Answer: compound thing(picture attached)
Bronze is an alloy made by combining copper and tin. The exact composition of bronze can vary depending on the desired properties, but generally, bronze contains anywhere from 5% to 25% tin.
The reasons why the first humans experimented with making bronze are not fully known, but it is believed that they discovered that adding tin to copper improved its properties, making it harder, more durable, and easier to cast. This would have made it more suitable for weapons, tools, and other objects.
Bronze provided several benefits to early humans. Firstly, bronze tools and weapons were much more durable than those made of pure copper or stone. This made it easier for early humans to hunt, farm, and build, and allowed them to produce more sophisticated and efficient tools. Additionally, bronze objects were more aesthetically pleasing and could be used for decorative purposes. Bronze also played an important role in early trade, as it could be used as a form of currency and was highly valued by many cultures.
In summary, bronze was an important technological advancement in early human history, and its discovery and use played a significant role in the development of human civilization.
Explanation:
Susan complains of chronic muscle pain. This is the chief complaint for patients with
which disorder?
O muscular dystrophy
O fibromyalgia
O tendinitis
O hernia
Answer:
B. fibromyalgia
Explanation:
which is a specific safety concern when handling the tlc developing solvent used in this experiment? keep cold, it is explosive at room temperature. keep away from open flames or hot surfaces. it forms hydrogen gas when combined with metals. do not mix with water.
A specific safety concern when handling the TLC developing solvent used in this experiment is to keep it away from open flames or hot surfaces. Option 2 is correct.
The TLC developing solvent used in this experiment is often a flammable organic solvent such as ethyl acetate or hexane. These solvents have a low flash point, which means they can ignite easily and burn rapidly if exposed to an ignition source such as an open flame or hot surface.
Therefore, it is important to keep the solvent away from open flames or hot surfaces to prevent fires and explosions. In addition, it is recommended to handle these solvents in a well-ventilated area to minimize the risk of inhalation or skin exposure. It is also important to avoid contact with reactive metals, as some solvents can react with metals to form hydrogen gas, which can be flammable or explosive.
Finally, these solvents should not be mixed with water, as they are immiscible and can form separate layers, which can cause splattering or other hazards. Hence Option 2 is correct.
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a fractional distillation involves the use of a fractionating column to provide multiple condensation/evaporation cycles over a given distance. group of answer choices true false
The given statement "A fractional distillation that involves the use of the fractionating column and to provide the multiple condensation or the evaporation cycles over the given distance" is true as it involves the separation of the miscible liquids.
The Fractional distillation is the type of the distillation that will involves the separation of the miscible liquids. This process will involves the repeated distillations and the condensations. The mixture is separated into the component parts. The separation that happens when the mixture will be heated at the certain temperature and the fractions of the mixture will start to vaporize.
The more will be the volatile components will increase in the vapor state after the heating, and when it is liquefied, the volatile components increase in the liquid state.
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g consider a semiconductor with 10 13 donors/cm 3 which have a binding energy of 10 mev. (a) what is the concentration of extrinsic conduction electrons at 300 k? (b) assuming a gap energy of 1 ev (and m* ? m 0 ), what is the concentration of intrinsic conduction electrons? (c) which contribution is larger?
At 300 K, some of the donors will ionize, releasing electrons into the conduction band. The concentration of extrinsic conduction electrons can be calculated using the equation [tex]n = N_D * exp(-E_D/kT),[/tex] where n is the concentration of electrons, [tex]N_D[/tex] is the donor concentration, [tex]E_D[/tex] is the binding energy of the donors, k is Boltzmann's constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
(b) At 300 K, some electrons will also be thermally excited into the conduction band, creating intrinsic conduction. The concentration of intrinsic conduction electrons can be calculated using the equation [tex]n_i = N_C * exp(-E_G/2kT)[/tex] , where [tex]n_i[/tex] is the concentration of electrons, [tex]N_C[/tex] is the effective density of states in the conduction band, and [tex]E_G[/tex] is the bandgap energy.
(c) The contribution of intrinsic conduction is generally smaller than that of extrinsic conduction, as the concentration of dopants is usually much higher than the intrinsic carrier concentration at room temperature.
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PLEASE ANSWER 50 POINTS!!!!!
How many grams of NH3 form when 22g H2 react completely?
3H2 + N2 ---> 2NH3
H2: 2 g/mol NH3: 17 g/mol
22g H2 ----> gNH3
Answer:
mass of NH₃ formed when 22g of H₂ react completely = 124.67 grams
Explanation:
3H₂ + N₂ → 2NH₃
What is stoichiometryThe ratio of coefficients of reactants and products in the above reaction equation (3 : 1 : 2), is known as the stoichiometry of the reaction.
A stoichiometric amount of a reagent is the the optimum amount or ratio where, assuming that the reaction proceeds to completion, all of the reagent is consumed, there is no deficiency of the reagent, and there is no excess of the reagent. Thus if the stoichiometry of a reaction is known, as well as the mass of one of the substances, then it is possible to calculate the mass of any of the other substances.
What is a mole?The mole is a unit of amount of substance established by the International System of Units, to make expressing amounts of reactant or product in a reaction more convenient. As defined by Avogadro's Constant, a mole is 6.022×10²³ amounts of something. The mole is used in stoichiometric calculations, instead of the mass.
Converting between mass and molesTo convert from mass to moles, we need to divide the mass present in grams, by the molar mass of the substance (the sum of the molar masses of the individual elements comprising the compound), in g/mol, to get the moles. This can be represented by the formula: n = m/M, where n = number of moles, m = mass, M = molar mass.
So if we have 22 g of H₂ gas, which reacts completely, and therefore is a stoichiometric amount, then converting this to moles:
n(H₂) = m/M = 22/2 = 11 mol.
Using our stoichiometry, we can see that the ratio of H₂ to NH₃ = 3 : 2.
Therefore, for every 3 moles of H₂ used, we produce 2 moles of NH₃.
n(NH₃) = 2/3 × n(H₂) = 2/3 × 11 = 7.333 mol.
Finally, converting moles back to mass we get:
m(NH₃) = n×M = 7.333×17 = 124.67 grams
∴ mass of NH₃ formed when 22g of H₂ react completely = 124.67 grams
someone help please its a sience testtt
The equator of the sun rotates faster than the poles.
How does the rotation of the equator of the sun differ from the rotation of the poles of the sun?The equator of the sun rotates faster than its poles. This is known as differential rotation, and it is due to the fact that the sun is not a solid body, but is composed of gas and plasma. The equatorial regions of the sun rotate faster because they are farther from the center of the sun, where the gravitational pull is stronger, and thus experience less resistance to their motion.
The period of rotation of the equator of the sun is shorter than that of the poles. The equator rotates once every 25.4 days, while the poles rotate once every 36 days.
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A Carbon atom has a mass of 1.994 x10-23 g. If a sample of pure carbon has a mass of 42.552g, how many atoms would this contain? Show your work.
The sample of pure carbon would contain approximately 2.135 x 10²⁴ carbon atoms.
How many carbon atoms have masses that are equivalent to those in the periodic table?The majority of carbon atoms—98.93%—have masses of 12 atomic mass units. A mass of 13.00 atomic mass units is present in 1.07% of the carbon atoms. 14.) Identify one distinction between the nuclei of carbon-12 and carbon-13 atoms in terms of the subatomic particles that can be discovered there.
First, using the atomic mass of carbon, we must determine how many moles of carbon are present in the sample:
1 mole of carbon atoms = 12.01 g of carbon atoms (atomic mass of carbon)
42.552 g of carbon atoms / 12.01 g/mol = 3.545 moles of carbon atoms
Using Avogadro's number, we can then determine how many carbon atoms are present in the sample:
Number of carbon atoms = 3.545 moles of carbon atoms x 6.022 x 10²³ atoms/mole
Number of carbon atoms = 2.135 x 10²⁴ atoms
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in a binary star system that contains stars with 10 m¤ and 5 m¤, the velocity of the 10 m¤ star will be __________ times the velocity of the 5 m¤ star.
The velocity of the 10 M¤ star will be 1/2 times the velocity of the 5 M¤ star of binary star system.
In a binary star system, the velocity of each star depends on their masses and distances from each other. According to Kepler's laws, the more massive star will have a smaller orbit radius and a faster orbital velocity. Therefore, in this binary star system with stars of 10 m¤ and 5 m¤, the velocity of the 10 m¤ star will be higher than that of the 5 m¤ star. The exact ratio of their velocities cannot be determined without additional information about their distances and orbits.
In a binary star system, the stars orbit around a common center of mass. According to Kepler's laws of planetary motion, the velocities of the two stars are inversely proportional to their masses.
Let v1 be the velocity of the 10 M¤ star and v2 be the velocity of the 5 M¤ star. Using the inverse proportionality of velocities and masses, we can write the following equation:
v1 / v2 = M2 / M1
where M1 is the mass of the 10 M¤ star and M2 is the mass of the 5 M¤ star. Now, we can plug in the given values:
v1 / v2 = (5 M¤) / (10 M¤)
Simplify the equation:
v1 / v2 = 1 / 2
So, the velocity of the 10 M¤ star will be 1/2 times the velocity of the 5 M¤ star.
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The velocity of the 10 m¤ star will be approximately 0.71 times the velocity of the 5 m¤ star in this binary star system.
v = √(GM/r)
[tex]v_10m / v_5m[/tex]= √(G(5m¤) / r) / √(G(10m¤) / r)
Simplifying the equation, we get:
[tex]v_10m / v_5m[/tex] = √(5/10) = √0.5 ≈ 0.71
The star system is a way to represent the electronic configuration of an atom. It is also known as the "Hund's rule star notation" or "star diagram." The star system is used to show the distribution of electrons in different orbitals of an atom. In this notation, each orbital is represented by a circle, and each circle is divided into sections (or lobes) representing the different possible values of the angular momentum quantum number (l).
The sections are labeled using the corresponding values of l, such as s, p, d, f, and so on. Electrons are represented by arrows, with the direction of the arrow indicating the spin of the electron. The arrows are placed in the sections of the orbital circles according to Hund's rule, which states that electrons will fill the orbitals with the same energy level singly and with the same spin before pairing up.
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The graph shows the changes in the phase of ice when it is heated. A graph is plotted with temperature in degree Celsius on the y axis and Time in minutes on the x axis. The temperature at time 0 minute is labeled A, the temperature at time 2 minutes is labeled B, the temperature at time 25 minutes is labeled C, the temperature at time 80 is labeled D. Graph consists of five parts consisting of straight lines. The first straight line joins points 0, A and 2, B. The second straight line is a horizontal line joining 2, B and 12, B. Third straight line joins 12, B and 25, C. Fourth straight line is a horizontal line which joins 25, C and 80, C. Fifth straight line joins 78, C and 80, D. Which of the following temperatures describes the value of A?
We can conclude that the value of A must be less than the value of B. Based on the graph, the value of B is around 0°C. So, we can estimate that the value of A is likely to be around -10°C to 0°C.
What is Temperature?
Temperature is a physical quantity that measures the degree of hotness or coldness of an object or substance. It is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a system.
In simpler terms, temperature is a measure of how fast the atoms and molecules in a substance are moving. When the particles are moving faster, the temperature is higher, and when they are moving slower, the temperature is lower.
Based on the given information, we know that at time 0 minutes, the temperature is labeled as A. Therefore, to find the temperature value of A, we need to look at the y-axis at time 0 minutes.
Since the temperature scale is not given, we cannot determine the numerical value of A directly. However, we can make some observations about the graph to infer the approximate value of A.
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Find the volume of a sample of wood that has a mass of 95. 1 g and a density of 0. 857 g/mL (How do you do this!)
The volume of the sample of wood is 110.9 mL.
Volume is the measure of the amount of space which is occupied by an object or the substance. It is usually expressed in units such as liters, milliliters, cubic meters, or cubic centimeters. The volume of a solid can be calculated by measuring its dimensions and using mathematical formulas, while the volume of a liquid can be measured directly using a graduated cylinder or a pipette.
To find the volume of the sample of wood, we can apply the following formula;
Density = Mass/Volume
Rearranging the formula, we get;
Volume = Mass/Density
Substituting the given values, we get:
Volume = 95.1 g / 0.857 g/mL
Volume = 110.9 mL
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What is the work required for the separation of air (21-mol-% oxygen and 79-mol-% nitrogen) at 25°C and 1 bar in a steady-flow process into product streams of pure oxygen and nitrogen, also at 25°C and 1 bar, of the thermodynamic efficiency of the process is 5% and if Tσ = 300 K
a 20.0-ml sample of 0.25 m hno3 is titrated with 0.15 m naoh. what is the ph of the solution after 3.2 ml of naoh have been added to the acid? please include two decimal places.
The pH of the solution after 3.2 mL of NaOH have been added to the HNO3 is 12.33.
To solve this problem, we need to use the equation:
M(acid)V(acid) = M(base)V(base)
Where M is the molarity of the solution and V is the volume in milliliters.
First, we need to calculate the moles of HNO3 in the initial solution:
0.25 M x 20.0 mL = 0.005 moles HNO3
Next, we need to determine how many moles of NaOH were added to the solution:
0.15 M x 3.2 mL = 0.00048 moles NaOH
Since NaOH is a strong base, it will completely react with the HNO3, forming water and a salt. This means that the number of moles of HNO3 is reduced by the number of moles of NaOH:
0.005 moles HNO3 - 0.00048 moles NaOH = 0.00452 moles HNO3 remaining
Now, we can use the equation for the dissociation of HNO3 in water:
HNO3 + H2O → H3O+ + NO3-
The concentration of H3O+ can be found using the equation for the ion product of water:
Kw = [H3O+][OH-]
Kw is a constant equal to 1.0 x 10^-14 at 25°C. At this point, we have added enough NaOH to completely react with the HNO3, which means that all of the H3O+ initially present in the solution has been neutralized.
Therefore, [OH-] = (moles of NaOH added) / (total volume of solution)
[OH-] = 0.00048 moles / (20.0 mL + 3.2 mL) = 0.0214 M
Using Kw, we can calculate [H3O+]:
1.0 x 10^-14 = [H3O+][OH-]
[H3O+] = 4.67 x 10^-13 M
Finally, we can convert this concentration to pH:
pH = -log[H3O+] = -log(4.67 x 10^-13) = 12.33
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Calculate the heat capacity, in joules per degree of 28.4 g of water. Specific heat of H2O() = 4.184 J/g.°C a) 28.4 J/°C b) 119 J/°C Oc) 6.8 J/°C d) 0.147J/°C
The heat capacity of 28.4 g of water is 118.8976 J/°C. The closest option to this answer is option b) 119 J/°C.
To calculate the heat capacity of 28.4 g of water, we need to use the formula:
Heat capacity = mass x specific heat
where mass is given as 28.4 g and specific heat of water is given as 4.184 J/g.°C.
So, substituting the values in the formula, we get:
Heat capacity = 28.4 g x 4.184 J/g.°C
Heat capacity = 118.8976 J/°C
To calculate the heat capacity of 28.4 g of water, you need to multiply the mass of water (m) by its specific heat (c). The formula for heat capacity (Q) is:
Q = m × c
Given:
m = 28.4 g
c = 4.184 J/g.°C
Substitute the values and perform the calculation:
Q = 28.4 g × 4.184 J/g.°C = 118.8 J/°C
The closest answer among the given options is:
b) 119 J/°C
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How many grams are contained in 2.709 x 10 ^24 atoms of MgCl2?
25. j. chadwick discovered the neutron by bombarding with the popular projectile of the day, alpha particles. (a) if one of the reaction products was the then unknown neutron, what was the other product? (b) what is the q-value of this reaction?
(a) If one of the reaction products was the then unknown neutron, what was the other product is the C -12.
(b) The q-value of this reaction is the 5.9 × 10⁸ J.
The James Chadwick was discovered the neutron during the experiment involving the nuclear reaction in that the beryllium, bombarded with the alpha particles. The equation of the reaction is as :
⁴Be₉ + ²He₄ ----> ⁶C₁₂ + ⁰n₁
(a) If one of the reaction products was the then unknown neutron, what was the other product is the C -12.
(b) The q-value of this reaction is as :
q = mc²
Where,
The m is the mass
The c is the speed of the light.
m = 4.002603 + 2.014102
m = 1.988501
q = 1.988501 × 3 × 10⁸
q = 5.9 × 10⁸ J
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What is wrong with the electron level diagrams/electron configurations below?
Answer:
a.) Instead of configuring all up before some down, all of the configurations were placed as up and down, leaving two spots empty in the 2p sublevel.
b.) There is a missing s sublevel for row 3.
c.) There are two up arrows in one of the lines.
d.) When you get to the "d" section you must subtract the number you're using by 1. So, it's supposed to be 2d to the power of 10.
uric acid is a weak acid. if the initial concentration of uric acid is 0.110 m and the equilibrium concentration of h3o is 3.4 x 10-2 m, calculate ka for uric acid
The acid dissociation constant (Ka) for uric acid is [tex]1.0 x 10^-5.[/tex]
The dissociation of uric acid can be represented as follows:
H2UA ⇌ H+ + HUA
The equilibrium expression is given by:
Ka = [H+][HUA-]/[H2UA]
where Ka is the acid dissociation constant, [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions, [HUA-] is the concentration of the urate ion, and [H2UA] is the concentration of uric acid.
At equilibrium, the concentration of H2UA is equal to the initial concentration minus the concentration of H+ ions that have been consumed:
[H2UA] = 0.110 - [H+]
The concentration of HUA- can be calculated from the equation:
[HUA-] = [H+]
Substituting the above expressions into the equilibrium expression for Ka, we get
[tex]Ka = ([H+]^2) / (0.110 - [H+])[/tex]
Substituting [H+] = 3.4 x 10^-2 M, we get:
[tex]Ka = [(3.4 x 10^-2)^2] / (0.110 - 3.4 x 10^-2)[/tex]
[tex]Ka = 1.0 x 10^-5[/tex]
Therefore, the acid dissociation constant (Ka) for uric acid is [tex]1.0 x 10^-5.[/tex]
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a random copolymer produced by polymerization of vinyl chloride and propylene has a number average molecular weight of 229,500 g/mol and a number degree of polymerization of 4,000. what is the average repeat unit molecular weight? select one: a. 62.5 g/mol b. 42.0 g/mol c. 57.4 g/mol d. 24.0 g/mol
The average repeat unit molecular weight for average molecular weight of 229,500 g/mol and a number degree of polymerization of 4,000 is equals to the 57.4 g/mol. So, option(c) is right one.
Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating structural units linked together. The degree of polymerization (DP) is the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule. The average molecular weight is the degree of polymerization (MP) multiplied by the molecular weight of the repeat unit (m) is written as [tex] \bar M_n = (DP)(m)[/tex]
We have a random copolymer produced by polymerization of vinyl chloride and propylene.
Average molecular weight= 229500 g/mol
Number degree of polymerization = 4000
Using the above formula, the average repeat unit molecular weight = 229500 g/mol/ 4000
= 57.37 ~ 57.4 g/mol
Hence, required value is 57.4 g/mol.
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if something is oxidized, it is formally losing electrons. if something is oxidized, it is formally losing electrons. true false
The given statement, if something is oxidized, it is formally losing electrons. if something is oxidized, it is formally losing electrons is true.
When something is oxidized, it means that it is undergoing a chemical reaction where it loses electrons. This process can be represented using oxidation numbers, which are used to keep track of the transfer of electrons between atoms during a reaction. In general, oxidation is defined as the process by which an atom, ion or molecule loses one or more electrons. This leads to an increase in the oxidation state of the atom, ion or molecule.
There are various examples of oxidation reactions that occur in everyday life. For instance, when iron rusts, it is undergoing an oxidation reaction where it loses electrons to oxygen in the air. Similarly, when a potato is cut and exposed to air, it turns brown due to an oxidation reaction between the oxygen in the air and the enzymes in the potato. In both cases, the process of oxidation involves the loss of electrons from one substance to another.
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can you help me with this
what is the total number of joules of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 10 grams of water from 20 c to 30 c
The total number of joules of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 10 grams of water from 20°C to 30°C is 418.4 J. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.184 J/g·°C.
To find the total heat energy needed, we can use the formula:
Q = m·c·ΔT
where:
Q = heat energy (in Joules)
m = mass of the water (in grams)
c = specific heat capacity of water (4.184 J/g·°C)
ΔT = change in temperature (in °C)
Substituting the values given, we get:
Q = 10 g × 4.184 J/g·°C × (30°C - 20°C)
Q = 418.4 J
Therefore, the total number of joules of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 10 grams of water from 20°C to 30°C is 418.4 J.
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at stp, what is the volume of 4.50 moles of nitrogen gas? at stp, what is the volume of 4.50 moles of nitrogen gas? 101 l 167 l 1230 l 60.7 l 3420 l
The volume of 4.50 moles of nitrogen gas at STP is approximately 101 L. So, the correct answer is 101 L.
At STP (standard temperature and pressure), the volume of one mole of any gas is 22.4 liters. Therefore, to find the volume of 4.50 moles of nitrogen gas at STP, we can simply multiply the number of moles by the molar volume:
At STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure), the volume of 4.50 moles of nitrogen gas (N2) can be calculated using the ideal gas law:
PV = nRT
Where P is the pressure (which is 1 atm at STP), V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature (which is 273.15 K at STP).
Rearranging this equation to solve for V, we get:
V = (nRT)/P
Substituting the values for n, R, P, and T, we get:
V = (4.50 mol x 0.08206 L atm K^-1 mol^-1 x 273.15 K)/1 atm
V = 101.3 L
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an atomic anion with a charge of has the following electron configuration: 2s22p5what is the chemical symbol for the ion? how many electrons does the ion have?how many electrons are in the ion?
The chemical symbol for the ion with an atomic anion and a charge of -1, and electron configuration of 2s22p5 is Cl⁻. The Cl⁻ ion has 18 electrons.
This is because the electron configuration matches that of the element chlorine, which is found in group 7 of the periodic table. The Cl⁻ ion is formed when chlorine gains an extra electron to fill its valence shell and achieve a stable octet configuration.
The Cl⁻ ion has 18 electrons in total, as it has gained one extra electron compared to the neutral chlorine atom. The ion now has a full outer shell with 8 electrons, making it stable and less reactive than its neutral counterpart.
The Cl⁻ ion is commonly found in nature, particularly in the form of sodium chloride (NaCl) or table salt. The Cl⁻ ion is also used in various chemical processes, such as in the production of bleach and other disinfectants. Overall, the Cl⁻ ion plays an important role in many chemical reactions and is essential for maintaining the balance of charges in various compounds.
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which of the following is a true statement regarding entropy? multiple choice question. the entropy of a substance is lowest in the solid phase and highest in the gas phase. the entropy of a system is the same regardless of whether it is in the solid or the gas phase. the entropy of a system is lowest in the gas phase and the highest in the solid phase. the entropy of a system is independent of its phase.
Answer:
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Explanation:
Option 3 : Substance in solid phase has the least entropy.
a flask containing helium gas is connected to an open-ended mercury manometer. the open end is exposed to the atmosphere, where the prevailing pressure is 752 torr. the mercury level in the open arm is 47 mm above that in the arm connected to the flask of helium. what is the helium pressure, in torr? a. -799 torr b. 26 torr c. 726 torr d. 705 torr e. none of these choices is correct.
The helium pressure is 799 torr.
As 1 mm Hg is equal to 1 torr. In an open-ended mercury manometer, the pressure will be equal to the atmospheric pressure.
Also, the pressure of the mercury level in the open arm is 47 mm above that in the arm connected to the flask of helium. Add both the given numbers,
(752 + 47) mm Hg = 799 torr
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Boyle's Law: Air trapped in a cylinder fitted with a piston occupies 136.5 mL at 1.05 atm pressure. What is the volume of air when the pressure is increased to 1.42 atm by applying force to the piston?
Photoionization processes (e.g., N2 +hν → N2+ + e-) remove UV of <150 nm. Which photoreaction is the principal absorber of UV in the 150-200 nm range in the upper atmosphere?
a) N2 + hv ->2N
b) O2 + hv -> 2O
c) O3 + hv -> O2 + O
d) N2 + O2 + hv -> 2NO
e) NO + O2 + hv -> NO3
Ozone is the primary absorber of UV radiation in the 150-200 nm range in the upper atmosphere, and its depletion can have significant consequences for life on Earth.
UV radiation with wavelengths between 150-200 nm is highly energetic and can cause damage to living cells by breaking chemical bonds and damaging DNA. Therefore, it is important to prevent most of this radiation from reaching the Earth's surface where it can harm living organisms.
In the upper atmosphere, ozone (O3) plays a crucial role in absorbing this harmful UV radiation through the process of photodissociation. When a molecule of ozone absorbs a photon of UV radiation, it undergoes photodissociation or photolysis, which results in the dissociation of the ozone molecule into an oxygen molecule (O2) and an oxygen atom (O):
O3 + hv -> O2 + O
This process is highly efficient and can absorb more than 97% of the incoming UV radiation in the 150-200 nm range. The oxygen atoms produced in this process can then react with other oxygen molecules to form more ozone, thereby replenishing the ozone layer and continuing this protective cycle.
While other molecules such as nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) can also absorb UV radiation in this range, they are much less efficient at doing so compared to ozone. Therefore, ozone is the primary absorber of UV radiation in the 150-200 nm range in the upper atmosphere, and its depletion can have significant consequences for life on Earth.
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what, if any, relationship is observed between the most probable molecular speed and the molar mass of the gas? the most probable molecular speed decreases as the molar mass of the gas increases. there is no relationship between the most probable molecular speed and the molar mass. the most probable molecular speed decreases as the molar mass of the gas decreases. the most probable molecular speed increases as the molar mass of the gas increases.
The correct statement is: the most probable molecular speed decreases as the molar mass of the gas increases. The relationship observed between the most probable molecular speed and the molar mass of the gas is that the most probable molecular speed decreases as the molar mass of the gas increases. This is because heavier molecules have more inertia and therefore move more slowly than lighter molecules. So, the larger the molar mass, the slower the molecular speed.
This relationship can be explained by the equation for the most probable molecular speed (V_p), which is derived from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution:
V_p = √(2 * R * T / M)
where:
- V_p is the most probable molecular speed
- R is the ideal gas constant
- T is the temperature in Kelvin
- M is the molar mass of the gas
As you can see from the equation, the most probable molecular speed (V_p) is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass (M). This means that when the molar mass increases, the most probable molecular speed decreases, and vice versa.
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The relationship observed between the most probable molecular speed and the molar mass of the gas is the most probable molecular speed decreases as the molar mass of the gas increases.
This relationship can be explained by the following steps:
1. Molecular speed refers to the velocity of individual molecules in a gas sample.
2. Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance, usually expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).
3. The most probable molecular speed can be estimated using the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, which describes the distribution of molecular speeds in a gas.
4. According to this distribution, lighter molecules (with lower molar mass) tend to have higher molecular speeds than heavier molecules (with higher molar mass) at the same temperature.
5. Therefore, as the molar mass of a gas increases, the most probable molecular speed decreases.
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explain the relationship among the concentrations of major species in a mixture of weak and strong acids and bases
The concentrations of major species in a mixture of weak and strong acids and bases are determined by their dissociation behavior and interaction in a solution, influencing the overall pH and buffering capacity.
The relationship among the concentrations of major species in a mixture of weak and strong acids and bases can be understood through their dissociation and interaction in a solution.
Strong acids, such as HCl, fully dissociate in water, releasing a high concentration of H+ ions. Similarly, strong bases, like NaOH, dissociate completely, releasing a high concentration of OH- ions.
Weak acids, such as acetic acid (CH3COOH), only partially dissociate in water, releasing a smaller concentration of H+ ions. Likewise, weak bases, like ammonia (NH3), partially dissociate, releasing a smaller concentration of OH- ions.
When a mixture of weak and strong acids and bases is present, the strong species will react first due to their higher concentrations of H+ or OH- ions. This reaction will affect the pH of the solution, as well as the concentrations of the weak species, as they will be buffered by the strong species.
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Pi bonding occurs in each of the following species EXCEPT...
(A) CO2 (B) C2H4 (C) CN− (D) C6H6 (E) CH4
CH4 has only sigma bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms, and no pi bonds.
The answer is (E) CH4.
Pi bonding refers to the sharing of electrons between two atoms that occurs when two atomic orbitals with parallel electron spins overlap. Pi bonds are formed by the sideways overlap of two p orbitals.
In the given options, all except CH4 have pi bonds:
(A) CO2 has two pi bonds between the carbon atom and the oxygen atoms.
(B) C2H4 has a double bond between the two carbon atoms, which consists of one sigma bond and one pi bond.
(C) CN− has a triple bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms, consisting of one sigma bond and two pi bonds.
(D) C6H6 has six pi bonds due to the delocalized pi electron system in the benzene ring.
In contrast, CH4 has only sigma bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms, and no pi bonds.
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