Answer:
The perception of pain throughout the body arises when neural signals originating from the terminals of nociceptors are propagated to second-order neurons in the spinal cord or brainstem, whereupon they are transmitted to specific higher-order brain areas (Price, 2000). Recent studies have begun to elucidate some of the molecular mechanisms underlying the transduction of noxious stimuli. Many stimuli have been found to activate ion channels present on nociceptor terminals that act as molecular transducers to depolarize these neurons, thereby setting off nociceptive impulses along the pain pathways (Price, 2000; Costigan and Woolf, 2000). Among these ion channels are the members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family. To date, the most studied member of the TRP family is the TRPV1 receptor. This is because it is the only one activated by capsaicin, the compound in chili pepper responsible for its “hot” taste; also, inhibiting TRPV1 has been shown to have therapeutic value (DiMarzo et al., 2002; Cortright and Szallasi, 2004). Although we will focus on the presence of these channels in nociceptors, we note that they have been identified in many other cell types and in various cortical and subcortical areas (Toth et al., 2005). The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel is predicted to have six transmembrane domains and a short, pore-forming hydrophobic stretch between the fifth and sixth transmembrane domains (see Figure 5.1A). It is activated not only by the vanilloid capsaicin (Caterina et al., 1997), but also by noxious heat (>43°C) and low pH (Caterina et al., 1997; Tominaga et al., 1998), voltage (Gunthorpe et al., 2000; Piper et al., 1999), and various lipids (Julius and Basbaum, 2001; Caterina and Julius, 2001; Clapham, 2003; Cortright and Szallasi, 2004, Szallasi and Blumberg, 1999; Prescott and Julius, 2003; Jung et al., 2004; Bhave et al., 2003). In cells, TRPV1 is inactivated by its binding to PIP2 and is released from this block by PLC-mediated PIP2 hydrolysis (Prescott and Julius, 2003). TRPV1 is widely expressed in central nervous system (CNS) tissue and highly expressed in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion [19]. This receptor also localizes to neurons that line the oral and nasal cavities [10], where it is found in a subpopulation of sensory afferent nociceptive nerve fibers [20].
(this is for question 1.)
Explanation:
Answer:
see explanation :)
Explanation:
a) R groups in the transmembrane domain should be hydrophobic while R groups in either terminus should be hydrophilic, and the TRPV 1 protein is synthesized on the ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
b) Cyclins cannot activate cyclin-dependent kinases which normally phosphorylate other proteins to move the cell through a cell cycle checkpoint.
c) Apoptosis will be induced and if NFAT2 cannot be phosphorylated, it will be able to inhibit ATF3 expression, which which enables activity of pGoG which will induce apoptosis.
d) If Calcineurin is inhibited, then the steps in this pathway that follow from calcineurin activation will be unable to block cell division/induce apoptosis. Since cancer is characterized by excessive cell division, this drug would be an inappropriate treatment for cancer.
Two types of bone markings are:
A) Projections and depressions
B) Indentations and holes
C) Depressions and bumps
D) None of these
In a wave, what is a distance between two crests or two troughs called?
is the distance between two crests or two troughs.
Answer:
the distance between 2 crests & 2 troughs is known as wavelength
Explanation:
Answer:
Wavelength
Explanation:
PLATO trust me
What process causes a zygote (one cell) to become a blastocyst (hundreds of cells)
Answer:
Fertilization
Answer:
lastocyst formation
The zygote develops by mitosis, and when it has developed into 16 cells becomes known as the morula. Until this stage in development, all cells (blastomeres) are autonomous and not specified to any fate. In many animals, the morula then develops by cavitation to become the blastula.
Explanation:
By the if you want to know what type of system this is part of the reproductive system.
photosynthesis, respiration, volcanic eruption, decomposition
Answer:
-> photosynthesis: the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by-product.
-> respiration: a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.
-> volcanic eruption: Volcanic eruptions happen when lava and gas are discharged from a volcanic. Volcanic eruptions often cause temporary food shortages and volcanic ash landslides called Lahar. The most dangerous type of volcanic eruption is referred to as a 'glowing avalanche'.
-> decomposition: Dead organisms are broken down into smaller pieces by the process of decay.
Explanation:
Hope you get your answer correct!
Have a good day :D
Answer:
Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy to starch and chemical energy to manufacture their own food.
Respiration: Respiration is the process by which a living thing breathes in air. humans breathe in oxygen and breath out carbon dioxide, on the other hand plants breathe in carbon dioxide and breathe out oxygen.
Volcanic Eruption: Volcanic eruption is the process when a volcano sends out lava to the outer surface of the earth due to tectonic plate movements.
Decomposition: Decomposition is the process by which dead organic substances or decaying matters are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matters with the help of natural processes.
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Why would an aquatic organism need a contractile vacuole?
Answer:
Contractile vacuoles protect a cell from absorbing too much water and potentially exploding by excreting excess water. Wastes, such as ammonia, are soluble in water; they are excreted from the cell along with excess water by the contractile vacuoles
Explanation:
Hope it helps!
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18. Which tool of the biologist is more suitable for culturing bacteria in the
laboratory?
A. Test tubes
C. Perti dishes
B. Microscopes
D. Beakers
Answer:
I think C. Petri dishes
Explanation:
"The most common growth media nutrient broths (liquid nutrient medium) or LB medium (Lysogeny Broth) are liquid. These are often mixed with agar and poured into Petri dishes to solidify. These agar plates provide a solid medium on which microbes may be cultured."-https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/culturing-bacteria/
I hope this helps!
What are the reactants of glucose?
1 point
Answer:
Explanation:
Food (glucose)
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Why do you build up a static charge when you rub your shoes across the carpet?
A. Electrons rub off of your shoes and onto the carpet
B.Electrons rub off of the carpet and onto your shoes
C.Protons rub off of your shoes and onto the carpet.
D.Protons rub off of the carpet and onto your shoes.
Answer:
B.Electrons rub off of the carpet and onto your shoes
Explanation:
Each of the following traits is found in a bipedal hominin EXCEPT: Group of answer choices A c-shaped spine. A bowl shaped pelvis. A femur that angles inwards at the knee. A non-divergent hallux.
Answer:
A c-shaped spine.
Explanation:
The correct answer is - A c-shaped spine.
Reason -
A c-shaped spine is a trait of Quadri-pedal spine not of bipedal spine.
I am one of four main types of tissue. I join, protect, and support organs. What kind of tissue am i
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Connective tissue
Answer: The connective tissue
Explanation:
What causes coral bleaching?(1 point)
High water temperatures boil coral polyps, causing them to turn white in color.
Water acidity and high water temperatures make coral polyps more prone to infection, causing them to turn white in color.
High water temperatures and water acidity cause coral polyps to expel algae, causing them to turn white in color.
Water acidity causes coral polyps to lose their photosynthetic abilities, causing them to turn white in color.
High water temperatures and water acidity cause coral polyps to expel
algae, causing them to turn white in color.
What is Bleaching?This is the process in which a surface is whitened by the removal of its
natural color.
In coral polyps which are found in water, they experience bleaching
through high water temperatures and water acidity.
Read more about Bleaching here https://brainly.com/question/1222498
A man with blood type AB marries a woman who is heterozygous for B blood. Among the
blood types of their children, how many different genotypes and phenotypes are possible
Protects the seed. Grows around the seed.
what are bioactive molecules
Answer:
Bio-active molecules that are basically molecules that are which is produced as a result of microbial activities. These molecules can be in different forms such as enzymes, chemical compounds and organic acids. Some examples are proteases, streptokinases, lipases and pectinases.
I hope this helps you
GIVING 2000 PTS AFTER U ANSWER IT MUST BE CORRECT A stalled front (not moving) that may bring many days of clouds and precipitation is a(n)____________.
Question 1 options:
cold front
warm front
occluded front
stationary front
Question 2 (1 point)
Saved
An air mass, shown in the image above, that forms over parts of Mexico, Texas, and Arizona will be a _______.
Question 2 options:
continental polar air mass
continental tropical air mass
maritime polar air mass
maritime tropical air mass
Question 3 (1 point)
Saved
Prevailing westerlies are global winds responsible for most weather in our region of the United States moving from west to east.
Question 3 options:
True
False
Question 4 (1 point)
What causes a land breeze at the beach?
Question 4 options:
At night, cooler air over land replaces rising warmer air over water.
At night cooler air over water replaces rising warmer air over land.
During the day, cooler air over land forces warmer air over water to rise.
Question 5 (1 point)
Based on the weather map above, which statement is true based on the weather map?
Question 5 options:
A warm front is moving toward South Carolina.
A warm front just passed through South Carolina.
It is currently raining in South Carolina.
The next few days in South Carolina should be colder.
Question 6 (1 point)
Saved
Which type of local wind is illustrated in the image above?
Question 6 options:
Global wind
warm wind
land breeze
sea breeze
Answer:
1) stationary front 2) Continental tropical air mass 3) False, that would be trade winds 4) At night cooler air over water replaces rising warmer air over land. (option b) 5) there aint no map mayne 6) again aint no picture
Explanation:
jus trust. looked it up
Stem cells can make many copies of themselves through the process of ________. This process results in daughter cells that are ____________ the parent cells. The unspecialized cells can become specialized through the process of _______________.
Answer:
Explanation:
1. mitosis
2. clones
3. differentation
Stem cells can make many copies of themselves through the process of mitosis, which is a type of cell division.
What are stem cells?Stem cell are undifferentiated cells that produce specialized cells and their initial division results in daughter cells that are clones of the parent cells.
The unspecialized cells can become specialized through the process of differentiation.In conclusion, stem cells can make many copies of themselves through the process of mitosis.
Learn more on stem cells here:
https://brainly.com/question/18243320
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In grapes, the wild-type DND1 gene confers resistance to attain viruses, and strains are susceptible to viruses. The EDS1 gene confers resistance to powdery mildew, a type of fungal infection. The genes are linked, eight map units apart on chromosome 17. A third gene, IR 1. imparts resistance to certain lepidopteran leafminers and is 10 map units from EDS1 and 18 map units from UNDI The abserved double crossover rate is 0.3%. What is the interference?
a. 37.5%
b. 25.%
c. 62.5%
d. 75%
Answer:
I = 62.5%
Explanation:
Available data:
the wild-type DND1 gene confers resistance to attain viruses. Strains are susceptible to virusesThe EDS1 gene confers resistance to powdery mildew, a type of fungal infection The genes are linked, eight map units apart on chromosomeA third gene, IR 1. imparts resistance to certain lepidopteran leafminers and is 10 map units from EDS1 and 18 map units from DNDIThe observed double crossover rate is 0.3%According to this information, we can picture the position of each gene in the chromosome
---DND1----------------------EDS1-----------------------------------IR1---
║---------- 8MU---------║------------------10MU-------------║
║------------------------------18MU------------------------------║
The map unit is the distance between the pair of genes for which one of every 100 meiotic products results in a recombinant product.
1% of recombinations = 1 map unit = 1cM. The maximum recombination frequency is always 50%.
So, if we know the distances between genes, we know their recombination percentages.
DND1-EDS1 = 8 MU = 8% recombinationEDSI-IR1 = 10 MU = 10% recombinationTo calculate interference, first, we need to know the coefficient of coincidence, CC.
CC= observed double recombinant frequency/expected double recombinant frequency
Note:
observed double recombinant frequency=total number of observed double recombinant individuals/total number of individuals expected double recombinant frequency: recombination frequency in region I x recombination frequency in region II.CC= (0.003)/(0.08 x 0.1)
CC=0.003/0.008
CC=0.375
CC = 37.5%
The coefficient of interference, I, is complementary with CC.
I = 1 - CC
I = 1 - 0.375
I = 0.625
I = 62.5%
What did the Na (sodium atom) give to CI
(chlorine atom)?
one electron
one proton
one neutron
Answer:
A) one electron........
The human eye is filled with a clear fluid called the aqueous humor. The production, flow, and drainage of this fluid is an active and continuous process which keeps the healthy eye at an intraocular pressure of about 15 mmHg. If the drainage becomes obstructed, fluid accumulates in the eye resulting in an increase of this pressure to the 25 to 50 mmHg range and the clinical onset of glaucoma. What is the pressure of 30 mmHg expressed in units of psi (pounds per square inch)
Answer:
The pressure will be "0.579 psi".
Explanation:
The given value is:
Hg,
= 30 mm
Density of mercury (Pm),
= 13600 kg/m³
As we know,
1 psi = 6895 N/m²
Now,
The pressure will be:
= [tex]30 \ mm \ of \ Hg[/tex]
= [tex]30\times 10^{-3}\times Pm\times g[/tex]
On substituting the given values, we get
= [tex]30\times 10^{-3}\times 13600\times 9.8[/tex]
= [tex]3,998,400\times 10^{-3}[/tex]
= [tex]3,998.4 \ N/m^2[/tex]
So,
The pressure of 30 mm of Hg will be:
= [tex]\frac{3,998.4}{6895}[/tex]
= [tex]0.579 \ psi[/tex]
Uranium-236 is used in the H-bomb o created by fusion reacions an unstable isotope of uranium created from four hydrogen atoms
Answer:
0-0
Explanation:
Answer:
I think it is the 4th one I did this and thats what I answered it might be wron though sorry if it is
look up animal stoat to see the cutest thing ever. Add attachments of the picture you saw. who ever does this first will get BRAINLIEST
Smooth muscles are found mainly in the _______
A)Walls of the cardiac muscles
B)Walls of the chest
C)Walls of hollow organs
D)Walls of the lumbar spine
At a deep sea whale fall, the Atlantic hagfish, the crustaceans, and the sand make up which of the following?
Answer:
I would say part of an ecosystem and community.
Explanation:
An ecosystem is a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment .In the bottom of the sea,there are already many animals living here and when the whale fall appears at the bottom of the ocean it becomes apart of the ecosystem as it provides them with food.
This is because when a whale dies, its body often falls to the seafloor. The whale's body then becomes food and shelter for organisms in the deep sea. This is called a whale fall. A deep-sea whale fall might support 200 different species for as long as 10 years! Larger species, such as Atlantic hagfish, are the first to arrive to feed on the whale flesh. Later, smaller species of snails and crustaceans come to eat the remaining flesh. Worms burrow into the sand beneath the whale body, and bacteria feed on the whale bones.
Answer:
Part of an ecosystem
Explanation:
The Atlantic hagfish and the crustaceans are living organisms. The sand is a nonliving part of the environment. An ecosystem is made up of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment. So, the Atlantic hagfish, the crustaceans, and the sand make up part of an ecosystem.
draw and explain what a food web is
Answer:
A food chain shows you how one organism eats another and transfers its energy.
Explanation:
For example, a zebra eats grass, and the zebra is eaten by the lion.
Answer:
A food web is basically multiple food chains. It shows what organisms eat and what organisms prey on other organisms.
If an organism had 30 chromosomes in its somatic cell, the blood cells of that organism should have
15 chromosomes
30 chromosomes
10 chromosomes
80 chromosomes
Answer:
30 chromosomes: the blood cells are somatic cells too
What type of rock is Mount Kinabalu made of?
which of the following is a gas at room temperature
A. jello
B. milk
C. helium
D. popcorn
If 2 white dogs mate and produce a brown puppy what color is dominant
Answer:
When dogs breed, the mother and father each randomly contribute one allele from ... The production of melanin is not always at a steady rate so the tip of a dog's hair ... There are two brown alleles, B (dominant brown) and b (recessive brown). ... color patterns such as piebald, particolor, and extreme white which produce ...
Explanation:
Answer:
well the brown was probably recessive so the white is dominant
Explanation:
I'm not sure
Organisms must have which of the following to make proteins and amino acids
Answer:
The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Hope it helps
What might happen if the copying of the DNA
during mitosis is done improperly?
Answer:
it can produce two types of errors or mutations. cancer occurs when mutated cells ignore or override the normal "checkpoints" regulating mitosis and begin to reproduce uncontrollably