In the lab, a student is investigating the effects of texting and driving on reaction time. A
student determines his/her reaction time by having a friend release a meter stick at
random intervals while the driver sends text messages. The student, on average,
catches the meter stick after it has traveled 0.64 m.
How far will the student
travel in a car moving at 25 m/s horizontally before reacting?

9.0 m
0.64 m
69 m

Answers

Answer 1

We know that we can write the speed of something as the quotient between the distance it moves and the time it takes to move that distance.

speed = distance/time

Using this, we will find that the correct option is the first one, 9.0 m

The information we know is:

The student, on average, catches the meter stick after it has traveled 0.64m

We need to transform this into time.

Assuming that the meter stick is just released, the only acceleration it will have is the gravitational one, so we have:

a(t) = -9.8m/s^2

To get the velocity of the stick we need to integrate over time, as the it is just released, it will not have initial velocity, thus the constant of integration is zero:

v(t) = (-9.8m/s^2)*t

To get the position equation we need to integrate again, and as the initial position is relative, we can define it as zero, so again the constant of integration is zero:

p(t) = (1/2)(-9.8m/s^2)*t^2

p(t) = (-4.9 m/s^2)*t

We know that the student catches the stick after it traveled (downwards) 0.64m

Then we need to solve:

-0.64m =  (-4.9 m/s^2)*t

√[(-0.64m)/(-4.9m/s^2)] = t = 0.36s

So the reaction time of the student is 0.36 seconds.

Now we can use the first equation:

speed = distance/time

And rewrite it as:

distance = speed*time

So if the car moves at 25m/s and the student needs 0.36 s to react, the distance that he/she will move in that time frame is:

d = (25m/s)*0.36s = 9.0m

So the correct option is the first one.

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Related Questions

1. If all other things remain equal, which of the following changes to a closed circuit would result in increased resistance to the flow of electric current?
Correct Answer: A) Reducing the thickness of the conductor
B) Replacing the conductor with a more conductive material
Incorrect Response: C) Reducing the length of the conductor
D) Reducing the temperature of the conductor

2. What term refers to producing magnetism by placing a body within a magnetic field?
A) Polarization
B) Natural magnetism
C) Incorrect Response: Artificial magnetism
D) Correct Answer: Induced magnetism

3. What two things must exist for an electric current to be produced?
A) A negatively charged electrode and a positively charged electrode
B) Incorrect Response: A pair of highly conductive materials and a conducting path between them
C) Correct Answer: An electric potential between two bodies and a conducting path joining the bodies
D) A source of voltage and an open circuit

4. If all other things remain equal, which of the following changes to a closed circuit would result in increased resistance to the flow of electric current?
A) Correct Answer: Reducing the thickness of the conductor
B) Replacing the conductor with a more conductive material
C) Incorrect Response: Reducing the length of the conductor
D) Reducing the temperature of the conductor

5. Three components in a parallel circuit have individual resistances of r1, r2, and r3. What formula can you use to determine the total resistance of the circuit?
A) 1/R= r1 + r2 + r3
B) Incorrect Response: R= 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3
C) Correct Answer: 1/R= 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3
D) R= r1 + r2 + r3

6. Which of the following materials commonly used in electronic devices is classified as a semiconductor?
A) Correct Answer: Silicon
B) Incorrect Response: Copper
C) Glass
D) Plastic

7. Which of the following explains why your hair stands on end when you rub it with a balloon?
A) The balloon creates friction, which sticks your hair to it.
B) Correct Answer: Electrons from your hair jump to the balloon, causing it to become negatively charged on one side.
C) Incorrect Response: Protons from your hair jump to the balloon, causing it to become negatively charged on one side.
D) Protons from the balloon jump to your hair, causing it to become negatively charged.

Answers

Answer:

1. A) Reducing the thickness of the conductor would result in increased resistance to the flow of electric current

2. D) Induced magnetism produces magnetism by placing a body within a magnetic field.

3.  C)  For an electric current to be produced, an electric potential between two bodies and a conducting path joining the bodies.

4. YOU REPEATED QUESTION 1&4.

5. C) 1/R= 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3

6. A) Silicon, commonly used in electronic devices, is classified as a semiconductor

7. B) Electrons from your hair jump to the balloon, causing it to become negatively charged on one side.

Explanation:

7. The balloon “steals” electrons from your hair, which causes one side of the balloon to become negatively charged. Since your hair lost electrons, it now has a partial positive charge. Opposite charges of static electric attract, causing them to stick together.

6. For a material to be considered a semiconductor, it must have a resistance to electric current that's too high to be considered a conductor but too low to be considered an insulator. Three common semiconductors used in electronic devices are silicon, germanium, and selenium.

5. If three components are arranged to form a parallel circuit, and the individual resistance of these components are r1, r2, and r3 respectively, the formula for finding the total resistance R is: 1/R= 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3.

4. YOU REPEATED QUESTIONS 1 & 4.

3. For an electric current to be produced, there must be an electric potential between two bodies and a conducting path joining the bodies. Two oppositely charged bodies won't produce a current unless there's a conduction path for the electrons to travel through.

2. Placing a piece of metal such as an iron bar into a magnetic field, thereby causing the bar to become magnetized, is known as induced magnetism. Typically, an object that has been magnetized in this manner will lose its magnetic properties quickly when removed from the magnetic field.

1.  The resistance to electric current increases as the cross-section of the conductor is reduced, as the conductor is lengthened, and as the conductor is heated. Replacing the conductor with a less-conductive material increases the resistance as well.

1 & 4. A) Reducing the thickness of the conductor would result in increased resistance to the flow of electric current.

2. D) Induced magnetism produces magnetism by placing a body within a magnetic field.

3. C)  The two things must exist for an electric current to be produced is an electric potential between two bodies and a conducting path joining the bodies.

5. C) The formula used to determine the total resistance of the circuit is 1/R= 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3

6. A) Silicon, commonly used in electronic devices, is classified as a semiconductor

7. B) Electrons from your hair jump to the balloon, causing it to become negatively charged on one side.

What is electric current?

The stream of positive charges which flow from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of the battery attached in a circuit.

1 & 4. An electric potential between two bodies and a conducting path joining the bodies is required to produce current.  If all other things remain equal, changes to a closed circuit that would result in increased resistance to the flow of electric current is reducing the thickness of the conductor.

The correct option is A.

2. If an iron bar placed into a magnetic field, it become magnetized, also known as induced magnetism. The term refers to producing magnetism by placing a body within a magnetic field is induced magnetism.

The correct option is D.

3. The two things must exist for an electric current to be produced is an electric potential between two bodies and a conducting path joining the bodies.

The correct option is C.

5. If three components are arranged to form a parallel circuit, and the individual resistance of these components are r1, r2, and r3 respectively, the formula for finding the equivalent resistance R is: 1/R= 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3.

The correct option is C.

6. A semiconductor must have a resistance to electric current . Three common semiconductors used in electronic devices are silicon, germanium, and selenium.

The correct option is A.

7. The balloon transfers electrons from your hair, which causes one side to become negatively charged. Hair lost electrons, it has a partial positive charge. Opposite charges of static electric attract, causing it to stick together. So, hair stands on end when you rub it with a balloon because electrons from your hair jump to the balloon, causing it to become negatively charged on one side.

The correct option is B.

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All students perceive poor grades as disappointing.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
Т
F

Answers

Answer:

False

Explanation:

HEY CAN ANYONE PLS ANSWER DIS!!!!!!!

Answers

Answer:

A. Filtration

Explanation:

Chromatography can not be used to seperate A(l) from the mixture. And you can not even perform the method since B(s) is present.

As for distillation, this process is used to seperate liquid from mixture of liquids. Filtration is effective in seperation of liquid and solid.

A rock is dropped off a cliff and strikes the ground with an impact velocity of 20m/s. How high was the cliff?(use a=-10m/s2)

Answers

Answer:

20 m

Explanation:

by the formula,

                         [tex]2aS = V_{f}^{2} - V_{i}^2[/tex]

                         2 x 10 x S = 20^2 - 0

                         20S = 400

                         [tex]S = \frac{400}{20}[/tex]

                          S = 20 m  

                         

a person’s acceleration is 8m/s^2 from 2 seconds to 10 seconds, what is their change velocity?

Answers

Answer:

32 m/s

Explanation:

I think the answer is 32 m/s

The diagram represents Earth's orbit around the Sun. Where is the Sun located in this ellipse?
A)
At the center
B)
At the periphery
At the epicenter
D)
At one of the two foci
Submit
Helpppppp

Answers

D) at one of the two focus of that ellipse.

Answer:

Its a D.

Explanation:

What is the frequency of a wave that has a period of 5 seconds?
O A. 2 Hz
OB. 5 HZ
O C. 20 Hz
O D. 0.2 Hz

Answers

Answer: D

Explanation:

The frequency of a wave that has a period of 5 seconds is 0.2 Hz. Thus, the correct option is D.

What is Frequency?

Frequency of a wave is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of the time. Frequency is also occasionally referred to as the temporal frequency for clarity purpose, and it is distinct from that of angular frequency. Frequency is measured in SI units of hertz which is equal to one event per second of the time.

Frequency can be calculated as the number of waves that pass a fixed place in a given amount of time period. The frequency of a wave that has a period of 5 seconds is:

f = 1/T

where, f = frequency,

T = Time taken

f = 1/ 5

f = 0.2 hertz

Thus, the frequency of the wave is 0.2 hertz.

Therefore, the correct option is D.

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Click The Pros and Cons of Plastics and use the information to answer the question.

Which scenario shows an indirect environmental impact of using plastics?

Answers

Answer:

Plastics being consumed by fish and passing toxic compounds to the humans eat the fish.

Explanation:

I did that answer and got it right.

Answer:

Plastics being consumed by fish and passing toxic compounds to the humans that eat the fish.

Explanation:

A ball is thrown horizontally from a 11 m high building with a speed of 9.0 m/s.

How far from the base of the building does the ball hit the ground?
Express the answer using two significant figures.

Answers

Answer:

the answer to you're question is d=9

Determine how far a vehicle moved if it started at 12 m/s and accelerated up to 47 m/s in a time of 34s. ​

Answers

Answer:

[tex] s = 1,003 \: m[/tex]

Explanation:

[tex]s = \frac{1}{2} (u + v)t = \frac{1}{2} (12 + 47)34 \\ s = 1,003 \: m[/tex]

If the number of wavelengths that pass a point in a given time increases, what has increased?

A.frequency

B.amplitude

C.intensity

D.wavelength

Answers

A /////////////////////////////
A:))))))))))) ;))))))

On Monday, Sylvester walked up 50 stairs in 1 minute. On Tuesday, Sylvester walked up 100 stairs in 2 minutes. Which best describes Sylvester's work and power? a.He did equal work and used equal power on both days. b.He did equal work both days, but used more power on Tuesday. c.He did more work on Tuesday, and used more power on Tuesday. d.He did more work on Tuesday, but used equal power on both days.

Answers

D because he went up 100 stairs which is more stairs than Monday but, still used the same amount of power

Which of these consumers is an herbivore? *

1. lion

2. deer

3. spider

4. snake

Answers

Answer:

2. deer

Explanation:

The lion, spider, and snake eat meat or to an extent.

Deer don't eat meat

Answer:

deer :)

Explanation:

The rest are basically carnivores

A physics student tossed a ball vertically straight upward.
Describe the magnitude of the ball’s vertical velocity at its highest position.

a. The magnitude of vertical velocity is zero.
b. The magnitude of vertical velocity is 9.8 m/s.
c. The magnitude of vertical velocity is at a maximum value.
d. The magnitude of vertical velocity cannot be determined.

Answers

Answer:

c. The magnitude of vertical velocity is at a maximum value.

Explanation:

I think this is correct I'm not entirely sure though

Answer:

Explanation: ns along perpendicular axes are independent and thus can be analyzed separately. This fact was discussed in Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction, where vertical and horizontal motions were seen to be independent. The key to analyzing two-dimensional projectile motion is to break it into two motions, one along the horizontal axis and the other along the vertical. (This choice of axes is the most sensible, because acceleration due to gravity is vertical—thus, there will be no acceleration along the horizontal axis when air resistance is negligible.) As is customary, we call the horizontal axis the x-axis and the vertical axis the y-axis. (Figure) illustrates the notation for displacement, where \mathbf{s} is defined to be the total displacement and \mathbf{x} and \mathbf{y} are its components along the horizontal and vertical axes, respectively. The magnitudes of these vectors are s, x, and y. (Note that in the last section we used the notation \mathbf{A} to represent a vector with components {\mathbf{A}}_{x} and {\mathbf{A}}_{y}. If we continued this format, we would call displacement \mathbf{s} with components {\mathbf{s}}_{x} and {\mathbf{s}}_{y}. However, to simplify the notation, we will simply represent the component vectors as \mathbf{x} and \mathbf{y}.)

Review of Kinematic Equations (constant a)

x={x}_{0}+\stackrel{-}{v}t

\stackrel{-}{v}=\frac{{v}_{0}+v}{2}

v={v}_{0}+\text{at}

x={x}_{0}+{v}_{0}t+\frac{1}{2}{\text{at}}^{2}

{v}^{2}={v}_{0}^{2}+2a\left(x-{x}_{0}\right)\text{.}

The total displacement \mathbf{s} of a soccer ball at a point along its path. The vector \mathbf{s} has components \mathbf{x} and \mathbf{y} along the horizontal and vertical axes. Its magnitude is s, and it makes an angle \theta with the horizontal.

A soccer player is kicking a soccer ball. The ball travels in a projectile motion and reaches a point whose vertical distance is y and horizontal distance is x. The displacement between the kicking point and the final point is s. The angle made by this displacement vector with x axis is theta.

Given these assumptions, the following steps are then used to analyze projectile motion:

Step 1.Resolve or break the motion into horizontal and vertical components along the x- and y-axes. These axes are perpendicular, so {A}_{x}=A\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\theta and {A}_{y}=A\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\theta are used. The magnitude of the components of displacement \mathbf{s} along these axes are x and \mathrm{y.} The magnitudes of the components of the velocity \mathbf{v} are {v}_{x}=v\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\theta and {v}_{y}=v\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\theta ,} where v is the magnitude of the velocity and \theta is its direction, as shown in (Figure). Initial values are denoted with a subscript 0, as usual.

Step 2.Treat the motion as two independent one-dimensional motions, one horizontal and the other vertical. The kinematic equations for horizontal and vertical motion take the following forms:

\text{Horizontal Motion}\left({a}_{x}=0\right)

x={x}_{0}+{v}_{x}t

{v}_{x}={v}_{0x}={v}_{x}=\text{velocity is a constant.}

\text{Vertical Motion}\left(\text{assuming positive is up}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{a}_{y}=-g=-9.\text{80}{\text{m/s}}^{2}\right)

y={y}_{0}+\frac{1}{2}\left({v}_{0y}+{v}_{y}\right)t

{v}_{y}={v}_{0y}-\text{gt}

y={y}_{0}+{v}_{0y}t-\frac{1}{2}{\mathrm{gt}}^{2}

{v}_{y}^{2}={v}_{0y}^{2}-2g\left(y-{y}_{0}\right)\text{.}

Step 3. Solve for the unknowns in the two separate motions—one horizontal and one vertical. Note that the only common variable between the motions is time t. The problem solving procedures here are the same as for one-dimensional kinematics and are illustrated in the solved examples below.

Step 4.Recombine the two motions to find the total displacement\mathbf{\text{s}} and velocity \mathbf{\text{v}}. Because the x – and y -motions are perpendicular, we determine these vectors by using the techniques outlined in the Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods and employing A=\sqrt{{A}_{x}^{2}+{A}_{y}^{2}} and \theta ={\text{tan}}^{-1}\left({A}_{y}/{A}_{x}\right) in the following form, where \theta is the direction of the displacement \mathbf{s} and {\theta }_{v} is the direction of the velocity \mathbf{v}:

Total displacement and velocity

s=\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}

\theta ={\text{tan}}^{-1}\left(y/x\right)

v=\sqrt{{v}_{x}^{2}+{v}_{y}^{2}}

{\theta }_{v}={\text{tan}}^{-1}\left({v}_{y}/{v}_{x}\right)\text{.}

(a)

Explain the quantization of energy.​

Answers

Answer:

The quantization of energy refers to the fact that at subatomic levels, energy is best thought of as occurring in discreet "packets" called photons. Like paper money, photons come in different denominations. ... Each photon contains a unique amount of discreet energy

3. Let the pen return to its vertical position and suddenly pull the thread.
Q4. What happened to the thread tied on the pen?

Answers

Answer:

The thread will experience a force on it .

Explanation:

When thread is tied to pen it will experience force. Because the pen is Abit heavy , there is a force that is applied to it which will cause it to elongate , after a while the thread will stretch, elongate and can later experience deformation. When it experience that, the thread can break after deformation and it has losses it elasticity.

A car decelerates uniformly from 24 m/s to 18 m/s in 3.0 seconds. How far does it travel during this time?

Answers

Distance = area under the graph
Using the trapezium rule, Area = 1/2 x (24+18) x 3 = 21 x 3 = 63m

Distance travelled will be = 63 m

What is equation of motion?

These are the equations that describe the behavior of a physical system in terms of its motion as a function of time .

Given : u = 24 m/s

           v= 18 m/s

           t = 3sec

using equation of motion : v = u + at

                         18 = 24 + a*3

                         -6 = 3a

                          a = -2 m/s^2

using equation of motion : s =  u t + 1/2 a (t^2)

                           s = 24 * 3 + 1/2 * (-2)(9)

                          s = 63 m

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if an object measures to be 80 centimeters in length, then it is equivalent to ____​

Answers

Answer:

31.496 inches

Explanation:

The speed of a fishing boat is 15 km/hr. How far will the boat travel in 6 hours?

Answers

Answer: 90 Km

Explanation:

15 Km/hr X 6/hr = 90Km

what is the answer?!​

Answers

The answer should be b

Which of the following is a characteristic of electromagnetic waves?
A: they are all visible
B: they have a purely particle nature
C: they can travel with or without a medium
D: they cannot travel very fast

Answers

It is C-cannot travel very fast

Convert 360 ns to Ms

Answers

Answer:

the answer is ms no soubtrack360 degree

Explanation:

as if we combine ms with the ful form of ns(no soundtrack) we get ms no soundtrack and a 360 which is 360 degree

Please do This:

I will name the brainliest!!!

Answers

Answer:

hi

Explanation:

May I get brainliest lol

The zygote eventually becomes a(n)
sperm
egg
baby
uterus
HURRY 30 MINUTES LEFT
(SCIENCE )

Answers

Answer:

baby

Explanation:

Answer:

The zygote eventually becomes a baby

Explanation:

Got it right on a unit test in edg 2020

An air bubble is at a depth of 3 m below
the surface of lake. What is the pressure
of water on the air bubble?
(take density of water = 1000 kgm )

Answers

Answer:

incorrect its 987 for exact

an someone help me please, thanks.

Answers

From top down the answers are :
Magnetic field
Ozone
Carbon dioxide
Water in oceans

what of the average speed from 4s from 8s
A.0.5m/s
B.1m/s
C.2m/s
D.3m/s
E.9m​

Answers

Answer:  Choice A)  0.5 m/s

=====================================================

Explanation:

At 4 seconds, the distance is 8 meters. Note the point (4,8)

At 8 seconds, the distance is 10 meters. The point here is (8,10)

Find the slope of the line through (4,8) and (8,10)

m = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)

m = (10-8)/(8-4)

m = 2/4

m = 1/2

m = 0.5

The average speed on this interval is 0.5 m/s

-----------------

Another way to look at it:

We've gone from 8 meters to 10 meters, so that's a change of y = 2 meters.

During this, the time has changed from 4 seconds to 8 seconds, which is a difference of x = 4 seconds.

The velocity is the rate of change of distance over time

velocity = (change in distance)/(change in time) = y/x = 2/4 = 0.5 m/s

It’s D that’s the answer

If the total age of three brothers Jack Sam and DeMarco is 33 what are the ages of the boys if Sam is half of the age of Jack and DiMarco is two years younger than Jack

Answers

Answer:

Jack is 14, DiMarco is 12, Sam is 7

Explanation:

A cricket stump has a sharp point at one end use the words force area or pressure

Answers

Answer:

using the pressure of stump

Answer: Using the pressure of a stump

Why do you think the lunar cycle is longer than the time it takes the moon to orbit Earth?

Answers

Answer:

because the moon returns to the same place on the sky once every siderial period, but the sun is also moving on the sky.

Explanation:

Hope that helps!

Answer:

Because the moon returns to the same place on the sky once every siderial  period (27.3 days), but the sun is also moving on the sky.Cycle of lunar phases takes 29.5 days. This is called the SYNODIC PERIOD

Explanation:

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Formula for all possible isomers of hexane What is the midpoint of 0.13 and 0.14 Please help and thank you for helping me out Fundamentos poltico I need help solving these problems. which expression can be used to solve 3/5 divided by 7/10? PLEASE HELP 50 POINTS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Andrew and Deshawn are teammates on a high school soccer team. Theyve been playing soccer together for years. They both play the center forward position. Some years, Andrew is better than Deshawn and serves as the teams starter. Other years, Deshawn is the stronger player and gets the most playing time. They are both very competitive with each other. Although they know each other well, they have never been friends.In practice yesterday, the team was running drills in the rain. Deshawn slipped in the mud and collided with Andrew. Andrew hurt his knee badly in the fall and will have to sit out for several weeks.The next day, Andrew told everyone at school that Deshawn hurt him on purpose to get more playing time. Deshawn retaliated by sharing private information about Andrew on social media. Andrews best friend Mateo saw the collision. He knows it was a complete accident.Pick the role of Andrew, Deshawn, or Mateo.What are the main issues/problems from this persons perspective?What ethical issues are involved for this person?Why are these ethical issues relevant for this person?How should the person you chose handle the situation? The T.V.'s original price was $420. It was on sale for 40% off. What is the sale price? HELP HELP HELPA house painting company charges $350 plus $15 per hour. Another company charges $275 plus $20 per hour. Write an equation that represents when both companies will cost the same amount. How long will the job be when both companies charge the same amount? How much will they charge?Question 1: Write an equation.Question 2: How long will the job be when both companies will cost the same amount?Question 3: How much will they charge? -2x + 12 = -2(x 6) Yo, tomas toman tomamos tomo, el bus escolarA. TomasB. TomanC. TonamosD. Tomo 4. Determine the value of x. What is the theme of this poem?A)Roses are beautiful.B)Our lives are bad like the thorns on a rose.C)Our lives are good even though they are not perfect.D)Our families love us. What was the most important outcome of Shays Rebellion? If 247 players separated into 13 equal teams, how many players will be on each team? How are the health impacts of surface mining different from those of underground mining?1. higher risk of mine collapse in surface mining2. higher risk of lung disease in surface mining 3. Lower risk of hearing loss and surface my mining 4. Lower risk of minor injuries and service my mining in this picture lines AB and CD are parallel. Find the measures of the following angles. Explain your reasoning. The total cost, y, for Leah and x friends to go to an amusement park can be modeled by a linear function. The amusement park charges an entrance fee of $45.25 per person and a parking fee of $10 per car. Leah's car has seating for a maximum of 6 people.What is the domain of the function for this situation? The unknown element (Johnsonium, Jo) contains three naturally occurring isotopes. The relative abundances and atomic mass are:Moorium-36: abundance = 1.32%, mass = 35.978amuMoorium-38: abundance = 3.25%, mass = 37.963amuMoorium-40: abundance = 95.43%, mass = 39.962amuWhat is the average atomic mass of "Moorium?" The answer choices are spelling rules about what to do before adding suffixes to a base word that ends in e. Identify the rule that was applied to the word below. achieve + -ment If the suffix starts with a consonant, keep the e and add the suffix. If the suffix starts with a vowel, drop the e and add the suffix. If a base word ends in double e, do not drop the final e, but never write three e's in a row. Keep the final e only if it lets g or c make their soft sounds. This word is an exception to the rule.