Answer:
B. It represents the change in enthalpy for the reaction.
Explanation:
The potential energy diagram for a chemical reaction shows its potential energy plotted against the reaction progress coordinate. The potential energy diagram shows how the potential energy of reactants and products vary as reactants are converted into products.
The potential energy of the system refers to energy stored in the chemical bonds of reactants and products. The difference between the potential energy of reactants and products is known as the enthalpy of reaction. This difference in potential energy may be positive or negative. A positive difference in potential energy implies an endothermic reaction while a negative difference in potential energy implies an exothermic reaction.
What is an exothermic reaction? Combustion of fuel is an exothermic process. Explain why by providing an example of a fuel. Give 3 examples of readily observable reactions that are considered exothermic. In each example, describe the reactants and the products.
Answer:
An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction in which energy is given out to the surroundings in the form of heat or light or even sound.
Other explanations are given below.
Explanation:
An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction in which energy is given out to the surroundings in the form of heat or light or even sound. In exothermic reactions, the energy content of the products are lower than that of the reactants and this excess energy is therefore released as the reaction proceeds towards formation of products.
Combustion of fuel is an exothermic reaction because the process involves the release of energy in the form of heat and light to the surroundings as the reactants (usually a fuel and oxygen) which are at a higher energy state combine to give the products which are at a lower energy state (usually CO₂ and water).
An example of a fuel is the gas propane found in cooking gas. It combines with oxygen found in air to produce the heat that is used to cook our foods.
Other examples of exothermic reactions include
1.Lighting firewood: In this process, wood which is a mixture of gaseous fuels like methane and solid fuel like charcoal combine with oxygen found in air to produce carbon (iv) oxide and water vapor while releasing heating the process.
2. Lighting a match: The head of safety matches are made of potassium chlorate, mixed with sulfur, fillers and glass powder. The side of the box contains red phosphorus, binder and powdered glass. When the match is struck, the friction generates heat which causes a small amount of red phosphorus to be converted to white phosphorus, which then ignites spontaneously in air. The heat produced initiates the decomposition of potassium chlorate to give oxygen and potassium chloride. The sulfur catches fire and ignites the wood which also burns in the air to release carbon (iv) oxide an water.
3. Burning of coal: Coal is solid carbon which combines with oxygen in air when ignited to produce carbon (iv) oxide and water vapor while also releasing heat and light energy.
0.035 moles of a compound are found in an erlen meyer flask. Determine its mass molecular weight of the compound if the mass is 3.5 g.
Answer:
100
Explanation:
M = mass/ number of mole
M = 3.5 g/0.035 mol = 100 g/mol - molar mass
Magnesium reacts with fluorine to form magnesium fluoride. Which diagram shows the correct arrangement of electrons in the product?
Answer:
Diagram B shows the correct arrangement of electrons in the product.
Magnesium reacts with fluorine to form magnesium fluoride two electrons of magnesium are transferred to the 2 atoms of fluorine and fluorine is the most electronegative element of the periodic table. Option C is correct.
What is electronegativity?Electronegativity is the tendency or power of an atom to attract the electrons from the metals they are mostly nonmetals and want to complete their octave too.
The most electronegative elements of the periodic table are oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine, as they are always willing to complete the octave, and fluorine will take electrons from magnesium.
Therefore, Option C is correct if the 2 atoms of fluorine and fluorine are the most electronegative element of the periodic table. Magnesium reacts with fluorine to form magnesium fluoride two electrons of magnesium are transferred.
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(Can someone please help me...im literally done with brainly...) Which answer best completes the following sentence? _____ is an example of physical change while _____ is an example of a chemical change. (1 point) Freezing water, boiling nitrogen Breaking a pencil, rusting of iron Burning wood, dissolving salt in water Bending a piece of aluminum, condensing water vapor
Answer:
(1) breaking a pencil (2) rusting of iron
Explanation:
breaking a pencil does not alter the chemical properties of the pencil, it merely breaks it into 2 while the rusting of iron is changing the properties chemically because the iron is oxidizing and reacting with the water and oxygen in the atmosphere
Aqueous hydrobromic acid will react with solid sodium hydroxide to produce aqueous sodium bromide and liquid water . Suppose 34. g of hydrobromic acid is mixed with 11.4 g of sodium hydroxide. Calculate the maximum mass of water that could be produced by the chemical reaction
Answer:
5.13g of H2O.
Explanation:
We'll begin by writing the balanced equation for the reaction. This is given below:
HBr(aq) + NaOH(aq) —> NaBr(aq) + H2O(l)
Next, we shall determine the masses of HBr and NaOH that reacted and the mass of H2O produced from the balanced equation.
This is illustrated below:
Molar mass of HBr = 1 + 80 = = 81g/mol
Mass of HBr from the balanced equation = 1 x 81 = 81g
Molar mass of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40g/mol
Mass of NaOH from the balanced equation = 1 x 40 = 40g
Molar mass of H2O = (2x1) + 16 = 18g/mol
Mass of H2O from the balanced equation = 1 x 18 = 18g
Thus, from the balanced equation above,
81g of HBr reacted with 40g of NaOH to produce 18g of H2O.
Next, we shall determine the limiting reactant. This is illustrated below:
From the balanced equation above,
81g of HBr reacted with 40g of NaOH.
Therefore, 34g of HBr will react with = (34 x 40)/81 = 16.79g of NaOH.
From the calculations made above, we can see that it will take a higher mass (i.e 16.79g) of NaOH than what was given (i.e 11.4g) to react completely with 34g of HBr.
Therefore, NaOH is the limiting reactant and HBr is the excess react.
Finally, we can determine the maximum mass of H2O produced as shown below.
In this case the limiting reactant will used because it will produce the maximum mass of H2O since all of it is consumed in the reaction.
The limiting reactant is NaOH and the maximum mass of H2O produced can be obtained as follow:
From the balanced equation above,
40g of NaOH reacted to produce 18g of H2O.
Therefore, 11.4g of NaOH will react to produce = (11.4 x 18)/40 = 5.13g of H2O.
Therefore, the maximum mass of H2O produced from the reaction is 5.13g.
Element Y has 8 shells.
The first three successive ionisation energies for element y increase gradually but the 4th ionisation energy increases sharply.
a)write electronic configuration for
elment Y & explain.
Answer:
electronic configuration of Y is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3px²3py²3pz¹
Explanation:
The electronic structure of chlorine is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3px²3py²3pz¹. The first two electrons are coming from pairs in the 3p levels and are therefore rather easier to remove than if they were unpaired
A 0.4647-g sample of a compound known to contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen was burned in oxygen to yield 0.01962 mol of CO2 and 0.01961 mol of H2O. The empirical formula of the compound was found to be C3H6O2
Answer:
The essence including its given problem is outlined in the following segment on the context..
Explanation:
The given values are:
Moles of CO₂,
x = 0.01962
Moles of water,
[tex]\frac{y}{2} =0.01961[/tex]
[tex]y=2\times 0.01961[/tex]
[tex]=0.03922[/tex]
Compound's mass,
= 0.4647 g
Let the compound's formula will be:
[tex]C_{x}H_{y}O_{z}[/tex]
Combustion's general equation will be:
⇒ [tex]C_{x}H_{y}O_{z}+x+(\frac{y}{4}-\frac{z}{2}) O_{2}=xCO_{2}+\frac{y}{2H_{2}O}[/tex]
On putting the estimated values, we get
⇒ [tex]12\times x=1\times y+16\times z=0.4647[/tex]
⇒ [tex]12\times 0.01962+1\times 0.03922+16\times z=0.4647[/tex]
⇒ [tex]0.27466+16z=0.4647[/tex]
⇒ [tex]z=0.01187[/tex]
Now,
x : y : z = [tex]0.01962:0.03922:0.01187[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{0.01962}{0.0118}:\frac{0.03922}{0.0188}:\frac{0.0188}{0.0188}[/tex]
= [tex]1.6:3.3:1.0[/tex]
= [tex]3:6:2[/tex]
So that the empirical formula seems to be "C₃H₆O₂".
Simplify :: 3/8 + 7/2 + (-3/5) + 9/8 + (-3/2) + 6/5
Answer:
4.1/ [tex]\frac{41}{10}[/tex]
Explanation
Do the calculation carefully because this calculation has negative term.
I hope you will understand.
3/8 + 7/2 + (-3/5) + 9/8 + (-3/2) + 6/5
31/5+(-3/5)+(-3/2)
41/10
4.1
what element does sulfur react the most violently with?
Answer:
florine and chlorine are the most violent reactors
Steel is formed by Group of answer choices oxidizing some of the iron to iron oxides. combining iron, carbon and transition metals such as chromium and nickel. heating iron at high temperature for a long time. adding sand and heating to a high temperature.
Answer:
combining iron, carbon and transition metals such as chromium and nickel.
Explanation:
Steels are alloys of iron and carbon. Steel is hard, tough and strong. The amount of carbon present in varies between 0.1 and 1.5% and it determines the hardness of steel. The higher the carbon content, the harder the steel produced. Also, the amount of heat treatment as well as presence of other elements determines the properties of steel produced.
Steel can be combined with other elements such as nickel, chromium, and manganese to produce various other alloys of steel . These alloys have various desirable properties than ordinary steel such as resistance to corrosion, high tensile strength and luster.
When backpacking in the wilderness, hikers often boil water to sterilize it for drinking. Suppose that you are planning a backpacking trip and will need to boil 35 L of water for your group. What volume of fuel should you bring? Assume that the fuel has an average formula of C7 H16 , 15% of the heat generated from combustion goes to heat the water (the rest is lost to the surroundings), the density of the fuel is 0.78 g>mL, the initial temperature of the water is 25.0 °C, and the standard enthalpy of formation of C7 H 16 is -224.4 kJ>mol.
Answer:
2.104 L fuel
Explanation:
Given that:
Volume of water = 35 L = 35 × 10³ mL
initial temperature of water = 25.0 ° C
The amount of heat needed to boil water at this temperature can be calculated by using the formula:
[tex]q_{boiling} = mc \Delta T[/tex]
where
specific heat of water c= 4.18 J/g° C
[tex]q_{boiling} = 35 \times 10^{3} \times \dfrac{1.00 \ g}{1 \ mL} \times 4.18 \ J/g^0 C \times (100 - 25)^0 C[/tex]
[tex]q_{boiling} = 10.9725 \times 10^6 \ J[/tex]
Also; Assume that the fuel has an average formula of C7 H16 and 15% of the heat generated from combustion goes to heat the water;
thus the heat of combustion can be determined via the expression
[tex]q_{combustion} =- \dfrac{q_{boiling}}{0.15}[/tex]
[tex]q_{combustion} =- \dfrac{10.9725 \times 10^6 J}{0.15}[/tex]
[tex]q_{combustion} = -7.315 \times 10^{7} \ J[/tex]
[tex]q_{combustion} = -7.315 \times 10^{4} \ kJ[/tex]
For heptane; the equation for its combustion reaction can be written as:
[tex]C_7H_{16} + 11O_{2(g)} -----> 7CO_{2(g)}+ 8H_2O_{(g)}[/tex]
The standard enthalpies of the products and the reactants are:
[tex]\Delta H _f \ CO_{2(g)} = -393.5 kJ/mol[/tex]
[tex]\Delta H _f \ H_2O_{(g)} = -242 kJ/mol[/tex]
[tex]\Delta H _f \ C_7H_{16 }_{(g)} = -224.4 kJ/mol[/tex]
[tex]\Delta H _f \ O_{2{(g)}} = 0 kJ/mol[/tex]
Therefore; the standard enthalpy for this combustion reaction is:
[tex]\Delta H ^0= \sum n_p\Delta H^0_{f(products)}- \sum n_r\Delta H^0_{f(reactants)}[/tex]
[tex]\Delta H^0 =( 7 \ mol ( -393.5 \ kJ/mol) + 8 \ mol (-242 \ kJ/mol) -1 \ mol( -224.4 \ kJ/mol) - 11 \ mol (0 \ kJ/mol))[/tex]
[tex]\Delta H^0 = (-2754.5 \ \ kJ - 1936 \ \ kJ+224.4 \ \ kJ+0 \ \ kJ)[/tex]
[tex]\Delta H^0 = -4466.1 \ kJ[/tex]
This simply implies that the amount of heat released from 1 mol of C7H16 = 4466.1 kJ
However the number of moles of fuel required to burn [tex]7.315 \times 10^{4} \ kJ[/tex] heat released is:
[tex]n_{fuel} = \dfrac{q}{\Delta \ H^0}[/tex]
[tex]n_{fuel} = \dfrac{-7.315 \times 10^{4} \ kJ}{-4466.1 \ kJ}[/tex]
[tex]n_{fuel} = 16.38 \ mol \ of \ C_7 H_{16[/tex]
Since number of moles = mass/molar mass
The mass of the fuel is:
[tex]m_{fuel } = 16.38 mol \times 100.198 \ g/mol}[/tex]
[tex]m_{fuel } = 1.641 \times 10^{3} \ g[/tex]
Given that the density of the fuel is = 0.78 g/mL
and we know that :
density = mass/volume
therefore making volume the subject of the formula in order to determine the volume of the fuel ; we have
volume of the fuel = mass of the fuel / density of the fuel
volume of the fuel = [tex]\dfrac{1.641 \times 10^3 \ g }{0.78 g/mL} \times \dfrac{L}{10^3 \ mL}[/tex]
volume of the fuel = 2.104 L fuel
why must we do the a lot of quantity urine
Answer:
because
ExplanatioN:
BeCaUsE
In the reaction below green chlorine gas and brown iodine chloride forms yellow iodine trichloride Cl2 (g) + ICl (l) ⇌ ICl3 (s) If more iodine trichloride is added to the reaction, how will it affect the color of the mixture? A. It will become more brown and yellow B. It will become more green and brown C. It will become more yellow and green. D. It will not change.
Answer:
B. It will become more green and brown
Explanation:
Le Chateliers principle states that when a constraint such as change in concentration, volume, pressure or temperature is imposed on a reaction system at the equilibrium, the equilibrium position will shift in such a way as to annul the constraint. Let us see how this applies to the equation under consideration.
If the system is at equilibrium and more ICl3 is added to the system, the equilibrium will shift towards the left hand side (more reactants are formed). This implies that the colour of the system will become more green and brown since there are more reactants now in the system.
What makes metals, in particular, good conductors of electricity?
Answer:
In metals, the outer electrons of the atoms belong to a 'cloud' of delocalised electrons. They are no longer firmly held by a specific atom, but instead they can move freely through the lattice of positive metal ions, these factors makes them a good conductor of electricity .
Which property of the isotopes must be different?
A) The atomic number
B) The electric charge
C) The element name
D) The mass number
List the five statements in daltons atomic theory
Answer:
1. All matter is composed of atoms. Atoms cannot be destroyed or created.
2. All atoms of different elements are different in properties.
3. All atoms of the same element are identical in properties.
4. During a chemical reaction, no atoms are created or destroyed. The atoms are rearranged.
5. Compounds are formed by the combination of two different atoms with same ratio.
What effect does temperature have on reaction rate?
Answer:
Increasing the temperature increases reaction rates because of the disproportionately large increase in the number of high energy collisions.
Explanation:
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little help plz? Determine which of the following is the correct equilibrium expression for the chemical reaction: Answer choices are below.
Answer:
Kc = [CaO] [O2] / [CaCO3]
Explanation:
Equilibrium constant, Kc is simply defined as the ratio of the concentration of products raised to their coefficient to the concentration of the reactants raised to their coefficient.
Thus, we can write the equation for the equilibrium constant, Kc for the reaction given in the question above as follow:
CaCO3(s) <==> CaO(s) + O2(g)
Kc = [CaO] [O2] / [CaCO3]
Which of the following has the highest electromagnivity
Answer:
Where are the answer choices
?
Determine which elements or compounds are products in the follow reaction equation: C+H2+O2→C6H12O2
Answer:
C6H12O6 is the product.
Explanation:
As C6H12O6 is on the right side of the arrow, it indicates that C, H2, and O2 are all reacting with each other to produce (or form) C6H12O6. This means that C6H12O6 is the product in this specific reaction.
[tex]C_6H_{12}O_6[/tex] is the product where 6 carbon, 12 hydrogens and 6 oxygen are there.
What are elements?Elements are the simplest substances which cannot be broken down using chemical methods.
As [tex]C_6H_{12}O_6[/tex] is on the right side of the arrow, it indicates that C, [tex]H_2[/tex], and [tex]O_2[/tex] are all reacting with each other to produce (or form) [tex]C_6H_{12}O_6[/tex]. This means that [tex]C_6H_{12}O_6[/tex] is the product in this specific reaction:
[tex]C+H_2+O_2[/tex] → [tex]C_6H_{12}O_2[/tex]
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Only a small fraction of a weak acid ionizes in aqueous solution. What is the percent ionization of a 0.100-M solution of acetic acid, CH3CO2H? CH3CO2H(aq)+H2O(l)⇌H3O+(aq)+CH3CO2−(aq )Ka=1.8×10−5
Answer:
1.33%
Explanation:
In an aqueous solution, a weak acid such as acetic acid, will be in equilibrium with its conjugate base, acetate ion, thus:
CH₃CO₂H(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + CH₃CO₂⁻(aq )
Where dissociation constant, ka, is defined as the ratio of concentrations of products and reactants:
Ka = 1.8x10⁻⁵ = [H₃O⁺] [CH₃CO₂⁻] / [CH₃CO₂H]
H₂O is not taken into account in the equilibrium because is a pure liquid
When a solution of acetic acid becomes to equilibrium, the original concentration of the acid decreases producing more H₃O⁺ and CH₃CO₂⁻.
The concentrations at equilibrium when a 0.100M solution of acetic acid reaches this state, is:
[CH₃CO₂H] = 0.100M - X
[H₃O⁺] = X
[CH₃CO₂⁻] = X
Where X is reaction coordinate.
Replacing in Ka expression:
1.8x10⁻⁵ = [H₃O⁺] [CH₃CO₂⁻] / [CH₃CO₂H]
1.8x10⁻⁵ = [X] [X] / [0.100M - X]
1.8x10⁻⁶ - 1.8x10⁻⁵X = X²
1.8x10⁻⁶ - 1.8x10⁻⁵X - X² = 0
Solving for X:
X = -0.00135 → False solution. There is no negative concentrations.
X = 0.00133 → Right solution.
That means concentration of acetate ion is:
[CH₃CO₂⁻] = 0.00133M.
Now, percent ionization is defined as 100 times the ratio between weak acid that is ionizated, [CH₃CO₂⁻] = 0.00133M, per initial concentration of the acid, [CH₃CO₂H] = 0.100M. Replacing:
% Ionization = 0.00133M / 0.100M × 100 =
1.33%
What did the photoelectric experiment demonstrate?
A. Light can heat metal enough to produce electricity.
B. Light can deposit electrons on a metal surface.
C. Light can cause electrons to be released from the surface of a
metal.
D. Light can make metal atoms move around, producing electricity.
ASAP!!!!
Answer: C. Light can cause electrons to be released from the surface of a metal
Explanation:
Write the state symbol for chlorine at room temperature.
Cl2 (___)
Explanation:
The element " chlorine" is a yellowish-green gas at room temperature
The state symbol for Chlorine at room temperature is (g). It has been present in the gaseous state at room temperature.
Chlorine has been a halogen element with an atomic number 17. The element has 7 valence electrons that made it acquire 1 electron in order to attain the stable noble gas configuration. Hence, Chlorine has been a reactive element.
The chlorine has been present as a diatomic molecule at room temperature. It has nonpolar covalent bonds. The melting and boiling point of an element decides the state of the element. The chlorine has been a simpler molecule and is present in the gaseous state at room temperature.
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many cars are fitted with airbags which inflate in an accident. Airbags contain solid sodium azide, NaN₃, which decomposes rapidly to form sodium and nitrogen. The nitrogen formed fills the air bags. Can someone please solve part b and c. I'll mark brainliest to whoever gets it right!
74.7 g of Calcium Chlorate = __mol
Answer:
747 mol.
Explanation:
Which question can be tested scientifically?
explain with the help of Balanced equation how precipitation reaction are used for identifying the positive radicals in three different salts each having a different positive ion
Answer:
The balanced equation related to them is given below.
Explanations:
Precipitation involves the reaction that occurs in acidic suspension as charged particles (two) come together to generate other unfixable or unsolvable salts which are known as that of the precipitate.A specific method of describing a reaction from precipitation becomes recognized as that of the binary ionic formula. Throughout this scenario, certain spectator ions being generally left out from under the calculation.The reaction will be:
⇒ [tex]Ag+(aq) + Cl^-(aq) \rightarrow AgCl (s)[/tex]
The enzyme Y catalyzes the elementary reaction
AB→A+B
An enzyme concentration of 1.0 μM Y can convert a maximum of 0.5 μM AB to the productsA and B per second. Note: Since the concentrations of species in the cytoplasm of cells is small, the concentration unit of micromolar (μMor 10−6 M) is used for consistency with biochemical systems.
Six solutions are made, each with a Y concentration of 1.0 μM and varying concentrations of AB as shown below. Based on the concentrations, rank the solutions in decreasing order of reaction rate.
a) 0.2 uM AB
b) 0.3uM AB
c) 0.6 uM AB
d) 0.4 uM AB
e) 0.7uM AB
f) 0.5 uM AB
Answer:
0.7μM = 0.6 μM = 0.5 μM > 0.4 μM > 0.3 μM > 0.2 μM
Explanation:
An enzyme solution is saturated when all the active sites of the enzyme molecule are full. When an enzyme solution is saturated, the reaction is occurring at the maximum rate.
From the given information, an enzyme concentration of 1.0 μM Y can convert a maximum of 0.5 μM AB to the products A and B per second means that a 1.0 M Y solution is saturated when an AB concentration of 0.5 M or greater is present.
The addition of more substrate to a solution that contains the enzyme required for its catalysis will generally increase the rate of the reaction. However, if the enzyme is saturated with substrate, the addition of more substrate will have no effect on the rate of reaction.
Therefore the reaction rates at substrate concentrations of 0.7μM, 0.6 μM, and 0.5 μM are equal. But the reaction rate at substrate concentrations of 0.2 μM is lower than at 0.3 μM, 0.3 μM is lower than 0.4 μM and 0.4 μM is lower than 0.5 μM, 0.6 μM and 0.7 μM.
The solutions in decreasing order of reaction rate will be:
0.7μM = 0.6 μM = 0.5 μM > 0.4 μM > 0.3 μM > 0.2 μM
What is an Enzyme solution?It is saturated when all the active sites of the enzyme molecule are full. When an enzyme solution is saturated, the reaction is occurring at the maximum rate.
From the given information, an enzyme concentration of 1.0 μM Y can convert a maximum of 0.5 μM AB to the products A and B per second means that a 1.0 M Y solution is saturated when an AB concentration of 0.5 M or greater is present. If the enzyme is saturated with substrate, the addition of more substrate will have no effect on the rate of reaction.
Therefore, the reaction rates at substrate concentrations of 0.7μM, 0.6 μM, and 0.5 μM are equal. But the reaction rate at substrate concentrations of 0.2 μM is lower than at 0.3 μM, 0.3 μM is lower than 0.4 μM and 0.4 μM is lower than 0.5 μM, 0.6 μM and 0.7 μM.
Thus, the solutions in decreasing order of reaction rate will be:
0.7μM = 0.6 μM = 0.5 μM > 0.4 μM > 0.3 μM > 0.2 μM
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The specific heat of ice is 0.5 calories/gram.
60 grams of ice will require
calories to raise the temperature 1c.
Answer:
Q = 30 calories
Explanation:
We have,
The specific heat of ice is 0.5 calories/gram.
The heat require to raise the temperature is given by :
[tex]Q=mc\Delta T[/tex]
m = 60 grams, c = 0.5 calories/gram °C, [tex]\Delta T=1\ C[/tex]
So,
[tex]Q=60\times 0.5\times 1\\\\Q=30\ \text{calories}[/tex]
So, 30 calories of heat is required to raise the temperature by 1 C.
HELP ASAP PLEASE. What stress would shift the equilibrium position of the following system to the right? N2O3(g) ⇌ NO(g) + NO2(g); ΔH is positive Increasing the concentration of N2O3 Heating the system Adding a catalyst Decreasing the concentration of NO
Answer:
there is no change because when you remove NO it will make the reaction balance
Answer:
B: Heating the system
Explanation:
took test