Stock A has a standard deviation of 5% and expected return of 10%. Stock B has a standard deviation of 10% and expected return of 15%. Suppose, we create a portfolio with 50% weight in stock A and 50% weight in Stock B. The portfolio has a standard deviation of 7.5%. What is the correlation between stock A and stock B? 0.5 - 1 1 0

True. Applied research is a type of research that aims to solve practical problems and develop new technologies or products that can be used in the marketplace.

The primary goal of applied research is to achieve commercial applications for new ideas, innovations, and technologies. This type of research is often conducted in collaboration with industry partners to ensure that the research outcomes are relevant and valuable to businesses and consumers.

Applied research is a type of research that focuses on solving practical problems or addressing specific needs or issues, often involving the application of scientific or technological knowledge to real-world situations.

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Available-for-sale investment is does not recognize by GAAP in this type of investment as a valid hedging instrument for foreign currency exposure. Option D is correct.

GAAP identifies three types of transactions that can be hedged using forward contracts: forecasted transactions, recognized firm commitments, and recognized assets or liabilities. However, available-for-sale investments are not considered a valid hedging instrument for foreign currency exposure because they are not considered to have a high degree of certainty and therefore cannot be reliably hedged.

Instead, GAAP recommends using other financial instruments such as options or swaps to hedge against foreign currency exposure for available-for-sale investments. The purpose of using forward contracts as a hedging instrument is to mitigate the risk of changes in the foreign currency exchange rate. By entering into a forward contract, an entity can lock in a specific exchange rate and avoid the potential negative impact of currency fluctuations on their financial statements.

The three types of transactions identified by GAAP that can be hedged using forward contracts are those that are highly probable, have a fixed or determinable transaction date, and are denominated in a foreign currency.

Option D holds true.

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When the federal government gives grants equal to the per-unit production externality, the equilibrium quantity of university research moves closer to, or potentially reaches, the socially optimal quantity of university research produced. University researchers create a positive externality because what they discover in their research labs can easily be learned by others who haven't contributed to the research costs.

When the federal government gives grants to these researchers equal to their per-unit production externality, the relationship between the equilibrium quantity of university research and the socially optimal quantity of university research produced is as follows:
1. The federal government's grants help internalize the positive externality by providing additional funding to researchers.
2. This additional funding encourages more research, increasing the equilibrium quantity of university research.
3. As a result, the equilibrium quantity of university research moves closer to the socially optimal quantity of university research.
4. Ideally, when the grants provided equal the per-unit production externality, the equilibrium quantity of university research will align with the socially optimal quantity of university research produced.

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The upfront PMI payment is $3,600, the monthly PMI payment is $30, and you can request to drop PMI once your LTV reaches 80%. The lender must drop PMI when the LTV reaches 78% or at the halfway point of the loan term.

To calculate the upfront and monthly PMI payments for a $200,000 house with a 5.0% interest rate and a 30-year loan with a 90% LTV, follow these steps:
1. Calculate the loan amount: Since the LTV is 90%, the loan amount will be 90% of the house value.
Loan amount = 0.9 * $200,000 = $180,000
2. Calculate the upfront PMI payment: The upfront premium is 2% of the loan amount.
Upfront PMI = 0.02 * $180,000 = $3,600
3. Calculate the annual PMI payment: The annual premium is 0.2% of the loan amount.
Annual PMI = 0.002 * $180,000 = $360

4. Calculate the monthly PMI payment: Divide the annual PMI payment by 12 months.
Monthly PMI = $360 / 12 = $30
5. Determine when PMI can be requested to be dropped: You can request to drop PMI when your LTV reaches 80%. To determine when that happens, you need to calculate how many months it takes for the principal balance to reduce to 80% of the original house value. In this case, the principal balance should reduce to $160,000 (80% of $200,000). Use an online mortgage calculator or an amortization table to determine the exact number of months.
6. Determine when the lender must drop PMI: Lenders are required to automatically drop PMI once the LTV reaches 78% or when the loan is halfway through its term, whichever comes first. In this case, the halfway point is 15 years (180 months). Again, use an online mortgage calculator or an amortization table to determine the exact number of months.

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To calculate the profitability index for each project, we need to divide the present value of the cash flows by the initial investment (C0).

For Project D, the present value of the cash flows (PV) can be calculated using the formula: PV = C1/(1 + r)^1, where r is the opportunity cost of capital (10%). Thus, PV = 23,000/(1 + 0.10)^1 = 20,909.09. The profitability index for Project D is then calculated as follows:

Profitability Index (D) = PV/C0 = 20,909.09/11,500 = 1.82

For Project E, the present value of the cash flows (PV) can be calculated using the same formula: PV = 37,625/(1 + 0.10)^1 = 34,204.55. The profitability index for Project E is then calculated as follows:

Profitability Index (E) = PV/C0 = 34,204.55/21,500 = 1.59

To calculate the profitability-index using the incremental cash flows, we need to calculate the difference in cash flows between the two projects (D-E). These incremental cash flows can then be discounted back to the present using the same formula as above, and the profitability index can be calculated as follows:

Incremental Cash Flows:
Year 0: C0 (E-C) = 21,500 - 11,500 = 10,000
Year 1: C1 (E-C) = 37,625 - 23,000 = 14,625

PV of Incremental Cash Flows:
PV (E-C) = 10,000/(1 + 0.10)^0 + 14,625/(1 + 0.10)^1 = 22,840.91

Profitability Index (E-C) = PV (E-C)/C0 (C) = 22,840.91/11,500 = 1.99

Based on the profitability index calculations, both projects are acceptable as they both have a value greater than 1. However, if we compare the profitability indexes for each project, Project D has a higher profitability index (1.82) than Project E (1.59), indicating that it is more profitable. Similarly, when we calculate the incremental profitability index between the two projects, Project E-C has a higher profitability index (1.99) than Project D-C, indicating that it is the better choice. Therefore, the decision on which project to choose ultimately depends on the specific goals and priorities of the decision-maker.

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Generic business-level strategies are broad approaches that companies can take to gain a competitive advantage in their industry. The four main types of generic strategies are cost leadership, differentiation, focused low cost, and focused differentiation.

Cost leadership involves producing products or services at a lower cost than competitors. This allows the company to offer lower prices to customers and still make a profit. An example of a company that pursues this strategy is Walmart.

Differentiation involves offering products or services that are unique or of higher quality than competitors. This allows the company to charge higher prices and attract customers who value these differences. An example of a company that pursues this strategy is Apple.

Focused low cost involves targeting a specific market segment and offering products or services at a lower cost than competitors. This allows the company to compete in a smaller, niche market. An example of a company that pursues this strategy is Dollar General.

Focused differentiation involves targeting a specific market segment and offering unique or high-quality products or services that meet the needs of that segment. This allows the company to charge higher prices and attract loyal customers. An example of a company that pursues this strategy is Tesla.

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The correct answer is (a) The household gets the loan directly from a bank. Direct finance for a household refers to the process where the household borrows money directly from a financial institution like a bank or a credit union.

This is different from intermediated finance where the household obtains credit through an intermediary such as a broker or a financial advisor.

In direct finance, the household deals with the lender directly and is responsible for negotiating the terms of the loan, including interest rates and repayment schedules.

This type of finance requires a credit rating and proof of income and is typically used for larger purchases such as a home or a car.

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Using dividend discount model, Sophia intrinsic value is $13.28

To calculate the intrinsic value of XYC using the dividend discount model, we first need to calculate the expected dividends for the next three years, and then calculate the present value of those dividends.

The dividend next year is given as $0.84, which includes one year of growth at 15%. To calculate the dividend in the second year, we need to multiply the dividend in the first year by (1 + 15%), which gives:

Dividend in year 2 = $0.84 x (1 + 15%) = $0.966

Similarly, the dividend in year 3 can be calculated as:

Dividend in year 3 = $0.966 x (1 + 15%) = $1.11

After year 3, the dividend is expected to grow at a rate of 4% forever. Therefore, the dividend in year 4 can be calculated as:

Dividend in year 4 = $1.11 x (1 + 4%) = $1.154

Using the dividend discount model, the intrinsic value of XYC can be calculated as:

Intrinsic value = (Dividend in year 1 / (1 + Market capitalization rate)^1) + (Dividend in year 2 / (1 + Market capitalization rate)^2) + (Dividend in year 3 / (1 + Market capitalization rate)^3) + (Dividend in year 4 / (Market capitalization rate - Growth rate))

Substituting the values, we get:

Intrinsic value = ($0.84 / (1 + 11%)^1) + ($0.966 / (1 + 11%)^2) + ($1.11 / (1 + 11%)^3) + ($1.154 / (11% - 4%))

Intrinsic value = $13.28

Therefore, Sophia's intrinsic value for XYC is $13.28

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The 2008 financial crisis is an example where society used money as a measure for success but ended up losing not only their financial stability but also their trust in the financial system and institutions.

The 2008 financial crisis was a result of the over-reliance on the housing market and the excessive borrowing and lending of money. The societal emphasis on making money and achieving financial success led to the creation of complex financial instruments and practices that were inherently unstable and unsustainable.

When the housing market collapsed, it triggered a chain reaction that resulted in widespread job loss, foreclosures, and economic downturns. The crisis not only caused financial losses but also eroded people's trust in the financial system and institutions, highlighting the importance of not solely relying on money as a measure of success.

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The primary characteristics of the market-oriented era that followed World War II were: it was a seller's market, products were designed to focus on consumers' needs, and it was not a buyer's market where consumers had to purchase products of inferior quality.

Following World War II, a market-driven age emerged that was characterised by several essential elements. First of all, there was an excess demand for the items, making it a seller's market. As a result, businesses had to compete for customers at exorbitant costs.

Second, the customer wants were taken into consideration while designing items rather than only focusing on functionality. The competition between businesses also resulted in higher-quality items and innovation, thus it was not a buyer's market where customers were forced to buy inferior goods.

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In fund financial statements, the revenues and expenditures (expenses) of governmental, proprietary, and fiduciary funds are reported in separate sets of financial statements.

This is because each type of fund has its own distinct purpose and requirements for financial reporting. Governmental funds are used to account for tax-supported activities and are reported in the government-wide financial statements. Revenues are reported as either taxes or other sources, while expenditures are reported as either capital or operating.

Proprietary funds are used to account for business-like activities and are reported in the proprietary fund financial statements. Revenues are reported as sales or services, while expenditures are reported as either cost of goods sold or operating expenses.

Fiduciary funds are used to account for assets held in trust or on behalf of others and are reported in the fiduciary fund financial statements. Revenues and expenditures are reported based on the specific purpose of the fund.

In addition, a significant transaction within the control of management that is either unusual in nature or infrequent in occurrence should be separately disclosed in the financial statements to ensure transparency and accuracy in reporting. Major funds should be reported in a separate column, and nonmajor funds should be combined and reported in a separate column.

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Leveraged equity is the term for a company's equity when it is financed with both debt and equity. Option 2 is Correct.

A company's capital structure is the particular proportion of debt and equity it utilizes to fund both its current operations and future expansion. Debt is money that has been borrowed and that must be paid back, sometimes with interest, whereas equity is ownership in the business.

Typically, businesses can choose between equity and debt funding. The decision frequently comes down to the firm ability to acquire the capital, its cash flow, and how vital it is to the company's major shareholders to preserve control of the business. Option 2 is Correct.

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Correct Question:

If a firm is financed with both debt and equity, the firm's equity is known as multiple choice

1. preferred equity.

2. levered equity.

3. unlevered equity.

4. none of these options.

There are various factors that can affect the exchange rate of a currency  One such factor is interest rate parity, which refers to the principle that the interest rate between two countries should be equal to the percentage difference between the forward and the spot exchange rate.

In other words, if the interest rate in one country is higher than another country, investors may choose to invest in that country, leading to an increase in demand for its currency and consequently, an increase in its exchange rate.

Another factor that can impact exchange rates is inflation. If a country has high inflation rates compared to other countries, the purchasing power of its currency decreases, which can lead to a decrease in demand for its currency and a corresponding decrease in its exchange rate.

Additionally, economic performance can also have an impact on exchange rates. If a country's economy is performing well, investors may be more inclined to invest in that country, leading to an increase in demand for its currency and an increase in its exchange rate. Conversely, if a country's economy is performing poorly, investors may be less inclined to invest, leading to a decrease in demand for its currency and a corresponding decrease in its exchange rate.

Other factors that can affect exchange rates include political stability, geopolitical events, and trade relations between countries. Overall, exchange rates are complex and can be influenced by a multitude of factors, making them difficult to predict with complete accuracy.

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The firm's after-tax component cost of debt is approximately 2.55%.

Calculate the annual coupon payment.

The coupon rate is 6% and the par value is $1,000, so the annual coupon payment is $1,000 x 6% = $60.

Determine the number of coupon payments.

Since the bond has semiannual payments, it will have 2 x 20 = 40 coupon payments over its life.

Calculate the before-tax cost of debt.

The price of the bond is $548.61, which is less than the par value of $1,000, so it is selling at a discount. The before-tax cost of debt is the yield to maturity, which can be calculated using a financial calculator or spreadsheet software. In this case, the yield to maturity is approximately 7.36%.

Calculate the after-tax cost of debt.

The after-tax cost of debt is calculated as the before-tax cost of debt multiplied by one minus the tax rate. In this case, the tax rate is 25%, so the after-tax cost of debt is 7.36% x (1 - 0.25) = 5.52%.

Calculate the semiannual after-tax cost of debt.

Since the coupon payments are semiannual, the after-tax cost of debt needs to be adjusted accordingly. The semiannual after-tax cost of debt is 5.52% / 2 = 2.76%.

Calculate the annual after-tax cost of debt.

To get the annual after-tax cost of debt, the semiannual after-tax cost of debt needs to be converted back to an annual rate. This is done by multiplying the semiannual rate by 2. In this case, the annual after-tax cost of debt is 2.76% x 2 = 5.52%.

Therefore, the firm's after-tax component cost of debt is approximately 2.55%.

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The firm's internal strengths and resources

The role of strategic leadership and the strategy process

The external environment and associated challenges

The firm's business model and competitive advantages

During the analysis phase of the AFI framework, the following topics should be considered:

The firm's internal strengths and resources

The external environment and associated challenges

The firm's business model and competitive advantages

The role of strategic leadership and the strategy process, as well as the locations in the world where the firm should compete, are typically addressed in the formulation phase of the AFI framework.

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The Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards (MFRS) and the Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (IRBM) require entities to use absorption costing for external reporting purposes because it provides a more accurate representation of the cost of producing a product.

Absorption costing is a method of cost accounting that assigns all of the direct costs and a portion of the indirect costs to each unit of production.

This method is preferred over other methods of cost accounting, such as variable costing, because it takes into account all of the costs associated with producing a product, including fixed costs.

Fixed costs are those that do not vary with the level of production, such as rent and salaries, and they must be allocated to each unit of production to determine its true cost.

By using absorption costing, entities are able to accurately determine the cost of goods sold, which is a critical component of financial reporting. This information is used to calculate the gross margin, which is a key performance indicator that measures the profitability of a company's products.

In addition, the use of absorption costing is required by the IRBM for tax purposes. The tax code requires entities to report their income based on the full cost of production, including fixed costs.

Therefore, the use of absorption costing for external reporting purposes ensures that companies comply with both financial reporting standards and tax regulations in Malaysia.

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A draw is an advance payment against future commissions, and is typically subtracted from the commission earned by the employee.

A draw is an amount of money paid to an employee on a regular basis, usually weekly or monthly, that is intended to cover their living expenses until they earn enough commission to pay off the draw. Once the employee starts earning commission, the amount of commission earned is first used to pay off the draw, and any remaining commission is paid to the employee.

For example, if an employee is paid a $1,000 draw every month and earns $800 in commission during that month, the employee would receive $200 in commission (the amount earned minus the draw). If the employee earns $1,500 in commission during that month, they would receive $500 in commission (the amount earned minus the draw).

In this way, a draw provides a predictable source of income for employees who work on commission, while also ensuring that the employer is able to recoup the cost of the draw once the employee begins earning commission.

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The correct answer is: A. A draw affects the amount paid to the employee by being subtracted from the commission earned.

A draw is an advance payment made to the employee, which is then deducted from their future commission earnings. This ensures that the employee receives a steady income, while the employer recovers the draw amount from the employee's commission. A draw is a type of advance payment given to an employee against future commission earnings. The draw is subtracted from the commission earned by the employee, meaning that the amount paid to the employee will be reduced by the amount of the draw.

Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

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The cost of goods sold in 2016 was approximately $20,697.17, the correct option is (A).

To determine the cost of goods sold (COGS) in 2016, we need to use the percentage decrease provided in the problem and the known COGS for 2017.

Let x be the COGS in 2016.

Percentage change = ((New value - Old value) / Old value) × 100%

Let's plug in the given values and solve for the old value:

8.2% = ((19,000 - Old value) ÷ Old value) × 100%

0.082 = (19,000 - Old value) ÷ Old value

0.082 × Old value = 19,000 - Old value

0.918 × Old value = 19,000

Then, we know that (x - 0.082x) = 19,000, since the COGS decreased by 8.2%.

Simplifying this equation, we get:

0.918x = 19,000

x = 19,000 ÷ 0.918

x = $20,697.17

Therefore, the answer is option A) $20,697.17.

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The complete question is:

In analyzing the income statement of Bob Company, the cost of goods sold decreased by 8.2% from 2016 to 2017. If the cost of goods sold is $19,000 in 2017, what was it in 2016 (rounded to the nearest cent)?

A) $20,697.17

B) $1,407,200

C) $332,500

D) $605,000

The portal that Amazon sellers use to create listings, manage orders, and correspond with buyers is called the Seller Central.

This is a web-based platform that allows sellers to access all aspects of their business on Amazon, from product listing to order fulfillment. Through Seller Central, sellers can create and edit their product listings, monitor inventory, track orders, and communicate with customers through the messaging system.

Additionally, sellers can access performance metrics, payment reports, and tools to manage their business finances. With Seller Central, sellers have a centralized location for managing all aspects of their Amazon business, allowing them to streamline their operations and focus on growing their sales.

Overall, Seller Central is a critical tool for any Amazon seller, providing a comprehensive and user-friendly platform for managing their business on the world's largest online marketplace.

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Smallville Bank's net income is -$2,550,000, indicating a net loss. The bank should consider improving its profitability through strategies such as increasing interest income or reducing expenses.

To calculate the net income of Smallville Bank, we need to subtract the bank's noninterest expenses and taxes from its noninterest income.

Noninterest income is the income that a bank generates from its activities other than the interest it earns on loans and investments. According to the information given, Smallville Bank earns $129,000 in noninterest income.

Noninterest expenses, on the other hand, are the expenses that a bank incurs in its operations other than the interest it pays on its liabilities. The bank incurs $89,000 in noninterest expenses.

Taxes are also an important consideration in calculating net income. The bank pays $2,590,000 in taxes.

Now we can calculate the net income of Smallville Bank:

Net income = Noninterest income - Noninterest expenses - Taxes

Net income = $129,000 - $89,000 - $2,590,000

Net income = -$2,550,000

The result shows that Smallville Bank has a net loss of $2,550,000. This implies that the bank's noninterest income is not enough to cover its noninterest expenses and taxes. This situation may be concerning for the bank's stakeholders, and the bank may need to consider strategies to improve its profitability, such as increasing its interest income, reducing its expenses, or exploring new revenue streams.

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Point-of-sale terminals record purchase information and electronically send it in a flow of information that initially travels from the merchant to the acquiring bank.

When a customer makes a purchase with a credit or debit card, the point-of-sale terminal records the transaction information and sends it to the acquiring bank, which is the bank that the merchant has an account with.

The acquiring bank then forwards the transaction information to the issuing bank, which is the bank that issued the card to the customer. The issuing bank verifies the transaction and approves or declines it based on the customer's available credit or funds.

Once approved, the transaction is completed, and the merchant receives the funds in their account. This flow of information is essential for ensuring the security and accuracy of credit and debit card transactions.

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The best option is a Roth IRA or 401(k) if you're certain that your retirement income will be larger than it is now. A regular IRA or 401(k) is probably a better option if you anticipate that your income (and tax rate) will be higher now and lower in retirement.

You can withdraw funds from your Roth IRA, including contributions and earnings, without incurring any fees or taxes if you are at least 5912 years old and have owned your account for at least 5 years*. Hence, even if you take a lump sum withdrawal in retirement, it won't have an impact on your retirement income.

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Poor project planning is an example of project management risks. Project management risks refer to the potential problems or challenges that can arise in the process of planning, executing, and monitoring a project.

In the context of poor project planning, this type of risk might manifest as unclear objectives, inadequate allocation of resources, unrealistic timeframes, or ineffective communication among team members. Additionally, poor planning can result in scope creep, where the project's goals and requirements change or expand during its execution, further increasing the risk of delays and budget overruns.

To mitigate project management risks, it is crucial for project managers to establish clear goals and objectives, develop a comprehensive project plan, and ensure effective communication and collaboration among team members. This includes monitoring progress and making adjustments as needed, as well as implementing appropriate risk management strategies.

In comparison, technical risks involve challenges related to the technology, tools, or processes used in a project. Quality or performance risks focus on the potential issues that can affect the project's output, such as defects or failures in the product or service. '

Organizational risks are associated with a company's internal structure, culture, or processes that may hinder a project's success. External risks include factors outside of the organization's control, such as market changes, regulatory issues, or natural disasters.

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The company's cost of equity capital can be calculated using the WACC formula, which is WACC = (E/V) * Re + (D/V) * Rd * (1 - T), where E is the market value of equity, V is the total market value of the firm, D is the market value of debt, Rd is the cost of debt, and T is the corporate tax rate.

Rearranging this formula, we get Re = (WACC - (D/V) * Rd * (1 - T)) / (E/V), where Re is the cost of equity capital. Plugging in the given values, we get Re = (9.6% - (1.1/2.1) * 7.2% * (1 - 22%)) / (1 - 1.1/2.1) = 11.28%.. The unlevered cost of equity capital, or the cost of equity capital without taking into account the effect of debt, can be calculated using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), which is Re = Rf + beta * (Rm - Rf), where Rf is the risk-free rate, beta is the asset's beta, and Rm is the market return. Plugging in thegiven values and assuming a market risk premium of 5%, we get Re = 2.5% + 1.2 * 5% = 8%.
C-1. If the debt-equity ratio were 2, the WACC would change to WACC = (E/V) * Re + (D/V) * Rd * (1 - T) = (1/3) * Re + (2/3) * 7.2% * (1 - 22%) = (1/3) * Re + 4.74%. Rearranging the WACC formula, we get Re = (WACC - (D/V) * Rd * (1 - T)) / (E/V) = (9.6% - (2/3) * 7.2% * (1 - 22%)) / (1/3) = 18.24%.

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(a) The rate of return for the cable barriers, if a 10-year study period is considered, is 1.6149.

(b) The rate of return for guardrails is 35.17 %

(a) To calculate the rate of return for the cable barriers, first find the total cost of the installation and then the total accident prevention savings over the 10-year study period.

[tex]Total cost of cable barriers: $4.97 millionTotal accident prevention savings (10 years): $1.3 million/year * 10 years = $13 million[/tex]

[tex]Rate of return for cable barriers = (Total savings - Total cost) / Total cost\\Rate of return = ($13 million - $4.97 million) / $4.97 million\\Rate of return ≈ 1.6149, or 161.49%[/tex]

(b) To calculate the rate of return for guardrails, find the total cost of installing guardrails for 113 miles and the total accident prevention savings over the 10-year study period.

[tex]Cost per mile for guardrails: $72,000Total cost of guardrails: 113 miles * $72,000/mile = $8.136 millionTotal accident prevention savings (10 years): $1.1 million/year * 10 years = $11 million[/tex]

[tex]Rate of return for guardrails = (Total savings - Total cost) / Total cost\\Rate of return = ($11 million - $8.136 million) / $8.136 million\\Rate of return ≈ 0.3517, or 35.17%[/tex]

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The new equilibrium will be where the new money supply curve intersects the original money demand curve. The correct answer is option (b).

When there is a change in the money supply, it will shift the money supply curve. However, the money demand curve remains the same since it represents the willingness of people to hold money at various interest rates, which is not affected by changes in the money supply.

Therefore, the new equilibrium will occur where the new money supply curve intersects the original money demand curve. This is because the interest rate will adjust until the quantity of money demanded equals the quantity of money supplied at that interest rate.

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The model used to forecast a six-month period is giving acceptable answers.

The tracking signal for each month shows that the model was able to predict the future demand for the given period with a good degree of accuracy.

For instance, for April the model predicted a demand of 250 and the actual demand was 200. This shows that the model was able to predict the demand within a reasonable range.

Similarly, for May the model predicted a demand of 325 and the actual demand was 252. This shows that the model was able to predict the demand with a good degree of accuracy.

Overall, the model was able to predict the future demand with a good degree of accuracy for the given six-month period. Therefore, the model is giving acceptable answers.

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To estimate the daily returns for two companies and the stock index, you would need to obtain historical stock price data for the chosen companies and the index. You could then calculate the daily returns using the formula:

Daily return = (Today's stock price - Yesterday's stock price) / Yesterday's stock price

Once you have the daily returns for the two companies and the stock index, you can plot histograms with a bin size of 0.1% or lower and comment on the riskiness of the assets based on their standard deviations and skewness.

To construct an equally weighted portfolio of the two stocks, you would need to calculate the daily returns for each stock and then take the average of the two to get the daily return for the portfolio. You can then plot a histogram of the daily returns for the portfolio and observe any changes compared to the individual stocks.

Overall, analyzing the daily returns of different assets can provide valuable insights into their risk and potential returns, allowing investors to make informed decisions about their portfolio.

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a) The risk premium on Netflix common stock is 4%.

b) The required return that Netflix common stock should provide is 9.4%.

c)  Netflix's cost of common stock equity using the CAPM is 9.4%.

a. The risk premium on Netflix common stock can be calculated as the difference between the expected market return and the risk-free rate.
Risk premium = Expected market return - Risk-free rate
Risk premium = 9% - 5%
Risk premium = 4%
Therefore, the risk premium on Netflix common stock is 4%.

b. The required return that Netflix common stock should provide can be determined using the CAPM formula, which is:
Required return = Risk-free rate + Beta × (Expected market return - Risk-free rate)
Required return = 5% + 1.1 × (9% - 5%)
Required return = 9.4%
Therefore, the required return that Netflix common stock should provide is 9.4%.

c. Finally, we can determine Netflix's cost of common stock equity using the CAPM formula again:
Cost of common stock equity = Risk-free rate + Beta × (Expected market return - Risk-free rate)
Cost of common stock equity = 5% + 1.1 × (9% - 5%)
Cost of common stock equity = 9.4%
Therefore, Netflix's cost of common stock equity using the CAPM is 9.4%.

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The reason the United States of America still views Native Americans as second-class citizens in a second-class system can be attributed to historical discrimination, lack of representation, and ongoing systemic issues.

Native Americans have faced marginalization since European settlers arrived, with forced removal from their lands and oppressive policies that persist in various forms today. Native Americans also have limited representation in mainstream media and politics, which contributes to their invisibility and hinders progress in addressing their needs.

Additionally, they continue to face challenges in accessing quality education, healthcare, and economic opportunities, leading to disparities in living standards. These factors, combined with prejudice and stereotypes, perpetuate the perception of Native Americans as second-class citizens.

To overcome this, the United States of America needs to address systemic issues, increase representation, and actively work towards eradicating discrimination and promoting equality for Native Americans.

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