Answer:
The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is circular, not linear.
Answer:
tho mpal u moan nice not lock yt?
Which type of organism developed first?
al
answer: algae
explanation: because the were the first ones to adapt with water and land...
Carbon dioxide molecules diffuse through cell membranes, but many other
substances cannot. A membrane that allows some, but not all, materials to
pass through it is called
Answer:
Semi-permeable membrane
Explanation:
In semi-permeable membranes, only some substances can pass through. Sometimes, some can also pass through the channel protein molecules or transport proteins on the cell membrane.
How do plants get the nitrogen they need?
A.
From bacteria living in their roots
B.
From the air
C.
Directly from the soil
D.
Through photosynthesis
Michael, a new lab analyst, receives an email notifying him that his expected samples from a recent outbreak should be arriving soon. To prepare for his analysis, he decides to look into what type of diseases could be spread between animals and humans, as this is a new field for him. Michael has received limited information about the details of the outbreak from the epidemiologists that traveled to the site, but he does know that both animals and humans were infected by some type of virus. Michael looks through some of the lab manuals on how the samples will be handled once in the lab. While reading through these guidelines, he realizes that there are some terms he is not quite sure of. Below are sentences that reflect the terms that Michael had to acquaint himself with while reading through the published guidelines from his laboratory.
Please review the sentences below and fill in the blanks with the correct word(s).
A. arthropods
B. togaviruses
C. encephalitis
D. flaviviruses
E. zoonosis
1. A virus that is able to be transmitted via________ like ticks, flies, and mosquitoes is considered a(n)_______
2. Some arboviruses are able to move through the bloodstream and infect the brains of humans and arbovirus animals. This disease manifestation is called_________
3. A________ is a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans.
4. Several encephalopathies, such as Eastern equine encephalitis and West Nile virus encephalitis, are caused by the_______ animals such as horses and birds. These viruses can infect humans and animals
1.A arthropods
2.C encephalitis
3.E zoonosis
4.C togaviruses
You are doing an experiment in which you are using an in vitro translation system derived from rabbit reticulocytes, called a rabbit reticulocyte lysate, to translate mRNA in a test tube. The rabbit reticulocyte lysate contains ribosomes, translation initiation and elongation factors, tRNAs, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, release factors, amino acids, and ATP. The lysate does not contain any mRNA, so you must add the mRNA you would like to translate to the system. A. When you analyze the proteins made from your lysate, you find that they are all only two amino acids long. At first, you think that there must be a mutation to a stop codon in the position of the third codon, so you do another experiment with a different mRNA. Again, all the newly synthesized proteins are only two amino acids long, so you conclude that there is a problem with some component in your lysate.
Describe ONE possible problem in the translation system (lysate) that would result in the limitation of newly synthesized peptides to two amino acids in length.
Answer:
Problems with transfection efficiency or absence of essential mRNA modifications (capping and poly-A tail)
Explanation:
Translation is the process of protein synthesis from RNA in which the genetic information encoded in a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is translated into a protein sequence composed of amino acids. Translation has three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. During translation, different elements are required to initiate, continue and complete the process, which include essential molecules such as amino acids, mRNA, tRNAs, ribosomes, energy-carrying molecules (i.e., ATP, GTP), initiation factors (i.e., eIF1A, eIF3, etc) and elongation factors (eEF-2, EIF5A). For example, humans can't synthesize nine essential amino acids (i.e., threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, valine, methionine, leucine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine), thereby it is imperative to include these amino acids to synthesize proteins composed of them. On the other hand, it is also fundamental to take into account that the efficiency of transfection of the molecules required during translation, as well as the absence of modifications in the mature mRNA sequence, may alter the process in vitro.
(5 points)
The organ responsible for filtering up to 95% of th
maintaining body pH is the
pancreas.
urethra.
kidney.
A pancreas
B urethra
C kidney
D gall bladder
Answer:
C. Kidney
Explanation:
The kidney is a vital organ in the human body. It is bean shaped and helps in the filtration of toxic substances and wastes from the body fluids which is then reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
The kidney also controls the level of water, pH and sodium levels. It however controls the blood pH by excretion of hydrogen ions and forming bicarbonate which ensures the blood pH is within its optimal and normal range.
Answer:
kidneys
Explanation:
The kidneys are the body's filtration system, and are responsible for filtering out the fluids in the body. The biproduct of this is called urine and is removed from the body
Look at the phylogenetic tree. Do robber crabs have more in common with humans or with sponges? What conclusion can you reach about their evolution?
Answer:
Robber crabs have more in common with humans than sponges.
Explanation:
Robber crabs have more in common with humans than sponges because sponges don't have tissues. Crabs and humans have specialised tissue.
Answer:
Hope this helps! From Plato
Explanation:
Robber crabs have more in common with humans, which are vertebrates. Sponges are simple organisms that don’t have tissues. Crabs and humans have specialized cells and tissues, bilateral symmetry, and a coelom. According to the phylogenetic tree, vertebrates and arthropods have more nodes, or common ancestors, than crabs have with sponges.
A 26-week-old baby was brought to the pediatric clinic because of increasing lethargy and cyanosis. The infant has been in good health at birth, and the mother had attempted breast-feeding. A blood sample was collected and a positive test for methemoglobinemia was obtained. The baby then was treated with intravenous ascorbate and methylene blue. Within 2 days the child was alert, and the cyanosis had disappeared. It is known that methemoglobin has absorption spectra maxima at 500 nm and 631 nm.
Answer the following questions:
a. What is the chemical difference between hemoglobin and methemoglobin, and how do their oxygen capacities compare?
b. How do you analyze the sample blood to detect methemoglobin?
c. What is the cause of the cyanosis associated with toxic methemoglobinemia?
d. What is the biochemical basis for treatment of toxic methemoglobinemia with ascorbate and methylene blue?
Answer:
a,
This is due to differences in the oxidation states of Fe. atoms present in the two protein pigments.
Generally,the Fe2+ atom in the heme groups is responsible for the oxygen carrying capacities of haemoglobin in RBC.However,in +2 state that Fe carry oxygen through cooperative binding in the blood.When methemoglobin is formed the Fe exits in +3,and therefore can not bind oxygen. Methemoglobin is a mettaloprotein of Fe3+ states. It results from the oxidation of Fe atoms in Hb from Fe2+ to Fe3+ states,during exposure to certain medications,and some nitrate,certain dyes and some compounds.
This can be conducted with CO-oximeter.This is a device used to measure the blood percentage oxygen saturation levels.It conduct this by measuring the oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin in a blood sample. Since oxygen saturation levels of a blood sample depends on the amount of Hb,therefore by passing some wavelengths of light across the blood samples,The more the wavelength of lights absorbed by the blood samples, the more the percentage saturation of the blood sample with oxygen,and therefore the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood,thus more Hb.
Hence, if the blood sample absorbs wavelength of light in the range of (500 nm and 631 nm.) it shows that little Hb is present in the blood samples,and the blood should contain Methemoglobin of Fe3+ and not Hb.
Methemoglobinemia is a condition in which methmoglobin concentration of the blood rises,due to the higher percentage of Hb,with F3+( of poor oxygen carrying capacity or uncoupling ) compare to normal F2+ for carrying oxygen. Since these can not transport oxygen,Cyanosis results as the baby turns blue,with lack of oxygen.
Since the rise in the concentration of methmoglobin is the major cause of this condition,reduction of it concentration is the primary step.Therefore, the Methylene blue role is to reduce the amount of methmoglobin by enzyme NADPH-methemoglobin reductase.This occurs with 10-60mints after administration.Thus the concentration of these pigment is reduced,likewise its toxic levels.
Ascorbate can also be used,however a lot of doses is required for this to have a significant effects,and compare to Methylene blue it is less effective.,
Explanation
Which step in transcription occurs first? mRNA moves the code from the nucleus to the ribosome for protein production. A gene is expressed through protein production. RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter. A repressor protein must attach to the operator.
Answer: RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter
Explanation:Took the test
The first step that occurs in transcription is that RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter.
What is RNA?RNA stands for ribonucleic acid.It is single stranded.Nucleotide consists of: ribose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous bases.Nitrogenous bases are of two types: Purines and Pyrimidines.Purines consists of Adenine and Guanine.Pyrimidines consists of Cytosine and Uracil.Adenine pairs with Uracil whereas Guanine and Cytosine.What do you mean by transcription?"The process in which a gene's DNA sequence is copied (transcribed) to make an RNA molecule is called transcription."It begins when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter (a upstream sequence of DNA when binds to a specific enzyme initiates transcription) sequence of a gene.RNA polymerase is an DNA dependent enzyme used for the synthesis of RNA from DNA.Hence, the correct answer is: RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter.
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Human activities, including the use of fossil fuels, have contributed to global
warming and the rise in sea levels. Both of these environmental changes are
threatening ecosystems and human communities worldwide. How could
scientists best cooperate to use scientific research to mitigate this problem?
A. They could look at trends in climate change to predict regions of
concern.
B. They could set regulations in their own countries to protect local
resources.
C. They could make personal choices that help reduce their carbon
footprints.
D. They could study climate change on other planets to predict its
effects on Earth.
Answer:
1 C when carbon footprint are reduced
It will reduce the rate of global warming
They could make personal choices that help reduce their carbon
footprints.
A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide and methane that are generated by actions.What is carbon footprint?Carbon footprint, amount of carbon dioxide emissions associated with all the activities of a person or other entity like building. It includes- Direct emissions, such as those that result from fossil-fuel.
- Heating and transportation.
- Emissions required to produce the electricity.
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1. Are most invasive (exotic) species K-selected or r-selected species? Explain your choice and why that makes sense in terms of their ecological success.
Answer:
The correct answer is "r-selected species".
Explanation:
The terms "k-selected" and "r-selected" species are used to describe two different type of evolutionary strategies. K-selected species are those who have few offspring that are well adapted to its environment and require a lot of resources to growth and survive. On the other hand, r-selected species have a large number of offspring, which not require living on stable conditions and can survive with few resources. The most invasive species are r-selected, since they reproduce very quickly and can adapt to survive to very different ecological conditions.
21. Evidence in support of the importance of endosymbiosis in the evolution of
eukaryotic cells is:
a, Organelles that have their own unique unique DNA and ribosomes
Organelles that have a double membrane
6. Organelles are in the same size range as free living prokaryotes
d. All of the above
Answer:
d. All of the above
Explanation:
The theory of endosymbiosis is important as it explains the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells.
This theory also explains the origin of chloroplast and mitochondria. Several evidences in support of the importance of endosymbiosis in the evolution of eukaryotic cells are as following:
Organelles have their own separate DNA and ribososme.Organelles that have a double membrane (inner and outer).Organelles are in the same size range as free-living prokaryotes.Chloroplast and mitochondria are the examples of such organelles.
Hence, the correct answer is "d".
Question 8 (5 points)
Which of the following best describes the mechanism by anti depressant
medications function?
Provide a positive rush of the neurotransmitter dopamin-
Made of artificial neurotransmitters that generate exciter
O Allow the body to prochyce more neurotransmitters such a
serotonin
Answer:
Help maintain a balance in neurotransmitters such as serotonin
Explanation:
Anti-depressant medications help the body maintain a balanced, homeostasis level of neurotransmitters, often serotonin.
In fruit flies the allele for red eyes, R, is dominant. Witch genotype represents a white eyed male fruit fly
Answer:
rr
Explanation:
Dominant alleles will always be visible on a creature if they are at all present, such as with brown eyes in humans (i.e. Rr or RR). People with blue eyes (or fruit flies with white eyes) possess two recessive alleles (rr), which is the only way for a recessive trait to be present.
In fruit flies, the allele for red eyes, R, is dominant. Which genotype represents a white-eyed male fruit fly?
The answer is XrXr
Where is the last storage location for melted snow? (2 points) Where is the last storage location for melted snow? (2 points) Group of answer choices Rivers Ocean Streams Mountains
Answer:
Ocean
Explanation:
Ice is usually found in the glaciers in the mountains and once it gets heated it flows down through melting and forms a stream and enters into rivers and these streams combine and lead to the oceans. Thus these oceans become the ultimate storage units of melted snow. Ice and cannot stay in solid-state for too long.A person who has Diabetes has difficulty controlling the glucose levels in their blood and must take Insulin to regulate it. Which characteristic of life do they need assistance with?
Based on the given information I believe this will help:
Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use. Insulin helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia).
If you have more sugar in your body than it needs, insulin helps store the sugar in your liver and releases it when your blood sugar level is low or if you need more sugar, such as in between meals or during physical activity.
If your body does not produce enough insulin or your cells are resistant to the effects of insulin, you may develop hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), which can cause long-term complications if the blood sugar levels stay elevated for long periods of time.
Treatment:
People with type diabetes cannot make insulin because the beta cells in their pancreas are damaged or destroyed. Therefore, these people will need insulin injections to allow their body to process glucose and avoid complications from hyperglycemia.
Explain the mechanism responsible for summation of contractions and the increase in height of contraction when the stimulus frequency is increased.
Answer:
The higher the stimulation frequency, the contractions will be more continuous and even additive.
Continuous stimuli reactivate muscle contraction once the action potential cycle is complete.
Explanation:
Muscle contractions can be continuous or cumulative once the action potential curve drops, since the action potential at the top of the mountain is in a refractory period.
I knit a graph of what cumulative contractions are like due to continuous stimulation.
In the graph I leave you pointed out some references:
mr = refractory moment
mnr = non-refractory moment (where the new stimulation is accepted and a more powerful cumulative muscle contraction is generated)
PA = potential for muscle action or contraction itself.
An arthropod has all the following characteristics except:
a. three embryonic germ layer
b. pseudocoelom
c. bilateral symmetry
d. protosome development
e. true tissues
Answer:
b. pseudocoelom
Explanation:
A pseudocoelom is a false body cavity of some invertebrates which occupies the space localized between the mesoderm and the endoderm of the gut. This false cavity is found in nematodes.
Arthropods exhibit:
1- Bilateral symmetry because both opposite sides of the body are similar,
2- they are protostomes because the blastopore becomes the mouth during embryonic development,
3- they have true tissues because tissues are formed by groups of cells which share a common function, and finally,
4-arthropods are triploblastic because they are formed by three germ embryonic layers (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm).
Classify each nutrient as a macronutrient or as a micronutrient
Answer:
Macro: Phosphorous, Protein, Fat, Carbohydrates
Micro: Vitamin A, Sodium
Explanation:
Macronutrients are nutrients that are needed in large amounts. Micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts.
Why are the polychaete worms living near the underwater volcanic vent called Pompeii worms?
The polychaete worms living near the underwater volcanic vent are called Pompeii worms because they look like the ancient Roman city of Pompeii and because they are the most heat-tolerant animals on Earth.
What is the significance of polycheata?Polychaetes are found in many parts of the world and play many important roles in the environment, such as their importance in marine and freshwater ecosystems. They also have a rich fossil record, which helps scientists study evolution, polychaetes are commonly used as model organisms in biological research, and polychaetes are studied to clean up contaminated environments through bioremediation.
Hence, the polychaete worms living near the underwater volcanic vent are called Pompeii worms because they look like the ancient Roman city of Pompeii and because they are the most heat-tolerant animals on Earth.
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help asap plss giving branlist
Answer:
Parasitic Relationship
Explanation:
Symbiotic relationship:
is a term that defines an interaction between organisms of different organisms.
Parasitic Relationship:
A relationship in which one organism is benefited and one is not.
Example: A tapeworm living at the gastrointestinal parts.
Mutualistic Relationship:
A relationship in which both organisms benefit.
Example: Egyptian plover bird and the crocodile.
Commensal Relationship:
A relationship in which both organisms are not benefited nor harmed.
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Through which vascular tissue do water and nutrients get transported to reach the leaves during transpiration? cuticle parenchyma xylem phloem
Answer:
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, phloem being the other. The basic function of xylem is to transport water from roots to stems and leaves, but it also transports nutrients.
Explanation:
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Answer:
C. xylemExplanation:
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The iris in the human eye contracts and expands, controlling the amount of light that reaches the retina. What types of muscle control this?To which skeletal system does the sternum belong?
Answer:
1. sphincter muscle and dilator muscle
2. Axial skeleton
Explanation:
1.The iris in the human eye is responsible for controlling the exposure of of light that reaches the retina. The movement of iris is controlled by a muscles called sphincter muscle and dilator muscle. sphincter muscle constricts the pupil in bright light while dilator muscle expands the pupil.
2. Sternum belongs to the axial skeleton, which is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest. Axial skeleton consists of 80 bones and strenum is one of them. Axial skeleton functions to provide protection to vital organs such as brain, heart and lungs. Strenum functions to protect heart.
A cellular structure that is visible with an electron microscope but not with a light microscope is:____________.
1. a mitochondrion.
2. a ribosome.
3. a chloroplast.
4. a nucleus.
Answer:
The ribosome will not be visible with a light microscope
You observed many sand hill cranes on your walk. Two sand hill cranes flapped their wings and hopped up and down when you walked on the path near where their bright orange baby stood. You observed a(n) _______________.
Answer:
This question lacks options, the options are:
A) symbiosis
B) ecosystem
C) community
D) population
E) biosphere
The answer is D) Population
Explanation:
Living organisms in an ecosystem are usually found in numbers living together in a given area. This is termed POPULATION in ecology. A population refers to the group of living organisms that belongs to the same species living together in the same habitat and have the ability to interbreed i.e. mate and reproduce with one another.
This is the case in this question where many sandhill cranes (large flying birds) were observed in a particular area, which represented their habitat. Asides the group of sandhill cranes living together, they were also observed to be interbreeding. This was evident in the observation of two sandhill cranes hopping up and down around their bright orange baby. This shows that members of the population are capable of mating and reproducing fertile offsprings.
This observation completes what a POPULATION is all about, hence, a population was observed.
A community is a _______________________. Select one: a. group of populations b. group of ecosystems c. group of conspecific organisms d. individual form of life
Answer:
A. group of population
Explanation:
Communities are made up of all the populations of different species in a given area.
The citric acid is a stage of catabolism that oxidizes acetate into carbon dioxide and generates energy. There are eight enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle.
1. Which enzymes produce NADH as a product?
a. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
b. succinate dehydrogenase
c. malate dehydrogenase
d. isocitrate dehydrogenase
2. Which enzymes produce carbon dioxide as a product? Select all that apply.
a. malate dehydrogenase
b. isocitrate dehydrogenase
c. succinate dehydrogenase
d. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
3. Which enzymes produce coenzyme A as a product? Select all that apply.
a. fumarase
b. citrate synthase
c. succinyl-CoA synthesase
d. citraste synthase
4. Which enzymes have an alpha-keto acid substrate? Select all that apply.
a. fumarase
b. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
c. citrate synthase
d. malate dehydrogenase
5. Which enzyme catalyzes a hydration reaction?
a. aconitase
b. fumarase
c. citrate synthase
Answer:
1.(a ) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
(c) malate dehydrogenase
(d) isocitrate dehydrogenase
2. b. isocitrate dehydrogenase d. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
3. b. citrate synthase (c) succinyl-CoA synthesase
4. b. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase c. citrate synthase d. malate dehydrogenase
5. a. aconitase
Explanation:
The citric acid cycle is responsible for the oxidation of acetyl-CoA produced from pyruvate from glycolysis. The citric acid cycle has eight steps requiring nine enzymatic reactions involving eight enzymes.
The enzymes in the citric acid cycle are: citrate synthase , aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase , succinyl-CoA synthesase, succinate dehydrogenase , fumarase , and malate dehydrogenase .
1. The dehydrogenation reactions of isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase , and malate dehydrogenase produces NADH from isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate and malate respectively.
2. Oxidative decorboxylation (removal of carbon as CO₂) also occurs in the reactions of isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase to produce alpha-ketoglutarate and succinyl-CoA respectively.
3. Coenzyme-A (CoA-SH) is produced in the reactions of citrate synthase and succinyl-CoA sythetase to produce citrate and succinate respectively.
4. The enzymes alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase has alpha-ketoglutarate as substrate , whereas citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase has oxaloacetate as substrate. These substrates are alpha-keto acids.
5. Aconitase catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate by first a dehydration and then a hydration reaction.
Which could best be used to explain why bacteria can infect a person very quickly? outer capsule binary fission protective covering genetic recombination
Answer:
The answer is binary fission.
Explanation:
Binary fission is the process of reproduction by bacteria in which they divide into two cells.
They do this about every 20-30 minutes, this fast rate of reproduction could be best be used to explain why bacteria can infect a person very quickly.
Answer:
B. Binary Fission
Explanation:
Um. BeCaUsE
Match each of the following descriptions with the correct term:
a. Located on presynaptic membrane
b. Space between two neurons
c. Contains neurotransmitters
d. Located on postsynaptic membrane
e. Bulbous ending of axon
f. Chemical messenger
1. synaptic cleft
2. neurotransmitter
3. synaptic vesicle
4. receptor
5.axon terminal
6. calcium channel
Answer
a-6
b-1
c-3
d-4
e=5
f-2
Explanation:
The sequence shows synaptic transmission across
The arrival of action potential at the presynaptic neuron,prompted the influx of calcium ions on the presynaptic membrane to the axoplasm.
This leads to the fusion of the synaptic vessels with the post synaptic membrane,These empty their contents of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
The neurotransmitter e.g acetycholine crosses the cleft to bind with the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane,
The leads to the opening of ligand gated sodium channels which leads to the transmission of the action potential as Post Synaptic Potentials.
This is transmitted along the axon of the postsynaptic neuron,as post synaptic potential which can either be excitatory or inhibitory
The mitochondrion, like the nucleus, has two or more membrane layers. How is the innermost of these layers different from that of the nucleus?
Answer:
The double membrane of the mitochondria is highly folded,and therefore wider when unfolded than that of the nucleus.This is an adaptive feature to increase the surface area for reactions (electrochemical gradient) by accommodating protons pumped into it by the proton motive force(PMF) from the matrix to set up the electrochemical gradients needed to generate the energy needed by ATPase synthase enzymes for ATPs synthesis.
Required number of protons needed to be accommodated by the double membrane to generate enough energy for ATPase synthesis,therefore larger surface area is needed.
Explanation:
Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell, which is a membrane-bound organelle found in the eukaryotic cell. The inner layer of the mitochondria has cristae, which is absent in the outer layer.
Mitochondria is a membrane-bound organelle, which is composed of outer and inner layers.
The inner layer has cristae or folds, which increases the surface area for an electrochemical gradient.
The cristae are separated by cristae junctions, which are juxtaposed to the outer layer of the mitochondria.
The inner layer helps in electron transport and ATP synthesis. The membrane is surrounded by the mitochondrial matrix, which helps in the transportation of protein complexes during the citric acid cycle.
Therefore, the inner membrane of mitochondria has cristae whereas, the outer layer lacks the folds.
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