What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of a) individuals as innovators, b) firms as innovators, c) universities as innovators, d) government institutions as innovators, e) nonprofit organizations as innovators

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

a. Individuals as innovators

Advantages

1. Individuals have no limits (no hard rules) as to whom they can sell their innovation to.

2. An individual can be able lead a successful career with their innovation is any company

Disadvantages

1. Capital is a major limit for most individuals who may not be able to market their innovations.

2. Lack of Knowledge in Patenting innovation ideas have led to most individuals losing their innovation to others.

b. firms as innovators

Advantages

1. Successful innovation can help a firm improve its processes and increase its revenues.

2. Innovation in a unique product can often lead a firm to monopoly as the product becomes a necessity

Disadvantages

1. Firms have more rivalry such that others can copy the innovation or produce another close substitute which can render all efforts to a loss.

2.It takes so much time for the innovation to be approved in a firm as some structures of authority have to be followed and also depending on the culture of the firm towards innovation.

c. universities as innovators

Advantages

1. Universities are better able to raise capital through the Research Funds granted to them by stakeholders.

2. Innovation increases a University`s reputation and improves it rankings.

Disadvantages

1. High dependence on government agencies for funding by Universities means Innovation successes are easily affected by the fiscus.

2. Universities are not effective at marketing Innovations on their own.

d. government institutions as innovators

Advantages

1. The government can increase revenue by improving processes and cutting costs.

2. Innovation can improve transparency and help improve governance and administration.

Disadvantages

1. Adoption of innovation is usually slow as it has to pass so much bureaucracy.

2. Most personnel prefer working in private institutions hence the personnel to drive innovation in governments may be unavailable or inadequate

e. nonprofit organizations as innovators

Advantages

1. There is so much option for funding of innovations ranging from Individuals, Companies and Government

2. Most innovations are driven by Human Need hence their increased success.

Disadvantages

1. The innovation may not be able to generate the revenue to cover the costs.

2. The organizations are usually lacking personal's to drive innovations as people prefer to be paid more for their work.

Explanation:

Innovation is defined as the creation, development and implementation of a new product, process or service. The aim of  innovation is to  improve efficiency, effectiveness or competitive advantage. Innovation presents advantages and disadvantages to various players as listed above.


Related Questions

vA $1,000 three-year par-value bond yields an effective annual interest rate of 6%. Coupons are paid on an annual basis at a rate of 5% per year. Determine the modified convexity of the bond

Answers

Answer:

10.00

Explanation:

We haven = 3

Pv = 1000

Rate if interest = 6%

Coupon = 5% x 1000

= 50

∆y = assumed to be 1%

The formula for convexity =

(V- + V+)-2Vo/Vo+(∆y)²

We first solve for Vo

Using the financial calculator

Vo = 973.26

Then we solve for V-

Pv = 1000

Pmt = 50

I = 5%

n = 3

V- = 1000

We solve for V+

I = 7%

Pmt = 50

N = 3

V+ = 947.51

Then the convexity is gotten by putting these values into the formula

= (1000+947.51)-2x973.26/973.26x(1%)²this is approximately

10

Please check attachment for more details

The percentage of accounts receivable method multiplies the current accounts receivable balance by the estimated uncollectible percentage to arrive at ________.

Answers

Answer: Adjusted allowance for bad debts

Explanation:

The Percentage of Accounts receivable method estimates the allowance for bad debt in a period by multiplying the current receivable balance by an uncollectible percentage which is estimated by the business based on its history with bad debts.

This allowance is then posted to the Allowance for doubtful debt accounts and removed from the Accounts receivable.

On January 2, Yorkshire Company acquired 29% of the outstanding stock of Fain Company for $440,000. For the year ended December 31, Fain Company earned income of $114,000 and paid dividends of $35,000. Prepare the entries for Yorkshire Company for the purchase of the stock, the share of Fain income, and the dividends received from Fain Company.

Answers

Answer:

1. Jan 2 Dr Investment in Fain company stock$440,000

Cr Cash $440,000

2. Dec 31 Dr Investment in Fain company stock 33,060

Cr Income of Fain company 33,060

3. Dec 31 Dr Cash $10,150

Cr Investment in Fain company stock $10,150

Explanation:

Preparation of the entries for Yorkshire Company for the purchase of the stock, the share of Fain income, and the dividends received from Fain Company.

1.Preparation of the entries for Yorkshire Company for the purchase of the stock

Jan 2 Dr Investment in Fain stock$440,000

Cr Cash $440,000

2. Preparation of The journal entry for the share of Fain income

Dec 31 Dr Investment in Fain stock 33,060

Cr Income of Fain company 33,060

(29%* $114,000)

3. Preparation of the journal entry for the dividends received from Fain Company.

Dec 31 Dr Cash $10,150

Cr Investment in Fain company stock $10,150

(29%$35,000)

gIf Tom Neal, the store team leader in Glastonbury, England, empowers his team to accomplish more, he is performing a ________ role.

Answers

Answer: task

Explanation:

If Tom Neal, who is the store team leader in Glastonbury, England, empowers his team to accomplish more, he is simply performing a task role.

Task roles are the actions of the individuals which are vital for the completion of a particular project or task.

You have decided that you want to attend a costume party as Black Panther. You estimate that it will cost $40 to assemble your costume. After spending $40 on the costume, you realize that the additional pieces you need will cost you $25 more. What is the marginal cost of completing the costume

Answers

Answer:

$25

Explanation:

Based on the information given if it was estimated that it will cost the amount of $40 in order to assemble the costume which means that After spending the amount of $40 on the costume and you realize that the additional pieces that you will need will still cost extra amount of $25 , that simply means that the MARGINAL COST of you completing the costume will be the extra amount of $25 .

g purchased a 25% stake in for $486,000 on Jan 2, 2021. On Jan 1, 2021, Satisfactory had a book value of equity on its balance sheet of $1,944,000. What is the value that Perfection records in it's books on Jan 2, 2021 related to its investment in

Answers

Answer:

Perfection records in it's books an Investment in Associate of $486,000

Explanation:

Hi, your question has missing information, i tried to look for the full question online but I could not find it.

However, I have prepared below explanation to the problem.

When a firm has investments into another firm of less than 50% voting rights in stake but greater than 20% we say that firm has significant influent in the investee. The firm is said to have an Investment in an Associate.

Investments in Associates are always recorded using the Equity Method of Accounting.

Entries for Investment in Associate are :

Debit :Investment in Associate ($1,944,000 × 25%) $486,000

Credit : Share of profits of associate $486,000

Conclusion :

Perfection records in it's books an Investment in Associate of $486,000

In November 2009, Perrigo Co. (PRGO) had a share price of $39.20. They had 191.33 million shares outstanding, a market-to-book ratio of 3.76. In addition, PRGO had $845.01 million in outstanding debt, $163.82 million in net income, and cash of $257.09 million. Perrigo's earnings per share (EPS) is closest to: Group of answer choices $0.86 $1.79 $2.81 $3.76

Answers

Answer:

$0.86

Explanation:

Earnings per Share = Earnings attributable to holders of Common Stock ÷ Weighted Number of Common Stocks Outstanding.

where,

Earnings attributable to holders of Common Stock = $163.82 million

and,

Weighted Number of Common Stocks Outstanding = 191.33 million

Therefore

Earnings Per Share = $163.82 million ÷ 191.33 million

                                = $0.86

Most professional organizations in the accessory design field are defined by:
ОА.
the region of the United States where the accessories are popular.
OB.
those that work with minerals and those that do not.
C.
how long one has been in the accessory design business.
OD
the type of accessory made.

Answers

Answer:

the type of accessory made

Explanation:

Accessories, are hard to hard produce. This difficulties exist in product that relied a lot on its artistic sense to determine their value.

Because of this, a lot of professional organizations in the accessory designed field relied a lot on brand awareness of the consumers to increase the value of their product in the market.

By focusing on one specific type of accessory, a company can associate the name of their brand with that specific type of items. This will create a niche segmentation in the consumers' head that make them remember the company every time they felt that they're seeking for that one specific type of accessory.

Carlos recognizes that if he visits his aunt on Saturday, he'll miss his brother's football game. The economic principle best embodied by this story is:

Answers

Answer: Opportunity cost

Explanation:

The economic principle best embodied by this story is the opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is the cost of what one forgoes when one takes an alternative decision.

In this case, the opportunity cost of him visiting his aunt will be the lost opportunity which he could have used to watch his brother play.

An investor company owns 30% of the outstanding common stock of an investee company, which allows the investor to exercise significant influence over the investee. The Equity Investment was reported at $500,000 as of the end of the previous year. During the year, the investor received dividends of $60,000 from the investee. The investee reports the following income statement for the year:

Answers

Answer:

Note: The full question is attached as picture below

a. Equity income that the investor should report in its income = Net income * Investor share = 400,000 * 30% = $120,000

b. Particulars                                 Amount

Equity investment opening           500,000

Add: Equity income                        120,000

Less: Dividend paid                        60,000

Equity investment at end of year  560,000

c. The fair value of the Investee company will remain at adjusted cost. and the investment is not adjusted to fair value

Indicate by how much net income in the income statement is higher or lower if the adjustment is not recorded. (Do not round intermediate calculations.)

Answers

Answer:

1. If the depreciation is not recorded, expenses will be overstated. Net income will therefore be higher by the depreciation amount of $5,400.

2. One June 30, $34,000 was loaned out. Interest is 7%. This interest needs to be apportioned to 6 months in the year as interest revenue:

= [(7% * 34,000) / 12] * 6 months

= $‭1,190‬

If this is not recorded, interest revenue will not be recorded which means that Net income will be lower by $1,190.

3. This was for one year yet it was received on October 1. 3 months of the amount will have to be accounted for in the current period.

= (9,600/12) * 3

= $2,400

There must be revenue recognized of $2,400. If it is not recognized, Net income will be lower by $2,400.

In total, Net income will be higher (lower) by:

= 5,400 - 1,190 - 2,400

= $1,810

Higher by $1,810.

Is it necessary that the five steps in the strategic management process be performed sequentially? Why or why not?

Answers

Answer:

No

Explanation:

Strategic management process may be defined as the process which appraises the industries and business where the organization is involved. It is the culture of appraisal that any business adopts in order to outdo their competitor.

There are mainly 5 steps for the strategic management process in any business. They are :

-- in goal setting

-- to analyze

-- in strategy formulation

-- in strategy implementation

-- to control and evaluate

These are main 5 steps which follows a logic and is easily understandable as it is simple process. But it is not compulsory for the business or organization to take these steps in a sequential manner. It depends upon the company's need. Many company analyses the internal as well as the external factors that affects their strategy which is important to their business process. So they may start with any step for the appraisal process.  They can start with any step and see the impact of it and then change or move to any other step depending upon their necessity. It is according to the company's need and situation that these steps are taken in any sequence by the company.

Pure expectations theory The pure expectations theory, or the expectations hypothesis, asserts that long-term interest rates can be used to estimate future short-term interest rates. Based on the pure expectations theory, is the following statement true or false? The pure expectations theory assumes that a one-year bond purchased today will have the same return as a one-year bond purchased five years from now. False True The yield on a one-year Treasury security is 5.8400%, and the two-year Treasury security has a 7.0080% yield. Assuming that the pure expectations theory is correct, what is the market’s estimate of the one-year Treasury rate one year from now? (Note: Do not round your intermediate calculations.) 10.3999% 6.9606% 8.1889% 9.3353% Recall that on a one-year Treasury security the yield is 5.8400% and 7.0080% on a two-year Treasury security. Suppose the one-year security does not have a maturity risk premium, but the two-year security does and it is 0.2%. What is the market’s estimate of the one-year Treasury rate one year from now? (Note: Do not round your intermediate calculations.) 8.8748% 6.6172% 7.7849% 9.8868% Suppose the yield on a two-year Treasury security is 5.83%, and the yield on a five-year Treasury security is 6.20%. Assuming that the pure expectations theory is correct, what is the market’s estimate of the three-year Treasury rate two years from now? (Note: Do not round your intermediate calculations.) 6.53% 6.45% 5.46% 6.69%

Answers

Answer:

False

6.9606

9.8868

Explanation:

Forward rates represent the expected future rate. This theory is known as pure expectation theory. The bond purchase today will not have the discount factor affect whereas the bond purchased five years from now will have different return from today. The five year value will need to be discounted in order to find the return on todays date.

Blue Ivy Inc. has the following transactions for the month of March: Issued common stock $60,000 Purchased land by paying cash $100,000 Paid expenses $25,000 Earned cash fees $75,000 As a cumulative result of these transactions, the liquidity of Blue Ivy Inc.:

Answers

Answer:

$10,000

Explanation:

Blue Ivy's statement of cash flow:

+ cash from operating activities (earned cash fees - paid expenses) $50,000

- cash from investing activities (buying land) $100,000

+ cash from financing activities (issuing new stocks) $60,000

net cash flow for the month = $10,000

Which of the following data analysis models use optimization techniques? Group of answer choices Prescriptive analytics Predictive analytics Diagnostic analytics Descriptive analytics

Answers

Answer:

Prescriptive analytics.

Explanation:

Prescriptive analytics can be defined as a type of data analysis model which typically comprises of descriptive data and forecasting techniques used for identifying the decisions that are most likely to yield an optimum or best performance.

Hence, prescriptive analytics is a data analysis model that use optimization techniques.

For example, prescribing a car that is capable of finding the best route for a road trip.

Prescriptive analytics.

Prescriptive analytics is a type of data analysis model that often includes descriptive data and forecasting approaches for finding the decisions that are most likely to produce the best or optimum results. Prescriptive analytics is a data analysis approach that employs optimization methods.For instance, prescribing an automobile capable of determining the most efficient route for a road trip.Prescriptive analytics use optimization techniques

For more information:

https://brainly.com/question/6348653?referrer=searchResults

A long year-end status report for work is 138 pages long. You need to print 13 copies for a meeting next week. How much is the paper going to cost for those reports

Answers

Answer:

The paper that cost for those reports is $3.59

Explanation:

The computation of the paper that cost for those reports is shown below:

= (Number of pages in long × number of copies printed) ÷ (paper sold in ream)

= (138 pages × 13 copies) ÷ (500 pages)

= 1,794 ÷ 500 pages

= $3.59

Hence, the paper that cost for those reports is $3.59

The same is to be relevant

One of the most strategies in developing a strong sense of personal responsibility is to what

Answers

Answer:

Take responsibility for your thoughts, feelings, words, and actions.

Explanation:

There are various strategies to take in developing a strong sense of personal responsibility, one of the topmost strategies is to "Take responsibility for your thoughts, feelings, words, and actions."

This will surely help in determining how to react to situations, without being pushed by others or blame others for the outcome.

Also, it will not affect your perception and duty to yourself. But rather spur you to do what you believe in and what will benefit you.

Suppose that the stock return follows a normal distribution with mean 20% and standard deviation 40%. What is the 5% VaR (value-at-risk) for this stock

Answers

Answer:

The 5% VaR (value-at-risk) for this stock 0.858

Explanation:

Value at risk determines the value of the investment at risk of loss. It shows how much of the investment might lose in the given market conditions.

Now deter,ine the value at risk formula

Var = Mean + Standard Deviation x Z score value

Where

Mean = 20%

Standard Deviation = 40%

Z score value = Z Score at significance 5% = 1.645

Placing values in the formula

Var = 20% + 40% x 1.645

Var = 0.2 + 0.4 x 1.645

Var = 0.2 + 0.658

Var = 0.858

b. If foreigners spend $7 billion on U.S. exports in a given year and Americans spend $5 billion on imports from abroad in the same year, what is the value of U.S. net exports

Answers

Answer:

$2 billion

Explanation:

Foreigners spend $7 billion on U.S net exports

Americans spend $5 billion on imports

Therefore the value of U.S net exports can be calculated as follows

= $7 billion-$5billion

= $2 billion

Hence the value of U.S net exports is $2 billion

If the Edwards production plan for the next period includes 1000 units of component 1 and 800 units of component 2, what purchases do you recommend

Answers

Answer and Explanation:

The computation is shown below:

Particulars          Supplier  

                          1         2          3          Overall

Component 1             1000                  1000

Component 2   650   50       100         800

From the above table the component 1 should be ordered to supplier 2 as the price is lesser in this case and also it is able to supply total production needed as per the component 1

In addition to this, the component 2 should be ordered to supplier 1 for 650 units as the price is lesser and the remaining balance could be ordered from supplier 2 or  3 as the prices are similar

A 20-year bond priced to have an annual effective yield of 10% has a Macaulay duration of 11. Immediately after the bond is priced, the market yield rate increases by 0.25%. The bond's approximate percentage price change, using a first-order Macaulay approximation, is X. Calculate X.

Answers

Answer:

-2.50%

Explanation:

Calculation for X

Using this formula

X=Change in price/0ld price*100

Let plug in the formula

X=-P(0.10)(11/1.10)(0.0025)/P(0.10)*100

X=-P(0.10)(10)(0.0025)/P(0.10)*100

X=-2.50%

Therefore X is -2.50%

You encounter a news report on the economic status of Egypt in your research. Which lens would this report fall under

Answers

Answer:

Social science

Explanation:

Social science is the branch of science that studies societies and interactions among individuals in societies.

Branches of social science includes :

Anthropology Archaeology Economics GeographyHistoryLawLinguisticsPolitics Psychology Sociology.

The news report on the economic status of Egypt is an economics topic. Thus, it falls under social science

By Nike changing the technology in their shoe, they are taking on a role of being more socially responsible. What type of business practice is Nike partaking in as they incorporate doing well by doing good into their business model

Answers

Explanation:

In this case, Nike is incorporating corporate governance into its business model, which is defined as a model for managing companies using the best market practices, using transparency, equity and social and environmental responsibility as essential parameters.

Companies today are no longer perceived by society as merely profitable entities, it is a social demand that companies assist in the development of society and minimize their impacts on the environment.

When companies develop programs to support society and sustainability, it guarantees the advantages of being better positioned in the market, attracting more investors, adding more value to its products and services and gaining a strategic and competitive advantage in the market.

11. Your bank pays 2.5% interest per year. You put $1000 in the bank today and $500 more in the bank in one year. How much will you have in the bank in 2 years?

Answers

Answer:

Total FV= $1,563.13

Explanation:

Giving the following information:

Interest rate= 2.5% = 0.025

Number of periods= 2 years

To calculate the future value (FV), we need to use the following formula on each deposit:

FV= PV*(1+i)^n

FV1= 1,000*(1.025^2)= 1,050.63

FV2= 500*(1.025^1)= 512.5

Total FV= $1,563.13

When we express the value of a cash flow or series of cash flows in terms of dollars today, we call it the ________ of the investment. If we express it in terms of dollars in the future, we call it the ________. Group of answer choices present value; future value future value; present value ordinary annuity; annuity due discount factor; discount rate

Answers

Answer:

present value; future value

Explanation:

When we express the value of a cash flow or series of cash flows in terms of dollars today, we call it the present value of the investment. This is achieved by discount the future cash flows using the appropriate discounting rate to show the effect of time value of money.

Then, If we express it in terms of dollars in the future, we call it the future value. This is achieved by Compounding the Principle or Present Value using the appropriate compounding rate to show the effect of time value of money

What is the impact of a strong dollar relative to the peso for a U.S. consumer buying a car produced in Mexico

Answers

Answer: a. The car should be less expensive for the U.S. consumer.

Explanation:

If the dollar is strong relative to the peso, it means that the US dollar can buy more pesos.

If a U.S. consumers should therefore buy a car that was produced in Mexico, the car would be cheaper for them because the car would have originally be priced in pesos and with the U.S. dollar stronger, the American consumer would spend less dollars to match the price in pesos.

Classical economists stress the importance of aggregate ________ and generally believe that the economy ________ to reach full-employment equilibrium on its own.

Answers

Answer: a. Supply

b. Adjust back

Explanation:

Classical economics explains the importance off aggregate supply, and the ability of an economy to adjust back to achieve it full employment equilibrium without help or assistance but by itself.

By attaining equilibrium it means that Owing to the fair operation of opposing forces, a state of rest or equilibrium. Equal balance of any forces, or factors.

If the firm sells its product at the market price of $10 per unit, how many workers should the firm employ to maximize profit if the wage rate is $55

Answers

Answer:

the data regarding output and the quantity of labor is missing, so I looked for a similar question and found the attached image.

if one employee is hired, total production = $80, and total cost = $55

if two employees are hired, total production = $150, and total cost = $110

if three employees are hired, total production = $210, and total cost = $165

if four employees are hired, total production = $260, and total cost = $260

hiring four employees should maximize profits since MC = MR

Cycle time is computed as A. daily operating time divided by the product of desired output and the sum of job times B. the product of desired output and the sum of job times divided by daily operating time C. daily production time available divided by the desired number of outputs D. desired output divided by the daily operating time

Answers

Answer:

C. daily production time available divided by the desired number of outputs

Explanation:

For example, a factory produces 1,000 units per day, and the total amount of production time available in all the stations is 2,000 minutes. The total amount of available minutes is measured by summing the 5 stages of the production process.

The cycle time = 2,000 available minutes / 1,000 units = 2 minutes per unit

List three externalized costs associated with food production (and consumption), and try to identify the third part(ies) likely to pay for each. Which cost on your list concerns you the most

Answers

Answer:

1. List of three externalized costs associated with food production and consumption:

a. Social labor costs

b. Public health costs

c. Ecological and environmental costs

2. The third parties likely to pay for each cost:

a. Workers

b. Employers

c. Taxpayers

3. The cost which concerns me most is:

c. Ecological and environmental costs

Explanation:

An external cost occurs refers to the cost (negative effect) upon a third party. These external costs in consuming goods and services are known as negative externalities. They represent the social costs borne by society instead of by the direct consumers of goods or services.  For example, when a motorist purchases gasoline at the station, she pays for the fuel.  But there is a cost associated with the consumption of fuel which affects society.  The cost is not borne by the motorist directly but by third parties, who did not elect to use the gasoline.

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