The Black-Scholes-Merton price of the at-the-money DEC call option is $2.14 and the put option is $1.73.
How to calculate the Black-Scholes-Merton price of the at-the-money DEC call?To calculate the Black-Scholes-Merton price of the at-the-money DEC call and put options, we need the following information:
Current stock price (S0) on NOV 2, 2018 = $25Strike price (K) of the options = $25Time to expiration (T) of the options = [tex]\frac{49}{365}[/tex]= 0.1342 yearsAnnual volatility (ơ) of the stock = 53%Annual risk-free rate (RF) for the period = 3.16%First, we need to calculate the annualized continuously compounded risk-free rate (r) for the period until DEC 21, 2018:
r = [tex]\ln(1 + \frac{RF}{2})[/tex] = [tex]\ln(1 + \frac{0.0316}{2})[/tex] = 0.0158
Next, we can use the Black-Scholes-Merton formula to calculate the call and put option prices:
d1 = [[tex]ln(\frac {S0}{K})[/tex]+ ([tex]\frac{r + 0.50 ^{2})T] }{ (0\sqrt(T)}[/tex])
d2 = d1 - ơ[tex]\sqrt(T)[/tex]
N(d1) and N(d2) are the cumulative standard normal distribution functions evaluated at d1 and d2, respectively. Since we don't have the exact values for N(d1) and N(d2), we need to use interpolation to find their approximate values from the normal distribution table.
For the at-the-money options, S0 = K = $25, so d1 = d2 =[tex][\ln(\frac{25}{25})[/tex] + ([tex]\frac{0.0158 + 0.5*0.53^2)0.1342] }{ (0.53\sqrt(0.1342)}[/tex]) = 0.7277
Using the normal distribution table, we can find the values of N(d1) and N(d2) as follows:
N(d1) = [tex]\frac{N(0.7275) + [N(0.7279) - N(0.7275)](0.7277 - 0.7275)}{(0.7279 - 0.7275)}[/tex] = 0.2657
N(d2) = [tex]\frac{N(0.7275) + [N(0.7279) - N(0.7275)](0.7277 - 0.7275)}{(0.7279 - 0.7275)}[/tex] = 0.2657
Now we can use the Black-Scholes-Merton formula to calculate the call and put option prices:
Call price = S0N(d1) - Kexp(-rT)N(d2) = $250.2657 - [tex]$25 \exp(-0.0158*0.1342)*0.2657[/tex]= $2.14
Put price = Kexp(-rT)N(-d2) - S0N(-d1) = $25exp(-0.01580.1342)0.7343 - $250.7343 = $1.73
Therefore, the Black-Scholes-Merton price of the at-the-money DEC call option is $2.14 and the put option is $1.73.
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All investment decisions involve a certain degree of risk and uncertainty. How can a manager reduce the level of risk and uncertainty when making CapEx decision? In your response explain how Economic Value Added (EVA) may help reduce this uncertainty.
All investment decisions involve a certain degree of risk and uncertainty, but a manager can reduce the level of risk and uncertainty when making a CapEx decision by using various techniques. One such technique is Economic Value Added (EVA).
EVA is a financial performance metric that measures a company's profitability based on the value it creates for shareholders. By using EVA, a manager can estimate the financial impact of a CapEx decision on the company's profitability, and hence reduce uncertainty by making a more informed decision.
EVA helps managers focus on generating value for shareholders, and by doing so, they can reduce the risk of making a poor investment decision.
Additionally, EVA provides a clear picture of the expected returns on investment, which helps managers evaluate the feasibility of a proposed investment and assess its risks.
Therefore, by using EVA, a manager can reduce uncertainty and make informed investment decisions that generate value for the company and its shareholders.
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Please help me understand my homework
1. A project has the following estimated data: price= $95 per unit, variable cost= 42.75 per unit; fixed costs= $5,700; required = 13 percent; initial investment =$12,000; life =six years. Ignore the effect of taxes.
What is the accounting break-even quantity?
What is the cash break-even quantity?
What is the financial break-even quantity?
The accounting break-even quantity is 125.7 units.
The accounting break-even quantity is the number of units that must be sold (at the target price) to cover all of the costs associated with the project. In this case, the accounting break-even quantity can be calculated by dividing the total fixed costs by the contribution margin per unit (price minus variable cost). This results in a break-even quantity of 125.7 units.
The cash break-even quantity is the number of units that must be sold to cover the initial investment for the project. This can be calculated by dividing the initial investment by the contribution margin per unit. This results in a cash break-even quantity of 256.7 units.
The financial break-even quantity is the number of units that must be sold to generate a return on the initial investment of at least 13%. This can be calculated by dividing the initial investment by the net profit per unit (the contribution margin per unit multiplied by the desired return rate). This results in a financial break-even quantity of 1,077.1 units.
In summary, the accounting break-even quantity is 125.7 units, the cash break-even quantity is 256.7 units, and the financial break-even quantity is 1,077.1 units. It is important to understand the differences between these break-even quantities in order to properly assess the viability of a project.
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which of the following is not an adjusting entry involving a liability account? a. recognizing depreciation expense for machinery purchased last year. b. recognizing tax expense even though taxes won't be paid until a later date. c. recognizing wage expense that will be paid in a future period. d. recognizing revenue for services that the customer paid for in advance.
Recognizing revenue for services that the customer paid for in advance does not involve a liability account, but rather an unearned revenue account. The correct answer is D.
Adjusting entries involving liability accounts typically involve recognizing expenses that have been incurred but not yet paid, such as wage expenses, tax expenses, or interest expenses. Adjusting entries may also involve recognizing changes in the value of liabilities, such as recognizing the depreciation expense for a liability related to equipment or recognizing an adjustment to the liability for a warranty obligation.
Option D, recognizing revenue for services that the customer paid for in advance, is an example of an adjusting entry involving an asset account (unearned revenue) rather than a liability account. This adjustment is made to recognize the revenue that has been earned over time, as the services are provided, rather than recognizing all of the revenue at the time of payment.
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15. The attached article about Turkey cites World Bank data indicating Turkey’s per capita income increased 70% between 2003 and 2017. If the data is accurate, then the compound average growth rate of Turkish per capita income over the 14-year time span was: Round to 1/100th of a percent.
The compound average growth rate of Turkish per capita income over the 14-year time span was 4.43%.
How to calculate the compound average growth rate?To calculate the compound average growth rate, we can use the formula:
CAGR = (Ending Value / Beginning Value)^(1/n) - 1
where Ending Value is the value at the end of the period, Beginning Value is the value at the beginning of the period, n is the number of years, and "^" means "raised to the power of".
Let's assume that the beginning value of Turkish per capita income in 2003 was x, and the ending value in 2017 was 1.7x (since it increased by 70%). Then, the number of years, n, is 14.
CAGR = (1.7x / x)^(1/14) - 1
CAGR = 1.0443 - 1
CAGR = 0.0443
Therefore, the compound average growth rate of Turkish per capita income over the 14-year time span was 4.43%.
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Introduction This TMA has one question with three parts. You should answer them all. The questions in this assignment are all about different aspects of the process of exploring a complex situation drawing different kinds of maps of it, recognizing how complex it is ide ifying the different perspectives it can be viewed from, and stepping back to reflect on this whole process of exploration to see the strengths and weaknesses of the approach you have adopted, and how you might do it better. Question (100% marks) Read through the attached case study Staying Ahead in a Competitive Environment. McDonald's Restaurants As you read through the case, and based on what you learned in SYS210: Business Driven Technology, tackle the following questions and attempt to answer them using an essay format of no more than 1200 words A-Describe the information age and the differences among data, information, business intelligence and knowledge. (350 words, 30% marks) B-Explain system thinking and how management information system (MIS) solves issues with information silos MC Donald's entire worldwide organization? (400 words, 30 % marks) C-Explain how MIS enabling business communications at MC Donald, s? (350 words, 30% marks) D-Reflect on the experiences of working on your TMA. and assess how it has developed your understanding of the course concept (100 words, 10 % marks).
A) In the information age, technology is used to manage and share vast amounts of data. Data is raw facts and figures, while information is data that has been organized and analyzed to provide meaning.
Business intelligence is the use of software to analyze data and provide actionable insights, and knowledge is the application of information to a specific situation.
B) System thinking is an approach to problem-solving that considers the system as a whole, rather than individual parts. MIS helps to solve issues with information silos at McDonald's by integrating all data into a centralized system, allowing for better communication and decision-making across the entire organization.
C) MIS enables business communications at McDonald's by providing a centralized platform for employees to access and share information in real-time.
This allows for faster and more efficient communication between departments and locations, ultimately leading to better collaboration and decision-making.
D) Working on the TMA has improved my understanding of the importance of approaching complex situations from multiple perspectives and utilizing different types of maps to gain a comprehensive understanding.
It has also emphasized the significance of technology in facilitating communication and decision-making within a business.
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according to the concept of the diffusion of innovation, consumers who have a fear of debt and depend on neighbors and friends as their information sources are called
The concept of diffusion of innovation explains how new products, technologies, or ideas are adopted by consumers over time.
According to this theory, consumers who have a fear of debt and rely on neighbors and friends as their information sources are called laggards. Laggards are the last group of consumers to adopt new products, as they tend to be risk-averse and skeptical of change.
They rely on traditional information sources, such as word of mouth and personal networks, rather than advertising or mass media. As a result, they may be slower to adopt new technologies or products, and their behavior can have a significant impact on the overall diffusion of innovation process.
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true or false: effective implementation of a decision to abandon a product, close a plant, purchase a new business, or something similar requires planning.
True, Planning is necessary for the efficient implementation of decisions to discontinue a product, shut down a plant, buy a new company, or do anything similar.
Which phase of the decision-making process does brainstorming take place in?
At the beginning of the ideation stage, approaches like brainstorming and coming up with the worst possible ideas are frequently employed to encourage creative problem-solving. This enables you to start ideation by producing as many ideas as you can.
Which of the following claims about the managerial role of organizing is accurate?An organization's resources (human, financial, physical, and informational) are the focus of a set of management operations, which also include organizing, leading, and managing.
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Learning: Cash Flow Estimation QUESTION ANSWER $2:37.500 Cogswell Cola purchased a machine for $237.500. The firm paid another $5.750 for delivery and installation. In addition the firm will have to hire another employee and pay them $50,000 per year to run the machine. What is the initial outlay for this machine?
a. $293,250 b. $243250
c. $237,500
d. I don’t know yet
The initial outlay for this machine is a. $293,250.
What is the initial outlay for this machine?The initial outlay for this machine is the sum of the purchase price, delivery and installation cost, and any additional costs such as the salary for the new employee.
Purchase price: $237,500
Delivery and installation cost: $5,750
Annual salary for new employee: $50,000
Therefore, the initial outlay for the machine is:
= $237,500 + $5,750 + $50,000
= $293,250.
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suppose the supply of housing has an elasticity equal to 0.6. if the price of housing rises by 20%, then:
If the supply of housing has an elasticity of 0.6 and the price of housing rises by 20%, then quantity supplied of housing will increase by 12%
We can determine the percentage change in quantity supplied using the formula:% Change in Quantity Supplied = Elasticity of Supply x % Change in Price
Substituting the given values, we get:
% Change in Quantity Supplied = 0.6 x 20% = 12%
This means that the quantity supplied of housing will increase by 12% in response to a 20% increase in price. The smaller the elasticity of supply, the less responsive quantity supplied is to changes in price. In this case, since the elasticity of supply is less than 1, the percentage change in quantity supplied is smaller than the percentage change in price.
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in 2021, 2022, and 2023, callow industries reported the following in its income statements. based on this information, how did callow’s profit margins change over time? why?
It is important for Callow Industries to continue to monitor its expenses and optimize its operations in order to maintain and increase its profitability in the long term.
Callow Industries' profit margin increased from 10% in 2021 to 12.5% in 2022, but decreased to 10.7% in 2023. This indicates that the company was able to increase its profitability in 2022 but was not able to maintain it in 2023.
The increase in profit margin in 2022 can be attributed to the fact that the company was able to increase its revenue by 20%, while keeping its expenses relatively under control with a 16.7% increase. This indicates that the company was able to improve its operational efficiency, which resulted in higher profits.
However, in 2023, although the company was able to further increase its revenue by 16.7%, its expenses also increased by the same percentage, resulting in no increase in profit. This could indicate that the company may have faced challenges in managing its expenses or may have invested in new initiatives that did not generate immediate profits.
Overall, it is important for Callow Industries to continue to monitor its expenses and optimize its operations in order to maintain and increase its profitability in the long term.
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It is essential for Callow Industries to keep a close eye on its expenses and optimize its operations in order to maintain and increase its long-term profitability.
The overall revenue at Young Businesses expanded from 10% in 2021 to 12.5% in 2022, however, it tumbled to 10.7% in 2023. This recommends that the business had the option to work on its productivity in 2022, however, it couldn't do so in every case in 2023.
The reason for the rise in the profit margin in 2022 is that the company was able to increase revenue by 20% while maintaining relatively manageable expenses with a 16.7% increase. This suggests that the company was able to improve operational efficiency and increase profits.
In any case, in spite of the organization's capacity to increment income by 16.7% in 2023, expenses additionally expanded by a similar rate, bringing about no benefit increment.
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venus corp. is a large corporation with several divisions. venus has a goal to increase the profitability of the corporation by 15 percent over the next five years, with the understanding that this is an overall corporate goal, and that there will be variance in growth among the divisions. the top managers and board of directors are discussing resource allocation, priorities, and the action steps needed to meet this goal. the plan that these managers create would be a(n) plan.
The plan that the managers and board of directors of Venus Corp. create would be a strategic plan.
Venus Corp. is aiming to increase profitability by 15 percent over the next five years as an overall corporate goal, while acknowledging variance in growth among divisions. The plan created by top managers and the board of directors to allocate resources, set priorities, and outline action steps to achieve this goal would be a strategic plan. This strategic plan will help guide the corporation towards achieving its profitability and growth objectives. This strategic plan would guide the decision-making and actions of the company to achieve its desired level of profitability and growth.
In summary, the managers will create a strategic plan.
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according to economics in one lesson, people who advocate establishing a price floor argue that they’re not trying to boost the price but are only trying to _________ it.
According to economics in one lesson, people who advocate establishing a price floor argue that they're not trying to boost the price but are only trying to "stabilize" it.
A price floor is a government-imposed minimum price that must be paid for a good or service. While some may argue that it helps support the income of producers, it can also lead to a surplus of supply and ultimately hurt consumers by increasing the price they have to pay. Price floors are often implemented to provide a stable environment for producers and consumers, while maintaining a minimum level of income for producers.
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Holt Enterprises recently paid a dividend, D0, of $2.50. It expects to have nonconstant growth of 23% for 2 years followed by a constant rate of 5% thereafter. The firm's required return is 14%. a. How far away is the horizon date? i. The terminal, or horizon, date is infinity since common stocks do not have a maturity date. ii. The terminal, or horizon, date is Year 0 since the value of a common stock is the present value of all future expected dividends at time zero. iii. The terminal, or horizon, date is the date when the growth rate becomes nonconstant. This occurs at time zero. iv. The terminal, or horizon, date is the date when the growth rate becomes constant. This occurs at the beginning of Year 2. v. The terminal, or horizon, date is the date when the growth rate becomes constant. This occurs at the end of Year 2. b. What is the firm's horizon, or continuing, value? Do not round your intermediate calculations. c. What is the firm's intrinsic value today, P0? Do not round your intermediate calculations.
a. The terminal, or horizon, date is the date when the growth rate becomes constant. This occurs at the end of Year 2.
b. To calculate the horizon, or continuing, value we can use the formula: V = Dn+1 / (r-g), where Dn+1 is the dividend in the year after the horizon year, r is the required return, and g is the constant growth rate.
In this case, since the horizon year is Year 2, n = 2 and Dn+1 = D2(1+g) = D3 = $2.50(1.05) = $2.625. Plugging in the values, we get V = $2.625 / (0.14 - 0.05) = $29.17.
c. To calculate the intrinsic value today, P0, we need to find the present value of all future expected dividends. We can use the dividend discount model: P0 = (D1 / (1+r)^1) + (D2 / (1+r)^2) + ... + (V / (1+r)^n), where V is the horizon value. Plugging in the values, we get P0 = ($2.50 / (1+0.14)^1) + ($2.88 / (1+0.14)^2) + ($29.17 / (1+0.14)^2) = $22.14.
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60.0% complete question which of the following is not a primary responsibility of the federal reserve (fed)? a.maintain sustainable long-term economic growth. b.maintain fair practices between securities dealers. c.maintain price levels that are supported by economic growth. d.maintain full employment.
The option that is not the Federal Reserve's (Fed) principal job is "maintain fair practices between securities dealers." The correct option is "B"
The Federal Reserve's core responsibilities include sustaining long-term economic growth, maintaining price levels supported by economic growth, and ensuring full employment.
The Fed carries out these obligations using a variety of means, including monetary policy, bank regulation and supervision, and economic research. However, guaranteeing fair procedures among securities dealers is not the Fed's primary job, though it may be a supplementary responsibility connected to safeguarding financial market stability.
The correct answer is "B".
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the reward-to-risk ratio is 6.0% and the risk-free rate is 1.4%. what is the expected return on a risky asset if the beta of that asset is 1.30? multiple choice 8.23% 8.40% 9.20% 10.23% 11.30%
The expected return on the risky asset with a beta of 1.30 is 9.20%.
How to calculate the expected returnThe reward-to-risk ratio, also known as the Sharpe ratio, measures the excess return of a risky asset over the risk-free rate per unit of risk (beta).
In this case, the Sharpe ratio is 6.0%, the risk-free rate is 1.4%, and the beta of the asset is 1.30.
To find the expected return on the risky asset, use the following formula:
Expected Return = Risk-Free Rate + (Sharpe Ratio × Beta)
Plug in the given values:
Expected Return = 1.4% + (6.0% × 1.30)
Expected Return = 1.4% + 7.8%
Expected Return = 9.20%
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Question 3 The second-largest kind of intermediaries in the financial systems after banks are funds, sometimes referred to as investment companies or the asset management industry. (a) Distinguish and describe briefly five (5) types of funds. (5 marks)
(a) Five types of funds include mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), hedge funds, pension funds, and sovereign wealth funds.
Mutual funds pool money from multiple investors and invest in a diverse portfolio of securities. ETFs trade like stocks and track the performance of an index or sector. Hedge funds are private investment vehicles for wealthy individuals and institutions that use various strategies to achieve high returns.
Pension funds are investment funds that provide retirement benefits to employees, while sovereign wealth funds are owned by governments and invest in various assets to generate wealth for the country. Each type of fund has its own unique characteristics and investment strategies.
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There are two zero-coupon bonds, A and B. Both bonds have a maturity of 1 year. The par value of A is $100 and the price is $90. The par value of B is $50 and the price is $44. Develop an arbitrage strategy using bonds A and B.
The annualized 6-month spot rate is 4% and the annualized 12-month spot rate is 6%. The annualized forward rate from the end of 6 th month to the end of 12 th month is 10%. Develop an arbitrage strategy using the spot rate s and the forward rate.
"If the term structure is flat, it must mean that the market expects the future interest rate stay the same." Use three hypothesis to asess this statement.
A flat yield curve can have different implications depending on the underlying hypothesis. While the expectations hypothesis suggests that a flat yield curve implies that the market expects interest rates to remain constant, the liquidity preference and market segmentation hypotheses suggest that a flat yield curve can also be consistent with other expectations about future interest rates.
The statement that a flat term structure implies that the market expects future interest rates to remain unchanged is not entirely accurate. There are three possible hypotheses to assess this statement:
Expectations hypothesis: According to this hypothesis, the term structure is flat because the market expects future interest rates to remain the same. If investors expect higher interest rates in the future, they will demand a higher yield for longer-term bonds, causing the yield curve to slope upwards.
Conversely, if investors expect lower interest rates in the future, they will accept a lower yield for longer-term bonds, causing the yield curve to slope downwards. Therefore, a flat yield curve indicates that the market expects interest rates to remain constant in the future.
Liquidity preference hypothesis: According to this hypothesis, investors prefer short-term bonds to long-term bonds because they are more liquid and less risky.
Therefore, to induce investors to hold long-term bonds, the yield curve must slope upwards to compensate for the higher risk and illiquidity. Conversely, if investors are willing to hold long-term bonds despite their higher risk and illiquidity, the yield curve can be flat. In this case, a flat yield curve does not necessarily imply that the market expects interest rates to remain constant in the future.
Market segmentation hypothesis: According to this hypothesis, different investors have different preferences for different maturities of bonds. For example, some investors may prefer short-term bonds for liquidity and safety, while others may prefer long-term bonds for higher yield and diversification.
If the supply and demand for different maturities of bonds are balanced, the yield curve can be flat. In this case, a flat yield curve does not necessarily imply that the market expects interest rates to remain constant in the future.
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you are wondering about your expected cost of healthcare over the coming year. you estimate the probability that you will remain healthy at 85%. you plan to spend $800 on staying healthy. however, if you get sick, the cost is going to be $25,000. what is your expected cost?
Based on the mentioned values and the provided informations, the expected cost of healthcare over the coming year is calculated to be $4,430.
To calculate your expected cost, you need to take into account the probability of staying healthy and the probability of getting sick.
If there is an 85% probability of staying healthy, then there is a 15% probability of getting sick. If you get sick, the cost will be $25,000, and if you stay healthy, the cost will be $800.
So the expected cost is:
Expected cost = (Probability of getting sick x Cost if sick) + (Probability of staying healthy x Cost if healthy)
Expected cost = (0.15 x $25,000) + (0.85 x $800)
Expected cost = $3,750 + $680
Expected cost = $4,430
Therefore, the expected cost of healthcare over the coming year is $4,430.
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which viability factor involves building relationships with a experienced professionals
Relationship factor helps in building relationships with a experienced professionals.
Give a brief account on Business viability.Viability means that the business is (or may be) successful. A viable business is profitable, meaning it generates more revenue than you spend running it. If a company is not profitable, it is difficult to recover. Companies need to increase sales, reduce costs, or both. Profitability is closely related to solvency and liquidity as well as profit.
There are two processes to creating a profitable business. First, it means formulating a marketing strategy by knowing who you are, who you sell to, and who else you sell to. Second, it means your financial home is in order.
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a. What is the future value of a 6%, 5-year ordinary annuity that pays $550 each year? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent.
b. If this were an annuity due, what would its future value be? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent.
A) The future value of the ordinary annuity is $3,239.09.
B) The future value of the annuity due is $3,449.98.
a. To find the future value of a 6%, 5-year ordinary annuity that pays $550 each year, we can use the formula:
FV = PMT x [(1 + r)^n - 1]/r
Where:
PMT = $550 (the annuity payment)
r = 6%/year = 0.06 (the annual interest rate)
n = 5 (the number of years)
b. If this were an annuity due, the future value would be different. An annuity due is an annuity where the payments are made at the beginning of each period, instead of at the end like in an ordinary annuity. To find the future value of an annuity due, we can use the formula:
FV = PMT x [(1 + r)^n - 1]/r x (1 + r)
Where the additional factor (1 + r) represents the interest earned on the first payment for an extra year.
Using the same values as in part (a), we get:
FV = $550 x [(1 + 0.06)^5 - 1]/0.06 x (1 + 0.06)
FV = $3,449.98
Plugging in these values, we get:
FV = $550 x [(1 + 0.06)^5 - 1]/0.06
FV = $3,239.09
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Carnes Cosmetics Co.'s stock price is $54, and it recently paid a $1.25 dividend. This dividend is expected to grow by 29% for the next 3 years, then grow forever at a constant rate, g; and rs = 14%. At what constant rate is the stock expected to grow after Year 3? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to two decimal places. ________ %
At 13.32% of constant rate, the stock expected to grow after Year 3.
How to determine the constant rateTo find the constant rate at which the stock is expected to grow after Year 3, we can use the dividend discount model.
First, we calculate the dividend expected in Year 4 by multiplying the Year 3 dividend by (1 + the Year 3 growth rate) which gives us $1.25 x (1 + 0.29) = $1.62.
Then we use this value to calculate the intrinsic value of the stock using the formula: intrinsic value = (expected dividend ÷ (rs - g)).
We know the stock price is currently $54, so we can set up the equation: $54 = ($1.62 ÷ (0.14 - g)).
Solving for g gives us 13.32%, which is the expected constant rate of growth after Year 3.
Therefore, the answer is 13.32%.
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how did a change in the business model for bond rating agencies contribute to a conflict of interest today? group of answer choices
The change in the business model for bond rating agencies, especially the shift from an investor-pays model to an issuer-pays model, contributes to a conflict of interest today by creating a financial incentive for rating agencies to provide favorable ratings to bond issuers, potentially compromising the accuracy and objectivity of their assessments.
The change in the business model for bond rating agencies, specifically the shift from an investor-pays model to an issuer-pays model, has contributed to a conflict of interest today in the following way:
1. In the investor-pays model, investors paid for the ratings provided by the bond rating agencies. This model helped maintain the independence and objectivity of the agencies, as their revenue was derived from investors who were seeking unbiased information.
2. However, the business model shifted to an issuer-pays model, where bond issuers (e.g., corporations and governments) pay the rating agencies to rate their bonds. This change in the model created a conflict of interest because rating agencies now have a financial incentive to provide favorable ratings to attract more business from the issuers.
3. With the issuer-pays model, bond rating agencies might feel pressured to give higher ratings to attract more clients or retain existing ones, potentially compromising the accuracy and objectivity of their ratings.
4. This conflict of interest became more evident during the 2008 financial crisis, when rating agencies were criticized for assigning overly optimistic ratings to mortgage-backed securities and other complex financial instruments, contributing to the crisis.
Therefore, the change in the business model for bond rating agencies from an investor-pays model to an issuer-pays model contributed to a conflict of interest today by creating a financial incentive for rating agencies to provide favorable ratings to bond issuers, potentially compromising the accuracy and objectivity of their assessments.
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Lower tax payments would possibly be ____ the services federal and city governments are able to provide
Lower tax payments would possibly be detrimental to the services federal and city governments are able to provide, as the funds collected from taxes are used to pay for public services such as education, infrastructure, and law enforcement.
What is government?Government is the system of rules and practices that are created and enforced by a political authority to regulate behavior within a society. It is the organized authority, which is usually delegated by the people, that has the power to make and enforce laws, levy taxes, and arbitrate disputes. Government is the way a society is organized and how it makes decisions and addresses public issues. Government is the primary institution that is responsible for providing services, protecting citizens, and ensuring social order. Government is meant to be accountable and responsive to the needs of its citizens, and it is the foundation of a functioning democracy.
Lower tax payments would mean that governments would have fewer resources to provide these services, which could have a negative effect on the population.
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All of the following are true statements about trust accounts EXCEPT:A. a copy of the trust agreement must be obtained prior to opening the accountB. transactions in the account are limited to the types specified in the trust documentC. margin transactions are prohibited unless specific authorization to open a margin account is given in the trust documentD. securities that may be purchased in the account are restricted to those included in that state's "Legal List"
All of the following are true statements about trust accounts EXCEPT: D. securities that may be purchased in the account are restricted to those included in that state's "Legal List".
Trust accounts are accounts that hold assets for the benefit of a third party, typically managed by a trustee. The statements A, B, and C are true about trust accounts. A copy of the trust agreement must be obtained prior to opening the account to ensure that the account is being managed in accordance with the terms of the trust. Transactions in the account are limited to the types specified in the trust document, and margin transactions are prohibited unless specific authorization to open a margin account is given in the trust document. However, the statement D is false. There is no restriction on the types of securities that may be purchased in the account, and the trustee has the discretion to invest the trust assets in accordance with the terms of the trust and applicable law.
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All of the following are true statements about trust accounts EXCEPT: D. securities that may be purchased in the account are restricted to those included in that state's "Legal List"
Trust accounts are accounts established by a trustee on behalf of a beneficiary or beneficiaries. These accounts are subject to certain rules and regulations to ensure that they are managed in the best interests of the beneficiaries. Some of the rules that apply to trust accounts include:
A. a copy of the trust agreement must be obtained prior to opening the account
B. transactions in the account are limited to the types specified in the trust document
C. margin transactions are prohibited unless specific authorization to open a margin account is given in the trust document
However, securities that may be purchased in a trust account are not necessarily restricted to those included in that state's "Legal List". The trustee may have the discretion to invest the trust assets in a wider range of securities, subject to any limitations or requirements set forth in the trust document.
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Despite heavy reliance on e-mail, most businesses still use the telephone as their primary contact with the outside world. Be sure to understand professional expectations for telephone, cell phone, and voice mail etiquette. Identify the telephone etiquette that will make your telephone calls productive. Check all that apply. O Deliver bad news via voice mail Be professional and courteous O Be cheerful and accurate Use a three-point introduction Be brisk when rushed Read the scenario, and answer the question. You receive a voice mail message from a client who rushes through the message and fails to leave a phone number. What improvements could the client make when using voice mail? O Speak fast and leave a shorter message O Slow down and leave a name, telephone number, and the date and time of the call O Speak fast, but make sure to leave a name, telephone number, and the date and time of the call Which practice demonstrates courteous and responsible cell phone use? Answer all calls when you receive th test your message O Choose professional ring tone screen all your calls O Drive carefully while on the phone leave an automated greeting You can use voice mail more effectively if you Which practice demonstrates courteous and responsible cell phone use? Answer all calls when you receive them Choose a professional ring tone Drive carefully while on the phone
Make a brief agenda. Be respectful and professional. Don't play telephone tag. Leaving comprehensive voicemails is recommended. before the third ring, the phone. Hence the above mentioned are correct.
Concentrate on the caller; wrap up other conversations; avoid eating or chewing gum while speaking; and avoid using a keyboard while speaking. Communicate clearly and professionally. Attempt to avoid using slang. Make sure the subject line is brief and pertinent. In the subject line of your email, please introduce yourself and your company. Be succinct and clear. Make sure your email is formal by refraining from using slang or sounding overly familiar. Check your email for typos and correct them.
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Despite heavy reliance on e-mail, most businesses still use the telephone as their primary contact with the outside world. Be sure to understand professional expectations for telephone, cell phone, and voice mail etiquette. Identify the telephone etiquette that will make your telephone calls productive. Check all that apply.
a. Deliver bad news via voice mail
b. Be professional and courteous
c. Be cheerful and accurate
d. Use a three-point introduction
e. Be brisk when rushed
Read the scenario, and answer the question.
You receive a voice mail message from a client who rushes through the message and fails to leave a phone number. What improvements could the client make when using voice mail?
a. Speak fast and leave a shorter message
b. Slow down and leave a name, telephone number, and the date and time of the call
c. Speak fast, but make sure to leave a name, telephone number, and the date and time of the call
Which practice demonstrates courteous and responsible cell phone use? Answer all calls when you receive th test your message
a. Choose professional ring tone screen all your calls
b. Drive carefully while on the phone leave an automated greeting
You can use voice mail more effectively, if you Which practice demonstrates courteous and responsible cell phone use? Answer all calls when you receive them Choose a professional ring tone Drive carefully while on the phone
To make your telephone calls productive, it is important to be professional and courteous, be cheerful and accurate, use a three-point introduction, and be brisk when rushed.
If you receive a voice mail message from a client who rushes through the message and fails to leave a phone number, the client could improve by slowing down and leaving a name, telephone number, and the date and time of the call. A practice that demonstrates courteous and responsible cell phone use is choosing a professional ring tone and driving carefully while on the phone. To use voice mail more effectively, it is best to answer all calls when you receive them.
Some telephone etiquette tips for making calls productive include:
1. Being professional and courteous
2. Being cheerful and accurate
3. Using a three-point introduction (your name, your company, and the purpose of the call)
For the scenario where the client rushes through the voice mail message and fails to leave a phone number, improvements they could make when using voice mail are:
1. Slow down and leave a name, telephone number, and the date and time of the call.
Practices that demonstrate courteous and responsible cell phone use are:
1. Choosing a professional ringtone
2. Screening your calls and only answering important ones when necessary
3. Not using your cell phone while driving, as it is crucial to drive carefully and avoid distractions.
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probability of normal state is 80% while the probability of recession is 20%. return on stock a is 11% in normal and 4% in recession. return on stock b is 18% in normal and 6% in recession. what is the standard deviation of the returns on a portfolio that is 30% in stock a and 70% in stock b?
The standard deviation of the returns on the portfolio which is 30% in stock A and 70% in stock B is 9.34%.
Explanation: To find the standard deviation of the returns on the portfolio, we need to first calculate the expected return of the portfolio and the covariance between the returns of stock A and stock B.
The expected return of the portfolio:
= (0.8 * 0.11 * 0.3) + (0.2 * 0.04 * 0.3) + (0.8 * 0.18 * 0.7) + (0.2 * 0.06 * 0.7)
= 0.147 = 14.7%
Covariance between the returns of stock A and stock B:
= (0.8 * 0.11 * 0.18 * 0.7) - (0.2 * 0.04 * 0.06 * 0.3)
= 0.00459
The standard deviation of the returns on the portfolio:
= sqrt[(0.3^2 * 0.11^2 + 0.7^2 * 0.18^2 + 2 * 0.3 * 0.7 * 0.11 * 0.18 * 0.00459)]
= 0.0934 = 9.34%
Therefore, the standard deviation of the returns on the portfolio which is 30% in stock A and 70% in stock B is 9.34%.
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for each of the regions listed in the following table, use the midpoint method to identify if the demand for this good is elastic, (approximately) unit elastic, or inelastic. region elastic inelastic unit elastic between w and x between x and y between y and z true or false: the slope of the demand curve is not equal to the value of the price elasticity of demand. true false
The midpoint method is used to calculate the elasticity of demand by comparing percent changes in quantity demanded to percent changes in price. Elasticity values above 1 indicate elastic demand, those below 1 indicate inelastic demand, and 1 indicates unit elastic demand. The slope of the demand curve is not equal to the elasticity of demand.
Explanation:The midpoint method is a common technique in economics used to measure the elasticity of demand without having specific demand curves. Elasticity of a good is determined by comparing the percent change in quantity demanded to the percent change in price using the midpoint formula [(Q2 - Q1)/(Q1 + Q2)/2] / [(P2 - P1)/(P1 + P2)/2].
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cal markets has a firmwide wacc of 12.3 percent. division a has a beta of 1.42 and has high risk. the risk-free rate is 3 percent and the market rate of return is 10 percent. management assigns an adjustment factor of 2 to high-risk projects. what is the divisional cost of equity using the objective approach?
The divisional cost of equity using the objective approach is 23.12%.
To calculate the divisional cost of equity using the objective approach, we can use the following formula:
Cost of equity = Risk-free rate + Beta x (Market rate of return - Risk-free rate)
For division A, we can calculate the cost of equity as follows:
Beta = 1.42
Risk-free rate = 3%
Market rate of return = 10%
Adjustment factor for high-risk projects = 2
Adjusted beta = Beta x Adjustment factor = 1.42 x 2 = 2.84
Cost of equity = 3% + 2.84 x (10% - 3%) = 23.12%
As a result, the divisional cost of equity calculated using the objective technique is 23.12%.
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1a. Jane Doe doesn't sell securities because her father gave them to her. Identify the bias and the appropriate action. (2pts)
b. Which type of bias does anchoring fall under? Give an example and explain how to mitigate against? (3pts)
c. A client has a portfolio with a value at risk of 100,000. He would like to reduce the VAR on the portfolio. Explain one way this is possible. (2pts)
The appropriate action in this scenario would be for Jane to evaluate the securities as if she didn't already own them, to ensure that she's making objective investment decisions.
a. The bias in this scenario is a form of cognitive bias called ownership bias. Ownership bias occurs when an individual overvalues assets that they own compared to the assets they don't own. In this case, Jane Doe values the securities given to her by her father more than she would if she had purchased them herself.
b. Anchoring bias is a type of cognitive bias that occurs when individuals rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive when making decisions. An example of anchoring bias would be a financial advisor only recommending investments based on the client's initial investment amount, rather than considering the client's overall financial goals and risk tolerance. To mitigate against anchoring bias, financial advisors should encourage clients to consider all relevant information and avoid relying solely on the initial information provided.
c. One way to reduce the VAR on a portfolio is to diversify the assets within the portfolio. By investing in a variety of assets, such as stocks, bonds, and real estate, the risk is spread across different asset classes, reducing the overall value at risk. This approach is called portfolio diversification and is a commonly used strategy in risk management. Another option to reduce the VAR on a portfolio is to invest in assets that have low correlations with each other. By investing in assets with low correlations, the risk is further diversified, reducing the overall value at risk. It's important to note that while these strategies can help reduce the VAR, they don't eliminate risk entirely, and investors should still carefully consider their risk tolerance and overall investment goals.
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If a bank receives a new transaction deposit of $10,000 and the reserve ratio is 5 percent, then the bank could expand its loans by as much as
a. $500.
b. $10,000.
c. $200,000
d. $9,500.
If a bank receives a new transaction deposit of $10,000 and the reserve ratio is 5 percent, it means that the bank is required to hold a portion of that deposit as reserves, which is 5 percent or $500 in this case. The remaining $9,500 can be used to expand its loans.
This is because banks operate on a fractional reserve system, where they are allowed to lend out a portion of the deposits they receive, while keeping a fraction of it as reserves. The amount that the bank can expand its loans by is limited by the reserve ratio, which is set by the central bank. Therefore, the correct answer is (d) $9,500. It is important to note that this is a simplified explanation, as the actual process involves more complex calculations and regulations.
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The bank could expand its loans by as much as: b. $10,000.
The reserve ratio is the percentage of deposits that banks are required to hold in reserves, meaning they cannot be used for loans. In this case, the bank's reserve requirement for the new deposit of $10,000 would be 5% of that amount, or $500. This means that the bank could potentially use the remaining $9,500 to make new loans, therefore expanding its lending by that amount.
If a bank receives a new transaction deposit of $10,000 and the reserve ratio is 5 percent, then the bank could expand its loans by as much as:
The reserve ratio is the percentage of deposits that a bank is required to hold in reserve and cannot lend out. In this case, the reserve ratio is 5%, so the bank must hold 5% of the $10,000 deposit as reserves, which is $500. The remaining $9,500 can be used to make loans, which means the bank can expand its loans by as much as $9,500.
Therefore, the correct answer is (b) $10,000, as the bank can lend out $9,500 and keep $500 as reserves to satisfy the reserve requirement.
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