoms in liquid had a greater average energy of motion so as the temperature decreases the reaction would be inverse.

The branch of science which deals with the chemicals bond is called chemistry.

The correct option is B.

The energy which is produced by the motion of the particles is called kinetic energy. Temperature increases the motion of the particles. So, the kinetic energy increases when the temperature rises.

According to the question, the temperature of the water decreases therefore the kinetic energy decreases.

Hence, the correct option is B that is the molecules move more slowly and their average kinetic energy decreases.

For more information, refer to the link:-

https://brainly.com/question/25026730

​Ascorbic Acid is a organic compound with formula C6H8O6, originally called Hexuronic Acid. It's a white solid, but impure samples can be yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. It is a mild reducing agent.

What is the other name of Ascorbic Acid?

Answers

Explanation:

ascorbic acid is lemon

lemon contain ascorbic acid....

it is organic acid.....

someone plz plz answer this hurry plz it

Answers

Answer:

b

Explanation:

show bond formation in magnesium chloride​

Answers

mg has a 2 in its valence shell

it will become mgcl2

. . . .

: Cl -------- Mg ------ Cl :

. . . .

A container initially holds 5.67 x 10^10-2 mol of propane and has a volume of V1. The volume of the container was increased by adding an additional 2.95 x 10^-2 mol of propane to the container, so that the container has a final volume of 1.93 L. If the temperature and pressure are constant, what was the initial volume of the container ,V1?

Answers

Answer:

The initial volume of the container was 1.27L

Explanation:

Avogadro's law states that under the same pressure and temperature, equal moles of gases occupies equal volume. The equation is:

V₁n₂ = V₂n₁

Where V is volume and n moles of 1, initial state and 2, final state.

In the problem, initial moles are 5.67x10⁻², final moles after the addition are:

5.67x10⁻² + 2.95x10⁻² = 8.62x10⁻² moles

And, after the addition, the volume is 1.93L.

Replacing in Avogadro's law:

V₁×8.62x10⁻² moles = 1.93L×5.67x10⁻² moles

V₁ = 1.27L

The initial volume of the container was 1.27L

Two oxides of lead were separately reduced to metallic lead by heating in a current of

i) Mass of yellow oxide taken=3.45g

ii) Mass of brown oxide taken=1.227g
Loss in mass during reduction=16g

Show that the above data illustrate the law of multiple proportions.​

Answers

Answer:

HeyA ❤

Let us consider the mass of oxygen as 1 g.

Mass of lead obtained from yellow oxide = 3.45 g – 0.24 g = 3.21 g

Mass of oxygen = 0.24 g

The mass of lead that combines with 0.24 g of oxygen = 3.21 g

Therefore, mass of lead that combines with 1 g of oxygen = 3.21/ 0.24 = 13.4 g

Mass of lead obtained from brown oxide = 1.227 g – 0.16 g = 1.067

Mass of oxygen = 0.16g

The mass of lead that combines with 0.16 g of oxygen = 1.067 g

Therefore, mass of lead that combines with 1 g of oxygen = 1.067/ 0.16 = 6.66 g

Now, ratio of masses of lead which combines with a fixed mass of oxygen = 13.4 : 6.66

= 2 :1

Thus, masses of lead which combine with the fixed mass of oxygen are in the ratio of (2:1) i.e. small whole numbers.

Hence, the law of multiple proportions is illustrated.

Follow meehhhh Piper ❤

g When a 2.75g sample of liquid octane (C8H18) is burned in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature of the calorimeter rises from 22.0 °C to 41.5 °C. The heat capacity of the calorimeter, measured in a separate experiment, is 6.18 kJ/°C. Determine the ΔE for octane combustion in units of kJ/mol octane.

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is 5021.25 kJ/mol octane

Explanation:

The heat absorbed by the calorimeter is given by:

heat absorbed = Ccal x ΔT

Given:

Ccal = 6.18 kJ/ºC (heat capacity of calorimeter)

ΔT= Final temperature - initial temperature = 41.5ºC-22.0ºC = 19.5ºC

We first calculate the heat absorbed:

heat absorbed = 6.18 kJ/ºC x 19.5ºC = 120.51 kJ

The change in internal energy (ΔE) is equal to the heat absorbed by the calorimeter. In order to determine ΔE in kJ/mol we have to divide the heat into the number of moles of octane (C₈H₁₈) burned in the calorimeter.

Molecular weight (C₈H₁₈) = (12 g/mol x 8) + (1 g/mol x 18) = 114 g/mol

Moles of C₈H₁₈= mass/molecular weight= (2.75 g)/(114 g/mol)= 0.024 moles

Finally, we calculate ΔE:

ΔE = heat absorbed/moles of octane = (120.51 kJ)/(0.024 mol octane) = 5021.25 kJ/mol octane

For a system, H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2 HI(g), Kc = 62.9 at 750 K. 2.80 moles of HI were placed in a 10.0-liter container, brought up to 750 K, and allowed to come to equilibrium. Which situation described below is true, at equilibrium?
a. [HI] = 2 × [H2]
b. [HI] = [H2]
c. [HI] < [H2]
d. [HI] > [H2]
e. [H2] > [I2]

Answers

Answer:

d. [HI] > [H2]

Explanation:

The explanation at equilibrium is shown below:-

Data provided           [tex]H_2(g) + I(g) \rightleftharpoons 2HI_(g)[/tex]

Initial concentration    -           -           [tex]\frac{2.80}{10}[/tex] = 0.280 M

At equilibrium             x          x       0.280 - 2x

[tex]K_c = \frac{(HI)^2}{(H_2)(I_2)} = 62.9[/tex]

[tex]= \frac{(0.280 - 2x)^2}{x^2} = 62.9\\\\4x^2 - 1.12x + 0.0784 = 62.9x^2[/tex]

After solve the above equation we will get

x = 0.0282 M

Therefore at equilibrium

[tex][H_2] = [I_2] = x = 0.0282M\\\\[/tex]

[tex][HI] = 0.280 - 2x = 0.2236 M[/tex]

Hence, the correct option is d.

Who is john Dalton ?

Answers

Answer:

He is a English chemist physicist and meteorologist. He is best known for the atomic theory

Answer:

John Dalton was a scientist.

Explanation:

Which of the following choices would have a negative entropy change? A. CaCO3(s)−>CaO(s)+CO2(g)

Answers

Answer: N2(g) + 3H2(g)- >2NH3(g) denotes a negative entropy change.

Explanation:

Entropy is defined as the extent of disorder in a system. The degree of entropy is more in a gas and less in a solid.

Here, 1st reaction produces ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen. We can see that four moles of gases produces 2 moles of gaseous product. So the degree of disorder in the system is decreasing. So the entropy is also decreasing.

Label the following as either an Element, Compound, or Mixture.

Answers

Answer:

27. Element (Because it contains all same atoms)

28. Compound (It contains atoms held together through chemical bonds)

29. Element (it contains all same atoms)

33. Mixture (It contains different atoms but they are not held together through chemical means)

34. Compound (Different atoms held together through chemical means)

35. Mixture (Mixture of elements and compounds)

30. Element (it contains all same atoms)

31. Mixture (Mixture of elements and compounds)

32. Element (Contain all same atoms although held together through chemical means they are not compounds)

What letter represents the enthalpy of reaction?

Answers

Answer:

Option D. T

Explanation:

Enthalpy change (ΔH) is simply the difference between the heat content of the product (Hp) and the heat content of the reactant (Hr). Mathematically, it is expressed as:

Enthalpy change (ΔH) = Heat of product (Hp) – heat of reactant (Hr)

ΔH = Hp – Hr

From the diagram given above, the difference between the heat content of product and the heat content of reactant is T.

Therefore, the enthalpy change of the reaction is T.

The structures found in a living cell can be compared to the parts of a factory that produces cars. Which part of the factory is most similar to the nucleus of a living cell? *

Answers

The computers that help control the machines in the factory

Seawater is highly saline, which means it contains large amounts of dissolved salt. When seawater freezes and icebergs form, the water in the iceberg doesn’t take the salt with it. What effect will this phenomenon have on the concentration of salt in the water around the iceberg?

Answers

Answer:

Because the amount of liquid water decreases and the amount of dissolved salt remains constant, the concentration of salt in the liquid water around the iceberg will increase.

Explanation:

Answer:

Because the amount of liquid water decreases and the amount of dissolved salt remains constant, the concentration of salt in the liquid water around the iceberg will increase.

Explanation:

PLATO exact answer

A 25.0 mL sample of a solution of an unknown compound is titrated with a 0.115 M NaOH solution. The titration curve above was obtained with pH at equivalence point of around 8. The unknown compound is ________.

Answers

Answer:

Weak acid

Explanation:

A titration curve is a graphical description of the change in pH of the solution in the conical flask as the reagent is added from the burette. A titration curve can be plotted for the different kinds of acid and base titrations. The volume of the titrant is always plotted as the independent variable and the pH of the solution as the dependent variable. The equivalence point is read off from the titration curve. A titration curve is very important because it shows the pH at various points during the titration.

A weak acid/strong base titration leads to an equivalence point above 7. From the question, we were told that the pH at equivalence point lies around 8. Hence the unknown substance must be a weak acid.

The volume of a sample of pure HCl gas was 221 mL at 20°C and 111 mmHg. It was completely dissolved in about 50 mL of water and titrated with an NaOH solution; 18.7 mL of the NaOH solution was required to neutralize the HCl. Calculate the molarity of the NaOH solution.

Answers

Answer:

[tex]molarity =6.9\times 10^{-3}\ M\\[/tex]

Explanation:

We know that , the reaction of HCl and NaOH is given as follows

[tex]NaOH+HCl=NaCl +H_2O[/tex]

Given that

Pressure = 111 mm Hg

[tex]P=111\times 13.6\times 10^{-3}\times 9.81\times 1000=14.809\ kPa[/tex]

Temperature = 20°C

T=20+273=293 K

Volume= 221 m L

V=0.221 L

Number of moles of HCl is given as follows

[tex]n=\dfrac{P\times V}{R\times T}\\n=\dfrac{0.148\times 0.221}{0.821\times 293}=1.3\times 10^{-4}\ moles[/tex]

From the above reaction we can say that

Number of moles of HCl=Number of moles of NaOH

Volume of NaoH is given as follows

V=18.7 = 0.0187 L

Therefore molarity

[tex]molarity =\dfrac{n}{V_{NaOH}}\\molarity =\dfrac{1.3\times 10^{-4}}{0.0187}=6.9\times 10^{-3}\ M\\molarity =6.9\times 10^{-3}\ M\\[/tex]

Select the correct answer.
What is the reason for heat transfer from one substance to another

Answers

Answer:

Difference in temperature.

Explanation:

Conduction is the movement of heat energy through a substance or from one substance to another by direct contact of atoms and molecules. Heat moves directly from one molecule to another. The heat energy speeds up the movement of the atoms and they collide with other molecules setting them into faster motion.

Which of the following may suggest a catalyst has been used in a reaction, given the energy diagram for the same reaction without a catalyst?

Answers

The answer I think would be C
Other Questions
Read and choose the option with the correct verb conjugation for the blank. Julin, Serena y Ronda ________ costarricenses y muy extrovertidos! somos eres soy son A metal sphere carrying an evenly distributed charge will have spherical equipotential surfaces surrounding it. Suppose the spheres radius is 50.0 cm and it carries a total charge of (a) Calculate the potential of the spheres surface. (b)You want to draw equipotential surfaces at intervals of 500 V outside the spheres surface. Calculate the distance between the first and the second equipotential surfaces, and between the 20th and 21st equipotential surfaces. (c) What does the changing spacing of the surfaces tell you about the electric field? 1)The average lethal dose of Valium is 1.52 mg/kg of body weight. Estimate how many grams of Valium would be lethal for a 200.-lb woman. Show all your calculations. (1lb = 453.6 g) 2) A patient in hospital is receiving the antibiotic amoxcillin IV at the rate of 50. mL/h. The IV contains 1.5 g of the antibiotic in 1000. mL. (IV stands for intravenous). Calculate the mg/min of the drip. Show all your calculations current president of Ghana WILL MARK BRAINLIEST! Which of the following is a discrete random variable? a) length of time you play in a baseball game b) length of a car c) volume of water in a tank d) number of candies in a box Pour aller au Parc Louis Pasteur, ________. va droite et tourne gauche. va tout droit, tourne gauche et passe sur le pont. tourne droite et tourne gauche. va tout droit et passe sur le pont, tourne gauche. A 3.0 nC charge is on the x-axis at x=9 cm and a +4.0 nC charge is on the x-axis at x=16 cm. At what point or points on the y-axis is the electric potential zero? someone help please lol Im stuck !!!!! Disorders that happen in childhood and are traced to genetic differences, atypical brain development, or prenatal exposure to substances that adversely affect development are know as _____ disorders. A bookcase has 3 shelves with a total of 24 books. The top shelf has 8 mystery books. The middle shelf has 10 math books. The bottom shelf has 6 science books. Two books are now taken off each shelf. What fraction of the books remaining on the three shelves are math books? Express your answer as a common fraction. Which of the following scientists introduced the concept of absolute zero?A.lord kelvinB.edwin Hubble C.jonhannes kelper D. Albert Einstein Most commonly known for its ability to bind to oxygen, iron also plays the important role of acting as a _____ to many enzymes in numerous oxidation-reduction reactions.a. analogb. substratec. catalystd. cofactor Suppose a poll of 700 voters says that 45% of the voters will vote for Candidate A for president. Compute the 99% confidence interval In a given chemical reaction the time energy of the products is less than the energy of the reactants which statements is true for this chemical reaction From mechanics, you may recall that when the acceleration of an object is proportional to its coordinate, d2xdt2=kmx=2x , such motion is called simple harmonic motion, and the coordinate depends on time as x(t)=Acos(t+), where , the argument of the harmonic function at t=0, is called the phase constant. Find a similar expression for the charge q(t) on the capacitor in this circuit. Do not forget to determine the correct value of based on the initial conditions described in the problem. Express your answer in terms of q0 , L, and C. Use the cosine function in your answer. please help this sentence? Whether he plays or he doesn't should not affect the game's outcome. Journalize the following transactions in the accounts of Simmons Company: Mar. 1 Received a $60,000, 60-day, 6% note dated March 1 from Bynum Co. on account. 18 Received a $25,000, 60-day, 9% note dated March 18 from Solo Co. on account. Apr. 30 The note dated March 1 from Bynum Co. is dishonored, and the customers account is charged for the note, including interest. May 17 The note dated March 18 from Solo Co. is dishonored, and the customers account is charged for the note, including interest. July 29 Cash is received for the amount due on the dishonored note dated March 1 plus interest for 90 days at 8% on the total amount debited to Bynum Co. on April 30. Aug. 23 Wrote off against the allowance account the amount charged to Solo Co. on May 17 for the dishonored note dated March 18. What is the effect on the graph of f(x) if it is changed to f(x) + 2 and f(x + 2)? *100 points* I am trying to remember the difference between these 3 people in economics. here is the following info I have gotten and the best summarization gets the brainiest answer :D First Economist: Adam Smith Adam Smith lived from 17231790, was a Scottish philosopher and professor, and authored The Wealth of Nations. In his work, he argued that an economy regulated itself through the interaction of supply and demand and, therefore, was best left alone. He did not think the government should have a large active role in controlling the economy. Because of this, he believed in taxation at the minimum needed to support the operation of government, and thought the amount should be based on a persons ability to pay. He supported free trade between nations, again believing that the market forces of supply and demand would contribute to the production of high quality goods and services at reasonable prices. He believed that individuals as consumers and business owners ought to be the ones answering the basic economic questions of what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. Second Person: Karl Marx Karl Marx was German, lived from 18181883, and authored many works. Probably the most significant for economics students is Das Kapital (Capital, in English). Marx wrote in response to the change from a primarily agrarian economy to an industrial economy. He was concerned that this change created tension between groups of people, most notably factory owners and workers. He believed this tension, made worse by the seeking of profits by company owners, would result in economic collapse. He saw the natural next step as government control of the economy to prevent wide variation in the income of people, as well as to keep the prices of goods and services balanced. He thought of personal property as theft. In his mind, the government should provide the answers to the basic economic questions of what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. Third Person: John Maynard Keynes John Maynard Keynes was British and lived from 18831946. He authored several works but his most significant, especially to economics students, is his General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. The way we divide the study of economics into macroeconomics and microeconomics can be traced to him. He believed in capitalismthat individuals should answer the basic economic questions of what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. However, he believed that a capitalist system could be most efficient and protected from the negative consequences of major booms and busts through the government. His influence on society is most notable in the years following the Great Depression. The British and United States governments followed his recommendations of government spending, even putting themselves in debt, in order to stimulate the economy and get it back on track. A recent example of Keynesian economics is President Obamas signing into law a large stimulus package in February 2009. What would 12.47 rounded to 2 sig figs be?