X-Ray crystallography was the technique that helped Watson and crick in developing their model for the structure of DNA.
A crystal's crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into a variety of distinct directions, which is how X-ray crystallography, an experimental science, determines a crystal's atomic and molecular structure.
Famous researchers Watson and Crick made history by figuring out the structure of DNA. They discovered that DNA is composed of two strands wound around one another to form a double-helical structure using X-ray crystallography. It was developed by Rosalind Franklin using an approach called X-ray crystallography and showed the DNA molecule's helical structure. The genetic code for all living things is encoded in two chains of nucleotide pairs that make up DNA, as Watson and Crick discovered.
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Which of these would most likely happen
if people caught and ate most of the
bass?
A. The insect populations would increase.
B. The bluegill population would decrease.
C. The algae, zooplankton, insect, and
bluegill populations would all be
affected.
D. The bluegill population would increase,
but the other organisms would not be affected.
An estimated 5% of bass taken during the competition perish, and a further 23% perish after being released, for a total mortality of 28%. Thus, option C is correct.
What results in decline in number of bass?22 percent of these fish are re-caught after being released. They will experience a further 28 percent mortality rate if they are discovered in another tournament.
According to research, small mouth populations can suffer from angler harvest, flooding, and drought, with the latter having the most negative effects.
Therefore, There would be more minnows in the water. Small fish consume algae in a straightforward food chain, bigger fish eat the smaller fish, and bears eat the bigger fish.
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human enzymes digest proteins in which areas of the body? multiple choice mouth and stomach mouth and small intestine small and large intestines stomach and small intestine
Protein digestion starts at stomach and mainly proteins are digested in the small intestine which has all the enzymes.
Amino acids are used to make dietary proteins. Protein from food can be used by the body for energy, muscular building, or integration into substances containing nitrogen. Protein is first broken down into smaller peptides in the stomach by an enzyme called pepsin, and then it is further broken down in the small intestine by pancreatic and intestinal lining enzymes. These peptides are subsequently converted into dipeptides and tripeptides, which can pass through the lining of the intestine. Any of these processes that are changed or aberrant might lead to disorders of protein digestion.
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what is the connection between ATP and the two other energy-carrying molecules in cellular respiration?
Answer:
6
Explanation:
after 6 rounds of pcr, a single double-stranded dna molecule would have become how many double-stranded copies?
DNA copies increase exponentially over time.
DNA molecules are created in total after "n" PCR cycles, which equals 2 square n..
Thus, 2 square 6= 64 is the total amount of DNA molecules generated after "6" PCR cycles.
What about DNA?The molecule found inside cells that carries the genetic material necessary for an organism to develop and perform.This data is often passed from one generation to the next thanks to DNA molecules.Humans and nearly all other species carry their genetic information in DNA, also mentioned as deoxyribonucleic acid.The DNA of a privateer is often found in almost all of their cells.Nucleotides are chemical building units that structure DNA.A phosphate group, a sugar group, and one of four different nitrogen bases make up these building components.Nucleotides are joined together into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups switching places, to form strands of DNA.It contains information needed to form proteins, which are other big molecules.These instructions are dispersed throughout 46 lengthy structures called chromosomes that are found inside each of your cells.Numerous smaller pieces of DNA, mentioned as genes, structure these chromosomes.Today, DNA has three separate purposes: genetic, immunological, and structural, all of which differ greatly from one another and depend in different ways on the bases and the sugar phosphate backbone.DNA encodes the knowledge required to supply proteins, which is the main connection between DNA and proteins.DNA, however, isn't a protein.Long strands of nucleotides structure DNA.Learn more about DNA here:
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Identify at least 3 ways the river changed because of wolves
I need this ASAP! (No answer choices...)
with a microscope, you examine some somatic cells from a woman and notice that each nucleus has two barr bodies. what can you infer about the sex chromosomes in this individual?
'with a microscope, you examine some somatic cells from a woman and notice that each nucleus has two barr bodies. She is XXX can you infer about the sex chromosomes in this individual.
Long segments of DNA are carried by chromosomes, which are organelles that can be found in the nucleus of cells. The substance that houses genes is called DNA. It serves as the foundation for the human body. Additionally, proteins found in chromosomes aid in the appropriate structure of DNA.
What about chromosomes?Long segments of DNA are carried by chromosomes, which are organelles that can be found in the nucleus of cells. The substance that houses genes is called DNA. It serves as the foundation for the human body. Additionally, proteins found in chromosomes aid in the appropriate structure of DNA. The term "autosomes" refers to the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. A person's gender at birth is determined by the sex chromosomes, which make up the 23rd pair of chromosomes. Chromosomes exhibit the highest level of DNA and protein organization. Carrying DNA and transmitting genetic material from one generation to the next is the main function of chromosomes.Cell division involves the critical function of chromosomes. They guard against tangles and damage to the DNA. Another type of aneuploidy is monosomy, which is the loss of one chromosome in cells. Greek is the language of number one, and monosomy refers to a condition in which cells contain only one copy of a certain chromosome rather than the usual two. Turner syndrome, also known as monosomy X, is a condition caused by monosomy.There are billions of cells in your body, but they are too small to observe without a powerful microscope. Chromosomes, which are strands that resemble threads and carry hundreds or even thousands of genes, are found inside the majority of those cells. Physical characteristics like the color of your eyes are determined by genes.Learn more about chromosomes here:
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Compare the water cycle to other cycle you have learned about cience. How are they the ame? How are they different?
*
The hydrological cycle is a real-world occurrence. Transpiration is the process through which water from the air or the leaves of plants evaporates.
What does the company Cience do?Through multi-channel prospecting, CIENCE aids businesses in expanding. With predictable outcomes, we begin with highly reliable statistics (>200M Contact universe), than offer lead generation & outbound sales processes to establish qualified engagements with our clients' ideal customers.
Is a generation a lead?In order to improve future sales, the process of attracting potential consumers' interest is known as lead generation. A lead is a potential customer who has expressed interest in a firm's products or services yet may not yet be eligible to make a purchase.
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a man is heterozygous for the hemoglobin gene, with one normal allele and one sickle allele. what are the chances that one of his sperm cells will have the sickle allele for hemoglobin?
Any given child has a 50% chance of receiving one copy of the HbS gene, resulting in the sickle cell anemia trait.
Sickle cell anemia cannot be passed down from one parent to the next if only one possesses the trait. Each child has a 25% chance (or 1 in 4) of having sickle cell anemia if both parents have the trait. SCT is a condition that affects people who inherit one normal gene and one sickle cell gene. This means that although the person won't actually have the disease, they will be a "carrier" of the trait and may pass it on to their offspring.
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Summarize the phases of cellular respiration
The phases of cellular respiration is glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidation phosphorylation and electron transport chain
Cellular respiration takes place in the cell of the living organism
There are three phase of cellular respiration
Glycolysis : glycolysis is the splitting of sugar comes from the Greek word sweet and lysis means to split and glycolysis is a series of reaction that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two molecule of pyruvateKrebs cycle : also called as citric acid was discovered by Hans asolf Krebs in 1937 and it can be described as a metabolic pathway and that generated energy and this process happen in the mitochondrial matrix where pyruvate has been imported following glycolysisElectron transport chain : it is the stage involving the electron transport chain and the electron transport chain is the final stage in cellular respiration and it occur on the inner mitochondrial membrane and consist of several electron carrierKnow more about phases
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Which two particles pass through proteins that are part of the inner
membrane of a mitochondrion?
A. NADH molecules
B. Hydrogen ions
C. Glucose molecules
D. Electrons
The two particles that pass through proteins that are part of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion are electrons and hydrogen ions. The correct options are B and D.
What is mitochondria?Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles that produce the majority of the chemical energy required to power the cell's biochemical reactions.
The outer mitochondrial membrane, in contrast to the inner membrane, is permeable to small molecules. This is due to the presence of porin proteins, which form channels that allow free diffusion of molecules smaller than about 6000 daltons.
Hydrogen ions in the matrix space can only pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane via ATP synthase, a membrane protein. ADP is converted to ATP as protons pass through ATP synthase.
The process of producing ATP in mitochondria via chemiosmosis is known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Thus, B and D are correct options.
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Answer:
the answer is B and D
Explanation:
im taking the quiz as i type this
1. As time passes, the universe becomes
1 more organized
2 less organized
3 simpler
4 smaller
Answer:
more organized
Explanation:
it would be more organized because of new inventions
If the laci gene in the genetically engineered fluorescent strain were nonmutant but the laco sequence on the plasmid mutated to lacoc, how would the cells fluoresce in the presence of inducer? in the absence of inducer?.
The cell in the presence of an inducer would fluoresce in yellow and in absence of inducer it would not fluoresce.
When an inducer was present, the cell would glow yellow. Fluorescence doesn't exist without an inducer. The galaxy-wide enzyme galactosidase is responsible for lactose metabolism. This one encodes for the protein product that is also repressed, or which in the absence of lactose in the media and thus does not show fluorescence.
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g human blood flows from the aorta to the capillaries. the radius of an aorta is 12 mm, and a capillary average 4 micrometer. blood speed is 400 mm/s in the aorta, and 0.5 mm/s in a capillary. estimate how many billions of capillaries are in the body.
The body's estimated total number of billions of capillaries is seven, based on the equation of continuity is 7×[tex]10^{9}[/tex].
The blood's density is relatively constant from the aorta to the capillaries. The volume flow rate across all capillaries must be equal to the volume flow rate in the aorta according to the continuity equation.
The area of a sample capillary is multiplied by the overall number of capillaries N to get the total area of all of the capillaries.
Assume that A1 represents the aorta and that A2 represents all of the blood vessels.
Then A1 = N× π×r²
where r = 4 x [tex]10^{4}[/tex] cm is thought to be the capillary's average radius. We can infer from the continuity equation that
v2×A2 = v1×A1
v2×π×N×r²cap = v1×π×r²arota
When we substitute and solve for N in the equation, we obtain the value of N as 7×[tex]10^{9}[/tex].
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why do some plant species that are independent at low altitudes become interdependent at high altitudes
Although these advantages are not as important at low altitudes, the plants' benefits to one another enable them survive at high altitudes.
The extreme conditions of their environment, which include low temperatures, aridity, UV radiation, and a brief growing season, force high-altitude plants to adapt. High altitudes are inhospitable to tree growth due to the chilly temperatures and scarcity of precipitation. Low air density and atmospheric pressure at high altitude result in lower carbon dioxide levels and a slower transpiration rate, which are both necessary for plants to develop. The rate of photosynthesis and growth is slowed down by low carbon dioxide levels and slow transpiration in high altitude environment.
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Which phrase best describes reproduction?
Responses
allows the offspring's parents to expend less energy during mating and birthing
allows the offspring's parents to expend less energy during mating and birthing
can either be sexual or asexual
can either be sexual or asexual,
allows for the continuation of a species and creates variety in a population
allows for the continuation of a species and creates variety in a population,
produces an exact copy of the parent cell
Answer:
can either be sexual or asexual
where do somatic motor commands to skeletal muscles of the upper and lower appendages exit from the spinal cord?
The somatic motor commands to skeletal muscles of the upper and lower appendages exit from the spinal cord from ventral roots.
The motor root of a spinal nerve, which emerges from the anterior side of the cord and transmits motor information from the spinal cord to the rest of the body. The efferent motor root of a spinal nerve is known in anatomy and neurology as the ventral root of the spinal nerve, anterior root, or motor root. The ventral root and dorsal root combine at the spinal nerve's distal end to generate a mixed spinal nerve.
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alleles are: question 30 options: different versions of a particular gene. different types of deoxyribonucleic acid (dna). defective chromosomes that are missing a few key genes. chemicals or other environmental agents that are known to cause birth defects.
Answer:
Explanation:
alleles is one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location.
A bird that preys on moths is introduced to the habitat with moths and trees like the ones shown below.
A white moth and a black moth are shown.
What will most likely happen to the population of moths in this habitat?
Answer:They will minimize/the population will go down.
Explanation: The moths are used to not being eaten and a new bird that eats them as their main source of food is introduced, then the population will go down as they will be feasted upon
CASE STUDY Explain the relationship among homeostasis, defective mitochondria, and the symptoms caused by LHON.
The relationship among homeostasis, defective mitochondria and the symptoms caused by LHON is the following:
The power center of the cell, the mitochondria are also involved in homeostasis, the maintenance of a stable internal environment even in the face of variations in the external environment.
Mitochondrial diseases can be caused by inherited mutations in mitochondrial DNA or defects in the proteins responsible for regulating mitochondrial division, affecting the body's homeostasis.
Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is the first disease associated with a mutation in the mitochondrial genome, specifically it produces the specific degradation of neurons involved in sending information from the eye to the brain (RGC).
This disease is caused almost entirely by three mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
The first symptoms are blurred vision, with unilateral or bilateral onset, which over time affects and / or worsens in both eyes, with loss of visual acuity and color vision.
Vision loss is painless and is caused by degeneration of the optic nerve, specifically of the retinal ganglion cells (RGC).
Therefore, we can conclude that LHON is a disease associated with a mutation in the mitochondrial genome affecting the body's homeostasis.
sa11 and pdh223 confer erythromycin resistance on f. johnsoniae, but not on e. coli. how would the outcome of this experiment have been different if psa11 and pdh223 conferred erythromycin resistance on both f. johnsoniae and e. coli? explain
sa11 and pdh223 confer erythromycin resistance on f. johnsoniae, but not on e. coli found to be resistant to high levels of erythromycin
When pDH223 and pSA11 were introduced into F. Erythromycin resistance develops in Johnsoniae bacteria, but not in E. coli. The erythromycin resistance gene enables these altered cells to thrive when cultured on erythromycin-containing agar plates. On the erythromycin-containing nutritional medium in a petri plate, other cells that are not transformed by these two plasmids containing erythromycin resistance genes cannot grow. As a result, we are able to distinguish between transformed and untransformed cells. We will obtain erythromycin-resistant F-containing pure colonies of pDH223 and pSA11. cells from Johnsonia.
Both F. johnsoniae and E. coli may grow on nutritional medium containing erythromycin after receiving these two plasmids, pSA11 and pDH223, through the process ofof transformation. Both cells can grow and form colonies when sample one is placed on a petri dish with nutritional medium.
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In a family that carries an X-linked recessive trait, which outcome would be expected?
X linked recessive trait in this condition will have equal chances of expressions in the conditions.Option A is correct.
What is a X linked recessive trait ?X linked recessive trait means that the mutated gene is present on the X chromosome.
Thus, The mutated gene present on the X chromosome will have equal chances that is 50% in sons and 50% in daughters.
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fusion of an endocytic vesicle containing an enveloped virus with an endosome promotes uncoating because of
It’s because of the degradative enzymes and low pH inside the endosome.
What is an enveloped virus?
A virus which has an outer covering/envelope is considered an enveloped virus. This outer covering is formed during a process called budding off and the outer covering comes from the infected host cell. Newly created virus cells get enveloped in an outer coat, made of small piece of plasma membrane of cell during the budding process.
The vial genome is released inside host cell due to uncoating of the viral cell. During Uncoating, the capsid gets removed, thereby releasing the viral genome into host cells, after which gene replication and transcription takes place.
Hence, the uncoating of virus takes place due to degradative enzymes and low pH inside of the endosome.
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mining companies are required to re-vegetate lands that were strip mined after removal of the ore/ fuel. however, it was found that trees that were planted in these mined soils were unable to establish. this was because through the process of strip mining, all the top soil was removed and the soil was missing mycorrhizal fungi that live on and in the roots of the trees to help them obtain nutrients from degraded and nutrient-poor soils. the trees cannot survive without the mycorrhizal fungi, and the mycorrhizal fungi are dependent on trees for survival. the relationship between trees and mycorrhizal fungi can best be described as . pick the best answer.
The relationship between trees and mycorrhizal fungi can best be described to be a symbiotic relationship.
Symbiotic interactions between fungi & plants are known as mycorrhizae. A host plant's root system is colonized by fungi, which boost the plant's ability to absorb water as well as nutrients while giving the fungus access to the plant's carbohydrates produced while photosynthesis. Fungi and plant roots interact in symbiotic ways. In exchange for the trees' or shrubs' assistance, the fungus receives nutrients like carbon, sugars, and other elements from the roots. Mycorrhiza is the name for the symbiotic association between fungus and plant roots.
Mycorrhiza is a fungus's root system. To be more precise, mycorrhizae are fungi that coexist with the roots of several plants in a symbiotic manner. The fungi that create mycorrhizal connections with plants are found all over the earth.
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if the code of bases of dna is gaatcg, then the complementary translated rna code on the other side would be .
The complementary translated RNA code on the other side would be CUUAGC.
DNA is changed during transcription into m-RNA. The RNA polymerase enzyme is responsible for it. Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine are some of the nitrogenous bases that make up the DNA in a certain order. In m-RNA, guanine is paired with cytosine or vice-versa, adenine is paired with uracil, and thymine is paired with adenine on m-RNA transcript. This is because RNA can't have thymine on its strand. The nitrogenous base sequence on the DNA template determines the nitrogenous base sequence on the m-RNA. If the DNA base sequence is GAATCG, the transcript's base sequence will be CUUAGC.
RNA polymerases, which link nucleotides to create an RNA strand using a DNA strand as a template, carry out transcription. mRNA is therefore translated from DNA which binds amino acids by peptide bonds.
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In guinea pig, rough coat i dominant (R) to mooth coat (r) and black coat (B) i dominant to white coat (b). A rough black guinea pig bred with a rough white one produce 29 rough black offpring, 31 rough white offpring, 11 mooth black and 9 mooth white. Give the genotype of the parent, punette quare
RrBb (rough, black) and Rrbb (rough, white) are the genotypes of the parents guinea pigs.
The parent genotype cannot have RR alleles for their coat because the smooth coat phenotype is present in the offspring. Similar to this, the rough, black parent is unable to have BB alleles in its genotype because doing so will prevent its offspring from having a white coat color. This can be understood with the help of the punnet square given in the answer. Therefore, the probability for each phenotype would be as follows:
rough black- 3/8 rough white- 3/8 smooth black- 1/8 smooth white- 1/8A dihybrid cross is made up of two people who share two traits that are controlled by two different genes. The idea of a dihybrid cross was developed as a result of Gregor Mendel's observation of pea plants that were either round or wrinkled, yellow or green.
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2. what are the correct names for the bumps and fissures that make the cerebral cortex appear wrinkled?
Gyri are the correct name for the bumps and fissures that make the cerebral cortex appear wrinkled.
The cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain, is extremely unlevel and has a characteristic pattern of folds and grooves called sulci and gyri. The brain's lobes are split in humans by a variety of ridges and grooves. Gyri (bumps) and sulci (groves or fissures) are the terms for them. More cerebral cortex matter can fit inside the skull thanks to the folding of the brain and the accompanying gyri and sulci, which increase the surface area of the brain.
Gyri and sulci are the terms used to describe the folds and grooves in the brain. The folding of the cortex, the area of the brain in charge of higher cognitive functions including memory, language, and awareness results in the development of certain morphological characteristics.
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reduced bone and muscle mass and light- producing organs are adaptations most likely to be seen in fish living in the:
Reduced bone mass as well as muscle and light-producing organs are the most likely adaptations seen in fish living in the deep sea.
Deep-sea fish is a collective term for fish that live in the dark below the surface of sunlit waters, that is, below the epipelagic or photic zone in the oceans. By far the lantern fish are the most abundant deep-sea fish. Other marine fish include flashlightfish, cutting sharks, bristlemouth, anglerfish, viperfish, and several species of eelpout.
Organs that emit weak blue, yellow, or green light can be used to communicate. Lanternfish are very important to marine ecosystems, with whales, dolphins, and sharks too.
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a researcher is studying the effects of a new drug on the endomembrane system. she notices the golgi apparatus is not receiving any proteins and that it is not able to ship any proteins. what part of the endomembrane system was probably affected by this new drug?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is that part of the endomembrane system which is probably affected by this new drug
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in several metabolic activities. It produces steroids, phospholipids like those found in plasma membranes, and lipids. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is overproduced in cells that emit these substances, such as cells in the testes, ovaries, and skin oil glands.
Proteins obtained from the ER are further processed and sorted in the Golgi apparatus, or Golgi complex, where they are eventually transported to lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion. As was already mentioned, the Golgi apparatus also produces sphingomyelin and glycolipids.
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What is composed of cells that produce hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream?.
Endocrine glands are made up of cells that release hormones into the bloodstream.
Endocrine glands are also known as ductless glands as they release certain chemical substances called as hormones directly into the bloodstream in the body. These hormones in turn, act on certain specific target organs in order to produce a certain effect.
Endocrine glands vary in shape as well as size. The important ones are the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal or supra-renal glands, pineal gland, etc. Hormones act as chemical messengers in the body. A hormonal imbalance in the body may lead to health-related problems such as obesity, elevated blood pressure or hypertension, etc.
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the tissue layer between the muscularis mucosae and muscularis externa of the digestive tract is the .
The tissue layer between the muscularis mucosae and muscularis externa of the digestive tract is the myenteric plexus.
The innermost tunic of the wall is known as the mucosa, or mucous membrane layer. It lines the lumen of the digestive tract. The mucosa is made up of epithelium, a layer of lamina propria, a loose layer of connective tissue, and the muscularis mucosa, a thin layer of smooth muscle. In some places, the mucosa forms folds that increase its surface area. The mucosa's specific cells secrete hormones, digestive enzymes, and mucus. The mucosa is the route that other glands' ducts take to reach the lumen. The epithelium in the mouth and anus is stratified squamous tissue, which provides the necessary thickness for abrasion protection. For secretion and absorption, the stomach and intestines comprise a thin, simple columnar epithelial layer.
The submucosa, a thick layer of loose connective tissue, is present around the mucosa. This stratum also contains neurons, lymphatic vessels, and blood arteries. This layer might contain glands. An inner circular layer and an outside longitudinal layer make up the two layers of the smooth muscle that moves the digestive tract. The myenteric plexus divides the two muscular layers. Above the diaphragm, the adventitia—a connective tissue—makes up the outermost layer of the digestive tract. Serosa is the term for the area below the diaphragm.
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