Read selections from the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation and briefly summarize them in your own words in the spaces that follow. This section is worth 5 points.
1. The Declaration of Independence:
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.—That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, —That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.1
Summary (2 points)

Answer:

n order to understand Austria’s role in the dissolution of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the country’s position toward German Unification, one needs to analyze the events of 1989-1990 against a broader historical background. On the one hand, this consists of long-term developments, such as Austria’s relationship to the two German states prior to 1989 and the increasing permeability of the Austrian-Hungarian border in the 1970s and 1980s. On the other hand, Vienna’s integration policy, which changed in 1987, should be taken into account. This Working Paper introduces this historical background and is structured into four parts. The first section examines Austria’s relations with East Germany from the 1970s and West Germany’s reactions to this process. The second section offers a concise overview of Austrian-Hungarian relations in the 1970s and 1980s, focusing on the gradual transformation of the border regime, its significance for the events at the Austrian-Hungarian border in 1989 and their contribution to the collapse of the East German regime. Third, the Working Paper then interprets Austrian attitudes and policies towards the GDR and the question of German Unification in the crucial months from November 1989 to January 1990. In the final section, the Working Paper highlights how the process of German Unification influenced Austria’s ambitions to join the European Communities

Answer:

Explanation:

There are many challenges facing the United States in the 21st century, some of the most significant of which include:

Economic inequality: The gap between rich and poor in the US has been growing, leading to a range of negative social and economic consequences.

Climate change: The US is one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases, and rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and other climate-related impacts are affecting communities across the country.

Political polarization: The country is deeply divided along political lines, with many Americans feeling alienated from one another and from their government.

Health care: Despite being one of the wealthiest nations in the world, the US has some of the highest health care costs and worst health outcomes among developed countries.

Racial and social justice: The country continues to grapple with systemic racism, discrimination, and inequality, with significant disparities in wealth, health, education, and other areas.

Cybersecurity: As the world becomes increasingly connected and reliant on technology, the US faces a range of threats to its national security and economic stability from cyberattacks.

Globalization: The US is part of an interconnected global economy, and must navigate the challenges and opportunities of globalization while protecting the interests of its citizens.

These challenges are complex and interconnected and will require innovative and collaborative solutions to address.

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In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government had powers beyond what were explicitly stated in the Constitution. Option A

This decision established the concept of implied powers, which allows Congress to pass laws necessary for carrying out its express powers. The case arose when the state of Maryland attempted to tax the Bank of the United States, a federal institution.

Chief Justice John Marshall, writing for the majority, held that states could not tax the federal government because it would interfere with the government's ability to carry out its duties.

Marshall further stated that the federal government had the authority to create a national bank, even though the Constitution did not specifically grant this power. This decision was a significant victory for the federal government and established the supremacy of federal law over state law.

The ruling also upheld the idea that the federal government had the power to establish institutions and programs necessary for the well-being of the nation.

Overall, the McCulloch v. Maryland decision helped to strengthen the power of the federal government and played an essential role in shaping the relationship between the federal government and the states. So Option A is correct.

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The detail from the text that best supports the answer to Part A is D. "From its beginning in this country, the suffrage movement met determined opposition from women as well as from men."

This detail underscores the extensive and enduring opposition that the suffrage movement encountered throughout its history.

It highlights the significant challenges faced by suffragettes as they fought for the right to vote, not only against men but also against women who opposed the movement. This opposition from both genders suggests that the struggle for suffrage was a formidable and protracted battle, requiring immense perseverance and resilience.

By acknowledging the broad and persistent opposition faced by suffragettes, this detail reinforces the notion that the fight to secure the vote was arduous and hard-fought.

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The primary aim occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs is to serve as the main federal agency responsible for the administration and management of Native American affairs and programs.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior. Its main objective is to uphold the government-to-government relationship between the federal government and Native American tribes and provide various services and programs to support Native American communities.

The BIA's responsibilities include promoting economic development, protecting tribal lands and natural resources, administering healthcare and education services, preserving cultural heritage, and ensuring the overall well-being and self-determination of Native American tribes and individuals. Through its work, the BIA plays a crucial role in addressing the unique needs and challenges faced by Native American communities across the country.

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Answer:

Eventually, a compromise was reached between the Parliament and the ANC (African National Congress), and it was decided that a national holiday would be created where South Africans of all cultures and creeds could come together and celebrate their diverse cultural heritage – Giving rise to Heritage Day!

Explanation:

have a nice day!

The term for the group called for jury duty from which jury panels are selected is the "jury pool" or "venire."

The jury pool consists of a larger group of individuals who are summoned for jury duty based on specific criteria set by the court. These criteria typically include age, citizenship, residency, and other qualifications required by the jurisdiction. The purpose of the jury pool is to ensure a diverse and representative selection of potential jurors for a particular trial.

From the jury pool, a smaller group known as the jury panel is selected through a process called voir dire. Voir dire involves questioning potential jurors to determine their suitability for serving on a particular case. The jury panel is then chosen based on the responses provided during voir dire, and they ultimately decide the outcome of the trial based on the evidence and arguments presented to them.

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There are many factors that could have influenced President Kennedy's decision to answer the first letter rather than the second letter, including the content of the letters themselves, the urgency of the issues raised in the letters, and the priorities and goals of the administration at the time.

Conclusion on President Kennedy might have drawn from his decision to answer the first letter rather than the second letter. However, it is possible that President Kennedy may have prioritized answering the first letter because it contained information or concerns that were more relevant or pressing to the administration at the time.

Because of this he believed that addressing the issues raised in the first letter would have a more significant impact on the lives of the individuals or communities involved.  

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The groups that led the 1848 revolutions in Europe shared common goals and grievances against the existing political and social order. They were driven by desires for political liberalization, national unity, and social reforms.

The groups leading the 1848 revolutions in Europe, often referred to as liberals, shared a common desire for political change and greater civil liberties. They aimed to establish constitutional monarchies or democratic republics, seeking to replace absolute or autocratic rule with more representative systems of government.

Additionally, these groups advocated for national unity and self-determination, aiming to unite fragmented regions and ethnic groups under a shared national identity. They also sought social reforms, including improvements in working conditions, labor rights, and the alleviation of socioeconomic inequalities. The revolutions of 1848 were driven by these shared goals and grievances, although their outcomes varied across different countries and regions.

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Answer:

yes they traded food through rivers

Explanation:

The process of Reconstruction was complex and challenging, and it took many years for the southern states to fully recover from the devastation of the Civil War. Option D

The heading that completes the left column of the chart is "imposed military rule on southern states." This is because during Reconstruction, the federal government placed the southern states under military control in order to enforce the new laws and ensure that the Confederates did not regain power.

This military rule was imposed in response to the refusal of some southern states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the United States.

The military governors appointed by the federal government were tasked with overseeing the reconstruction process and ensuring that the southern states complied with the new laws and amendments.

One of the key challenges of Reconstruction was how to ensure that the southern states would comply with these new laws and amendments. Some southern states were initially resistant to these changes, and there were fears that the Confederates would regain power and reverse the gains of the Civil War.

The federal government therefore imposed military rule on these states in order to ensure that the new laws and amendments were enforced and that the Confederates were kept in check.

However, the policies and laws enacted during this period laid the foundation for a more just and equitable society, and helped to move the United States towards a more inclusive and democratic future. So Option D is correct

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The two phrases that contribute to the accusatory tone of the excerpt are:

"Our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury."

This phrase implies that the government has repeatedly ignored or dismissed the requests for redress, resulting in harm or mistreatment to the people. It conveys a sense of frustration and accusation.

"A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act, which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people."

This phrase directly accuses the Prince (referring to King George III of Britain) of having the qualities and actions that define a tyrant. It implies that the ruler is unfit to govern a free people and holds a critical and accusatory tone.

These phrases highlight the grievances and frustrations of the writer (Thomas Jefferson) and contribute to the accusatory tone of the excerpt.

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The best statement that describes how Shays's Rebellion and the Pennsylvania Mutiny affected Congress is A. Congress feared the spread of future rebellions and anarchy.

Shays's Rebellion was a tumultuous insurrection in western Massachusetts from 1786 to1787, spearheaded by aggrieved farmers disgruntled by oppressive taxes and unjust economic disparities. Similarly, the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 brought about unrest when an assemblage of Continental Army personnel rebelled over unpaid recompenses.

Consequently, these episodes induced major apprehensions among Congress members concerning future rebellions, along with the apprehension that the nation was too powerless to establish order and avoid additional uprisings. Essentially, it seemed that the civil authority possessed inadequate potency foreseeable revolt prevention.

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Horatio Greenough believed that american buildings should be designed like  gothic cathedrals, classical temples, and ships.

The correct option is D.

Horatio Greenough believed that American buildings should be designed in a manner that reflects the culture and values of the United States.

He thought that the buildings should be designed in a way that would reflect the grandeur and majesty of the country, as well as its democratic ideals. To achieve this, he proposed that American buildings should be designed like gothic cathedrals, classical temples, and ships. He thought that these designs would allude to the power, authority, and nobility of America, while also conveying the ideals of democracy and equality.

He argued that the use of these designs would help the United States to develop a unique architectural style of its own, distinct from that of Europe. He believed that the use of these designs would help to create a sense of national identity and pride in the country.

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The Question -

Horatio greenough believed that american buildings should be designed like:

group of answer choices

A) gothic cathedrals

B) classical temples

C) ships factories

D) All of the above

It is clear that during this period, the sectional quarrel between the North and the South became virtually irreconcilable and was not moderated by national political figures. While economic issues were certainly a factor in the conflict, the underlying cause was the deep-seated disagreement over slavery and its place in American society.

Between 1856 and 1860, the sectional quarrel between the North and the South of the United States became virtually irreconcilable. The issue of slavery had been a source of tension for many years, but it reached a boiling point during this period. The election of 1856 highlighted the deep divisions between the two regions, with the Republican Party running on an anti-slavery platform that angered Southern Democrats.

The following years saw a series of events that further escalated the conflict, including the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision, which declared that slaves could not be considered citizens and therefore had no right to sue for their freedom. The 1859 raid on Harper's Ferry by abolitionist John Brown also intensified tensions, with many Southerners viewing it as evidence of a widespread Northern conspiracy to incite slave rebellions.

While some national political figures, such as President James Buchanan, attempted to moderate the conflict by calling for compromise and conciliation, their efforts were largely unsuccessful. The election of 1860, in which Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected without receiving a single vote from the South, marked the final break between the two regions and led to the secession of Southern states.

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John Bidwell decided to leave Missouri because a trapper had described California as a paradise. So, the correct choice is ''A trapper made California sound like paradise''.

John Bidwell's decision to leave Missouri was primarily influenced by the enticing description of California provided by a trapper. Bidwell, like many other individuals of the time, was drawn to the prospect of finding an idyllic land abundant in natural resources and opportunities for wealth and success.

During the mid-19th century, trappers and explorers ventured into the vast western territories, sharing tales of the bountiful resources and fertile lands of California. These accounts captivated the imagination of Bidwell and others seeking new beginnings. The promise of a better life, with plentiful game, fertile soil, and potential riches, motivated Bidwell to venture westward.

While it is possible that Bidwell may have encountered challenges in finding employment in Missouri, it was the alluring image of California as a veritable paradise that proved to be the decisive factor behind his departure. The prospect of a land teeming with natural abundance and opportunities for personal and economic growth was a compelling lure for pioneers like Bidwell, prompting them to undertake arduous journeys across the vast and treacherous American frontier in pursuit of a brighter future.

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1. Economic Growth: As the real GDP increased, the U.S. economy likely experienced economic growth, indicating an improvement in the production of goods and services.

2. Employment Increase: With a growing economy, job opportunities likely expanded, leading to a reduction in unemployment rates.

3. Investment Opportunities: An increase in real GDP could have generated more investment opportunities, as businesses and individuals had greater confidence in the economy.

4. Consumer Spending: With a higher real GDP, consumer confidence likely improved, leading to increased consumer spending on goods and services.

5. Business Expansion: A growing economy might have encouraged businesses to expand their operations and invest in research and development, leading to increased productivity and innovation.

Please note that these outcomes are generalizations based on the assumption that the U.S. economy experienced increasing real GDP in 1954.

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Answer:

The judicial branch of government has the power to interpret and apply the law and resolve disputes between parties in accordance with the law. The power of the judicial branch is derived from the Constitution of the United States. The constitution established the Supreme Court and gave it the authority to decide cases arising under the Constitution and federal law. Other cases involve disputes between states and cases involving foreign diplomats.

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The power of judicial review was established by the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison in 1803. In this case, Chief Justice John Marshall declared that the Constitution grants the Supreme Court the power to review the constitutionality of laws and to strike them down if they are found to be in conflict with the Constitution.

The holding in Marbury v. Madison was that Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. It expanded the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court beyond what was provided for in the Constitution. This decision established the principle of judicial review and established the authority of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

Explanation:

Answer: Ray Charles (D)

Support for the Iraq War in the United States was severely impacted by revelations of torture and humiliation of Iraqi prisoners by American soldiers.

The Iraq War, which began in 2003, was a highly controversial conflict that received significant criticism from the American public and political figures. However, support for the war was significantly impacted when reports emerged of torture and humiliation of Iraqi prisoners by American soldiers at the Abu Ghraib prison in 2004.

The images of American soldiers engaging in such heinous acts created a moral outrage among the public and fueled anti-war sentiments. The incident further eroded public trust in the government's handling of the war, which led to increasing calls for an end to the conflict. The Abu Ghraib scandal remains a dark chapter in the history of the Iraq War and the United States' foreign policy.

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Answer:

Among Mexican Americans in the Southwest, this struggle came to be known as the Chicano Civil Rights Movement. While each of these groups had similar goals.

Explanation:

Prior to the 1930s, welfare was primarily provided by private charities and religious organizations. The government's role in welfare was limited, and assistance was mainly delivered through local and community-based initiatives.

Before the 1930s, there was no comprehensive government welfare system in place. Instead, individuals in need of assistance relied on private charities, religious organizations, and community-based efforts for help.

These organizations, often operated by churches, philanthropic groups, and local communities, would provide aid to the poor, homeless, and vulnerable populations. However, the assistance they offered was often inconsistent, limited in scope, and varied significantly from one region to another.

It wasn't until the Great Depression and the subsequent New Deal programs implemented by the U.S. government that a more centralized and structured welfare system began to take shape.

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Harriet Taylor, in 1851, published "The Enfranchisement of Women," which included arguments for women to receive equal rights, education, suffrage and civic participation, but did not explicitly argue for women's employment. The correct option is D.

Harriet Taylor was a philosopher and women's rights advocate who co-authored several works with her husband, John Stuart Mill. "The Enfranchisement of Women" was one of her most important contributions to the women's rights movement. The essay argued for women's equality in various spheres of life, including education, politics, and the workplace.

Taylor believed that women's exclusion from these areas was a form of oppression and that granting women equal rights would benefit society as a whole. In the essay, Taylor argued that women should have the right to vote and participate in civic affairs, which would give them greater political power and influence.

The correct option is D.

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Supporters of the slaveocracy attempted to determine the new Kansas government in order to maintain control in the U.S. Congress.

They hoped to make Kansas a slave state, which would tip the balance of power in Congress in favor of slave-owning states. This led to a violent conflict in Kansas known as "Bleeding Kansas" and highlighted the deep divide between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in the United States.

In the 1850s, the issue of slavery was a major political and social issue in the United States. Supporters of the slaveocracy, particularly in the South, feared that the growing anti-slavery movement would lead to the abolition of slavery and the loss of their economic and political power. In an attempt to maintain control in Congress, they attempted to determine the new Kansas government and make it a slave state, despite the fact that the majority of settlers in Kansas were anti-slavery.

This led to a violent conflict in Kansas known as "Bleeding Kansas" as pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces fought for control. The conflict highlighted the deep divide between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in the United States and contributed to the growing tensions that would eventually lead to the Civil War. Despite their efforts, Kansas eventually entered the Union as a free state, and the balance of power in Congress shifted in favor of free states.

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The black press exposed the violence of the Jim Crow system by reporting on lynchings, discrimination, and civil rights activism.

The black press played a crucial role in exposing the violence and discrimination of the Jim Crow system.

Through reporting on lynchings, discriminatory laws and practices, and civil rights activism, black newspapers and journalists brought attention to the injustices faced by Black Americans in the South and beyond.

They also provided a platform for Black voices and perspectives that were often ignored or silenced by mainstream media.

By shining a light on the realities of segregation and oppression, the black press helped to galvanize support for the civil rights movement and push for change.

The black press remains an important source of news and information for Black communities today.

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The two-nation theory, which led to the creation of Pakistan, provided Muslims a separate homeland where they could freely practice their religion and safeguard their political and cultural rights.

The two-nation theory, advocated by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, aimed to secure the political and cultural rights of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent.

It argued for the creation of a separate nation for Muslims, leading to the establishment of Pakistan.

Muslims benefited from this theory in several ways.

Firstly, it provided Muslims with a distinct identity and a sense of belonging to a separate nation based on their religious affiliation.

It offered them a platform to preserve their cultural and religious practices without fear of assimilation.

Secondly, the two-nation theory aimed to protect the political rights of Muslims, ensuring their representation and participation in the governance of their own state.

This allowed them to shape policies that aligned with their values and aspirations.

Additionally, the creation of Pakistan provided a space where Muslims could freely practice their religion without persecution or discrimination, promoting religious freedom and fostering the growth of Islamic institutions and traditions.

Overall, the two-nation theory sought to safeguard the rights and interests of Muslims, providing them with a separate homeland where they could flourish culturally, politically, and religiously.

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In Homer's epic poem, "The Odyssey," Odysseus takes a long time to reveal his true identity to the Phaeacians for strategic reasons. After a decade-long war in Troy and a lengthy, arduous journey back home, Odysseus has faced numerous trials and dangers.

When Odysseus arrives in the land of the Phaeacians, he initially conceals his true name and introduces himself as a shipwrecked traveler named "Nobody." This pseudonym serves as a clever disguise and a way to protect himself from potential enemies or adversaries.

Odysseus has experienced firsthand the treachery and hostility of various individuals and creatures throughout his journey. By keeping his identity hidden, he can assess the character and intentions of those around him before deciding to trust them.

Odysseus wants to ensure that the Phaeacians are friendly and hospitable before revealing his true name, as this knowledge could potentially put him at risk.

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The Supreme Court used the 14th Amendment as the basis for striking down the 1875 Civil Rights Act.

The 14th Amendment, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship and equal protection of the laws to all persons born or naturalized in the United States. The 1875 Civil Rights Act was a federal law that sought to protect the civil rights of African Americans and other minorities by prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations, such as hotels, restaurants, and theaters.

However, in 1883, the Supreme Court struck down the law, ruling that Congress did not have the power to regulate private businesses and individuals under the 14th Amendment. The Court's decision in the Civil Rights Cases of 1883 effectively ended federal efforts to protect the civil rights of African Americans for nearly 80 years, until the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

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The BEST description of the approach used by women activists in El Salvador to empower women and stop the systematic sexual violence used by the government during the civil war is they used connections with activists in the international community to negotiate with state representatives. The correct option is c.

During the civil war in El Salvador, women activists faced extreme challenges, including systematic sexual violence perpetrated by the government. To empower women and confront this injustice, they formed connections with activists in the international community. By leveraging these relationships, they were able to negotiate with state representatives and put pressure on the government to address the issue of sexual violence.

This approach proved effective, as it brought global attention to the human rights abuses taking place in El Salvador and garnered support for the women's movement. Furthermore, these connections with the international community helped to amplify the voices of Salvadoran women, ensuring that their demands for justice and equality were heard by the authorities. Through their strategic use of international networks, the women activists in El Salvador played a crucial role in pushing for an end to systematic sexual violence and empowering women in their country. The correct option is c.

The complete question is:

Which of the following BEST describes the approach used by women activists in El Salvador to empower women and stop the systematic sexual violence used by the government during the civil war?

a. They combined expectations for feminine allure with good business sense.

b. They leveraged traditional ideologies of motherhood and nurturing to directly confront injustice.

c. They used connections with activists in the international community to negotiate with state representatives.

d. They exposed themselves to systematic violence to gain a sense of martyrdom.

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