I need help with question 11

Ammonia as proof that nitrate was converted to ammonia in the cultivation of nitrate broth Because amino acids are produced during protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism will always exist.

Nitrifying microorganisms in the soil change ammonia into nitrates. Nitrates are taken up by plants from the soil and used to assemble proteins. Animals may consume the plant, and its biomass may be used to produce animal protein.

The process of nitrate (NO3) being used as an electron acceptor for respiration microbes results in dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), also known as nitrate/nitrite ammonification.

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The minimal concentration of chloride ion is 1.67 × 10 ⁻³ M

Concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by way of the overall volume of an aggregate. several sorts of mathematical descriptions may be outstanding: mass concentration, molar concentration, variety concentration, and extent awareness.

The concentration of a substance is the quantity of solute found in a given amount of solution. Concentrations are normally expressed in terms of molarity, defined because of the variety of moles of solute in 1 L of answer.

The Concentration of an answer is a measure of the quantity of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or answer. A concentrated answer is one that has a rather huge quantity of dissolved solute.

calculation:-

2NaCl + Pb ⁺² ------------>  PbCl₂

  Ksp = [Pb⁺][Cl⁻]²

   [Cl⁻]       =  [tex]\sqrt{ \frac{Ksp}{[Pb+]}[/tex]

                 = [tex]\sqrt{ \frac{1.4×10^{-8} }{0.0049}[/tex]

                 = 1.67 × 10 ⁻³ M

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The oxidation numbers of the elements show us the number of electrons lost or gained which is traceable from the electron configuration which in turn depends on the group that the atom belongs to.

The oxidation number is the number of charges that an atom appears to have. We know that the elements that we find in the groups  IA through VIA only have a narrow range of oxidation numbers. This is because the oxidation numbers does depend on the number of electrons that the atom can be able to loose or gain at a time.

We know that each of the groups are known by the maximum number of electrons that can be found on the outermost shell of the atom. This is part of the electron configuration of the atom. Thus, if we know the group that an atom belongs to, we can at least tell the outer electron configuration of the atom because we know that all the atoms in that group have the same outer electron configuration.

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The chemicals that accumulate in soil and water as a result of car emissions, improperly disposed waste, industry, and agriculture are known as persistent organic pollutant.

Organic molecules that are resistant to environmental deterioration through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes are persistent organic pollutants, sometimes referred to as "forever chemicals."

They are dangerous compounds that have a negative impact on the environment and human health all over the world.

POPs are compounds that are persistent in the environment, bioaccumulate in the food chain, and have the potential to have negative impacts on both human health and the ecosystem.

Thus, persistent organic pollutants are hazardous compounds that have a negative impact on the environment and human health all over the world.

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brittle metal would experience this type of failure

Glass, ceramic, graphite, and some alloys with very low plasticity are examples of brittle materials. In these materials, cracks can start without plastic deformation and quickly progress to brittle breakage. It is a steel-gray, lightweight metal called beryllium. It is also highly brittle, which means that it fractures easily when under stress but does not typically distort before it does so (similar to glass or ceramic). Beryllium is a naturally occurring element found in over 100 different minerals and has a wide range of modern-day applications. Cast iron has a rough feel and is more brittle because it includes 2% to 3.5% carbon. Despite being made of alloyed metals, carbon steel lacks other alloying components, hence despite being an alloy, it is not classified as an alloy.

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The concentration of the KBr solution is 0.168 M.

What is molarity?

The quantity of a substance in a given volume of solution is known as its molarity (M). The number of moles of a solute each liter of a solution is known as molarity. The molar concentration of a solution is another term for molarity.

Explanation:

M1V1 = M2V2,

where M1 is the initial concentration,

V1 is the initial volume,

M2 is the concentration,

V2 is the total final volume.

Have to find the initial and final volume of the solution,

V1=100/1000=0.1

V2=500/1000=0.5

By rearranging the above equation, we get

M2=M1V1/V2

=0.840 x 0.1/0.5=0.168 M.

Therefore, the concentration of the KBr solution is 0.168 M.

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In block caving mining, the desired material is located underground, dissolved into a liquid, and then extracted. This is one method of mining sodium chloride, or salt.

Drilling holes beneath the ore body and utilizing designed blasts to disintegrate the ore and rocks are all part of block caving mining. Then, with the aid of gravity, the mixture of rocks and ore is carried for processing. Once the production from open-pit mining becomes unprofitable, block caving mining frequently occurs. Is called block caving mining

Salt Chloride (sodium chloride),  The ratio of the sodium and chloride ions in sodium chloride is exactly one to one. It is frequently referred to as table salt, common salt, or halite (the mineral form of common salt).

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The semi-crystalline polymer of the same composition, a completely amorphous polymer is expected to the crystallites scatter light.

Crystallization of polymers is a manner associated with the partial alignment of their molecular chains. these chains fold together and shape ordered areas called lamellae, which compose larger spheroidal systems named spherulites.

Semi-crystalline plastics can be taken into consideration for a selection of applications. choosing a plastic material for use in excessive temperature surroundings calls for a cautious assessment of fabric residence information. View our interactive Thermoplastics Triangle to evaluate substances.

Polyethylene is a partially crystalline solid whose residences are exceedingly dependent on the relative content of the crystalline section and amorphous section, i.e., crystallinity. Polyethylene is a polymer polymerized from monomeric ethylene.

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Since the start of the industrial revolution more than 200 years ago, human activity has led to an increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2). The pH of the ocean's surface waters has decreased by 0.1 pH units throughout this time.

A significant and swift transition in an economy (as in late-18th-century England) signaled by the widespread adoption of power-driven machinery or by a significant shift in the prevalent forms and applications of such machinery.

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The earth’s magnetic poles are in the general direction of the planet’s geographic poles. the phrase "general direction" mean  different and complete opposite way.

A bar magnet that is suspended freely will always point north-south. This is a result of the bar magnet's south pole being drawn to the Earth's magnetic north pole (geographic south).

Geographic and magnetic poles on Earth are generated by various sources, thus they are not perfectly aligned. The outer core's swirling currents of liquid iron are what generate the Earth's magnetic field.

Thus, Option D is correct.

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We can say that When K3PO4 is dissolved in water , the number of potassium ions present in the solution is three times the number of phosphate ions in the solution .

What are Ionic compounds ?

Ionic compounds can be defined as ionic bonds or chemical bonds formed by oppositely charged ions held together by electrostatic forces.

These are usually formed between metals and non-metals. Atoms always tend to acquire stable electronic configurations when atoms lose electrons to form cations, and anions are formed when atoms gain electrons. These two oppositely charged atoms together form an ionic bond, which is called an ionic bond.

Ionic compounds, also called ionic compounds, are held together by electrostatic forces. Ionic compounds are also formed when the electronegativity difference between two atoms is large. This causes one atom to attract more electrons than the other, resulting in electron loss and electron gain within the atom.

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There are two atoms of hydrogen on the reactant side of the equation.

What we try to show on paper are the changes that substances can undergo. A reaction is said to occur when two or more substances are combined together. The combination of the substances would now lead to the rearrangement of bonds and then the formation of a new product.

We know that it is one of the rules of writing a balanced chemical reaction equation that the number of the atoms of each element on the reactant side must be the same as the number of atoms of the same element on the products side.

When we look at the reaction as shown, we can see that the reaction is balanced hence we can be able to find the number of atoms of hydrogen on the reactants side by doing an atom count.

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Atom in

a- hydrogen gas - H atom

b - Salt = Sodium atom and chlorine atom

c - Methane - carbon , hydrogen atom

d - carbon dioxide = carbon , oxygen atoms

e - oxygen gas = oxygen atom

f - water = hydrogen and oxygen tom

g - hydrochloric acid =  hydrogen and chlorine atoms

h - sodium hydroxide = sodium , oxygen and hydrogen atom

I - carbonated water - carbon , oxygen , hydrogen atoms

What is an atom ?

An atom is a particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element. Atoms consist of a central nucleus surrounded by one or more negatively charged electrons. Atoms, the smallest units that can decompose matter without emitting charged particles. It is also the smallest unit of matter with the characteristic properties of chemical elements. As such, atoms are the basic building blocks of chemistry.

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Two characteristics of liquid oxygen contradict predictions from the valence bond theory that are explained by the molecular orbital theory are:

1) Pale blue color

2) Para-magnetism

The valence bond theory is not able to explain the para magnetic behavior of the oxygen that give pale blue color. This is explained by molecular orbital theory.

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The alcohol concentration in parts per billion, ppb given that the alcohol limit is 250 of alcohol per 1 L of breath is 25×10¹⁰ ppb

The concentration of substance in parts per million, ppb can be obtained by using the filling formula:

Concentration (in ppb) = (amount of solute / volume) × 10⁹

With the above formula, we can obtain the alcohol concentration in parts per billion, ppb as shown below:

The concentration of the vitamin C in ppb can be obtained as follow:

Concentration (in ppb) = (amount of solute / volume) × 10⁹

Concentration (in ppb) = (250 / 1) × 10⁹

Concentration (in ppb) = 25×10¹⁰ ppb

Thus, the concentration in ppm is 25×10¹⁰ ppb

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The Matchup of each label with the appropriate term is given below:

A: Sigma bond & Represents two electrons

B: Nonbonding electrons

C: Bonding electrons & Sigma bond

Sigma bonds, often known as bonds, are the strongest kind of covalent chemical bonding in chemistry. They are created by atomic orbitals directly overlapping one another. Using symmetry group terminology and techniques, sigma bonding for diatomic molecules is most easily defined.

Note that an electron that is not a part of chemical bonding is known as a non-bonding electron. The electron may be restricted to one atom in a lone pair. has the electron distributed throughout the molecule in a non-bonding orbital.

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Answer:B,C

Explanation:

The current that flows in the circuit is obtained as 1.23 A.

We know that the RLC circuit is one that contains a resistor in addition to a capacitor or an inductor. In either case, the resistance that is offered to the flow of current by the capacitor or the inductor as the case may be is called the reactance.

Given that;

Impedance (Z) = √R^2 + XC^2

R = resistance

XC = capacitive reactance

Z = √(40)^2 + (70)^2

Z = 81 ohms

Now;

V = IZ

V = voltage

I = current

I = V/Z

I =  100 volts/81 ohms

I = 1.23 A

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Answer:

each chlorine atom will lose one electron

The percentage yield of the given reaction was supposed to be

the formula for the calculation of the percentage yield was =actual yield/theoretical yield X 100

What is percentage yield ?

The percent yield equation is as follows:

(actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100% Equals percent yield

Where: actual yield is the quantity of product received from a chemical reaction theoretical yield is the amount of output obtained from the stoichiometric or balanced equation, utilizing the limiting reactant to calculate product (moles or grams).

The quantity of products generated from a chemical reaction is referred to as the real yield. The theoretical yield is the quantity of product calculated from the stoichiometric or balanced equation utilising the limiting reactant to determine product.

=(0.988/1.61) X 100

=61.36%

the percentage yield of the reaction was found to be 61.36%

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For the recrystallisation step, we need 71.4ml of ethanol for the solubility of aspirin which has 100% yield.

What is solubility?

Solubility is the ability of a solute to dissolve in solvent to make a solution at a given temperature. This is because of the intermolecular forces balance between solute and solvent and change in entropy.

In 100 ml of the solution, the solubility of aspirin is 40 g. The mass of aspirin is not indicated in the problem, so it can be assumed that the mass of aspirin needed is 40 g. With this, the volume of the solution can be calculated.

Volume of the solution = 40g x 100ml/40g = 100ml

Density of aspirin = 1.4g/ml

Volume of aspirin = 40g x 1ml/1.4g = 28.57ml

Volume of ethanol = 100ml - 28.57ml = 71.4 ml

Therefore, the solubility of 40g of aspirin when yield is 100% requires 71.4ml of ethanol.

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The concentration of H₃O⁺ present in a solution of HCL is 7.76247 × 10⁻⁴.

Since we know,

pH<7, therefore there are only H₃O+ particles in the solution.

[H₃O⁺ ] = [tex]10^{-pH}[/tex] = [tex]10^{3.110}[/tex] = 7.76247× 10⁻⁴

Pure water will have fewer hydroxide and hydronium ions. They can combine to form water. There will be a dynamic equilibrium between the concentration of molecules of water and ions. The definition of pH states that negative logarithms of hydronium ion concentration. The self-ionization will take place and increase the H⁺ concentration and side by side reduce the OH⁻ concentration.

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Using the Henderson equation , pH = pKₐ + log(salt/acid)

pH-value for given mixture is 4.74

When a strong base like potasium hydroxide (KOH ) reacts with weak acid like acetic acid (CH₃COOH) form a salt ( CH₃COOK ) and water . This type of reaction is called Neutralization reaction.

CH₃COOH (aq) + KOH (aq) ------> CH₃COO⁻K⁺ (aq) + H₂O(aq)

Given that

= 5 × 10⁻³mol

Now , using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to find the p-H value

p-H = pKa + log ( salt or conjugate base / weak acid ) ------(1)

where Kₐ is dissociation constant

Since, Kₐ value for acetic acid is 3.8×10⁻⁵

=> pKₐ = 4.74

put the values in (1)

p-H = 4.74 + log ( 5/5) = 4.74 + 0 = 4.74

So, p-H value for solution is 4.74 ..

p-H value of substance or solution refered the nature of solution is acidic or basic .

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Answer:

0.76moles of sucrose

Explanation:

1 mol = 6.022 x 10^23 molecules

4.6 x 10^23 molecules = X x 6.022 x 10^23

X = 0.7639

X = 0.76moles

The percent change in volume is 21 %.

given that :

temperature , T1 = 273 -28 = 245 K

temperature , T2 = 273 + 9 = 282 K

pressure P1 = P

pressure P2 = P - O.O5 P = 0.95 P

Volume V1 = V

volume V2 = ?

using ideal gas equation , we get :

P1 V1 / T1 = P2 V2 / T2

V2 = (P1 V1 T2 ) / P2 T1

V2 = ( P × V × 282 ) / ( 0.95 P × 245 P )

V2 = 1.211 V

change in volume is given as = V2 - V1

                                                 =  1.211 V - V

                                                 = 0.211 V

Percent change in volume is = (0.21 V)) / V ) × 100 %

                                                 = 21 %

Thus, For many purposes we can treat propane C3H8 as an ideal gas at temperatures above its boiling point of −42.°C Suppose the temperature of a sample of propane gas is raised from -28.0°C to 9.0°C, and at the same time the pressure is increased by 5.0% . the percent change in volume in 21 %.

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The homozygous dominant genotype is 0%, the heterozygous genotype is 50%, and the homozygous recessive genotype is 50%.

This problem does not display the Punnett box. If the genotype of the heterozygous parent has spots (Ff) and the other parent is homozygous without spots, the cross between the two parents is:

Parental: Ff >< ff

Gametes: F . f >< f

Filial: Ff (heterozygous having freckles) and ff (recessive homozygous over not having freckles)

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Answer: 0%, 50%, 50%

Explanation:

The mass of H₂SO₄ that must dissolved in 1.08 liters of solution to make 2.69M solution is 271.52 grams.

The molarity of the substance is defined as the number of moles of solute per unit volume of solution in liters.

In this case,

The volume of the solution is 1.08 L.

The required molarity of the substance is 2.69M.

So,

we can write,

Molarity = Moles/Volume

Moles = Molariyt x volume

Moles =2.69 x 1.03

Moles = 2.77

Moles = Mass required/molar mass.

Molar mass of H₂SO₄ is 98 g/mol.

Putting values,

2.77=Mass required/98

Mass required = 271.52 grams.

So, 271.52 grams of H₂SO₄ is required to make 2.69M solution.

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