Compare and contrast the genome organisation, infection strategies and diseases of a multipartite and monopartite virus.
Answer:
Multipartite viruses have one of the most puzzling genetic organizations found in living organisms. These viruses have several genome segments, each containing only a part of the genetic information, and each individually encapsidated into a separate virus particle. While countless studies on molecular and cellular mechanisms of the infection cycle of multipartite viruses are available, just as for other virus types, very seldom is their lifestyle questioned at the viral system level. Moreover, the rare available “system” studies are purely theoretical, and their predictions on the putative
benefit/cost balance of this peculiar genetic organization have not received experimental support. In light of ongoing progresses in general virology, we here challenge the current hypotheses explaining the evolutionary success of multipartite viruses and emphasize their shortcomings. We also discuss alternative ideas and research avenues to be explored in the future in order to solve the long-standing mystery of how viral systems composed of interdependent but physically separated information units can actually be functional.
The perusal of the literature presented above illustrates our current ignorance on the reasons explaining why multipartite viruses are so successful. The simple fact that they can be ssRNA, dsRNA, or ssDNA likely indicates that multi-encapsidation has evolved more than once, and yet we are unable to confirm any associated beneficial aspects. The proposed putative benefits are not yet convincing because of a lack of data, and because most also appear valid for segmented virus, thus not explaining multi-encapsidation. We believe further experimental work on the specifics of the biology of multipartite viruses is necessary to evaluate and challenge the existing hypotheses, and, even better, propose new ones perhaps more pertinent or unforeseen. A possibility that should not be ignored is that, because multipartitism most likely evolved independently several times, its evolution may have responded to distinct selection pressures: it is possible that the reasons that led to the evolution of multipartitism differ in different groups of viruses and that potential benefits that exist in one group do not exist in another. As concluding remarks, we outline a few research lines that could clarify or assign specific properties to multipartite viruses that we judge immediately critical.
Structural, physical, and biochemical properties of the virus particles depending on the contained segment(s) should be investigated in more detail. An important outreach of these studies (detailed in section 4) is that distinct properties of particles containing different segments may reflect an adaptive process involved in the temporal regulation of gene expression specific to multipartite viral systems. Although such variable particle properties were shown to be related to the RNA folding structure, they may also be important for multipartite ssDNA viruses in which secondary/tertiary folding structures of various segments appear to have unknown biological functions [97].
Also related to the regulation of gene expression, the discovery of the genome formula in populations of the nanovirus FBNSV [50] contributes to the consideration of a putative important role of gene copy number variations in the biology of viruses. Prominent questions are whether the genome formula is also controlled in other multipartite viruses, whether it actually regulates gene and phenotype expression, and whether it is an adaptive and evolvable trait. While arguments in favor of the adaptive regulation of gene copy number in multipartite viruses are discussed in section 3, a direct experimental demonstration is still lacking.
How are Human made? If you can Answer it your pretty smart wow you good at this
Answer:
sexual intercourse
Explanation:
yurr
Answer:
Human is made out of cells.
Explanation: Just facts
* I did not go into detail*
This responds to messages from the communication system and changes its level
of activity to help you maintain homeostasis?
Answer:
sensors, control center, communication system, target
Explanation:
50 points and brainliest'!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Reliability and probability in forensic tests are important. When you look at matching a paint chip to a specific car, you are working to increase the probability that the right car matching your paint chip evidence will be found. Reliability means you have practiced and applied the correct procedures and processes for all your evidence testing, and you know you can trust the results. Some forensic tests are more reliable than others, and the best type of test or tests to use will usually depend on the kind of evidence that is present. If all types of evidence were present at a crime scene, which type of test would you choose based on its reliability and probability of accuracy? Identify which test you would choose and provide a detailed argument as to why you feel it has a high level of reliability in comparison to other types of evidence. Your answer should be at least two paragraphs in length and should include solid arguments for your choice. There is no wrong choice, just be sure to provide a convincing argument.
Answer:
Explanation:
everything must match up inorder to find anyone accountiable
can someone help me with the worksheet below
P.S i am not in college im in 5th grade but i thought it wouldnt let me have an account if i was 11
Answer:
i think you can have an account starting from middle school, but ill gladly help.
1. tissues
2. skin
3. connective tissues
4. brain
5. organ
6. taste buds
7. epithelial tissues
8. organ systems
9. organism
10. nerve tissues
A student applies 55 N of force to a box on four types of surfaces. Each surface has a different value for Ffric-
On which surface is the student not able to move the box?
A. A
B. C
C. D
D. B
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The surface is the student not able to move the box is D.
What is force?Force is defined as an outside force that has the potential to alter how a body is moving or resting. A force is not something an object "has in it" or that it "contains." One thing experiences a force from another. The idea of a force encompasses both living and non-living things. The body can change its size, shape, and direction when force is applied. As we discovered in a previous session, forces are significant because they induce modifications to motion.
Net force is defined as all of the forces pulling on a thing combined. The net force, which is a single force, replaces the original forces' influence on the particle's motion. The top 5 words that are similar to "net force" in terms of this word similarity engine are resultant force, force, acceleration, physics, and rotation.
Thus, the surface is the student not able to move the box is D.
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Why can whales not breathe underwater?
Answer:
Whales are mammals and do not have gills, so they cannot take the dissolved oxygen that is in the water and turn in into a oxygen that they can breath.
Explanation:
Answer:
because they are mammals
Explanation:
the need to breath air into there lungs
What are some problems that can occur from an altered gene that makes hemoglobin? (Site 1)
Answer:
If mutations that produce hemoglobin S and beta thalassemia occur together, individuals have hemoglobin S-beta thalassemia (HbSBetaThal) disease. Abnormal versions of beta-globin can distort red blood cells into a sickle shape. The sickle-shaped red blood cells die prematurely, which can lead to anemia
Explanation:
Answer:
If mutations that produce hemoglobin S and beta thalassemia occur together, individuals have hemoglobin S-beta thalassemia (HbSBetaThal) disease. Abnormal versions of beta-globin can distort red blood cells into a sickle shape. The sickle-shaped red blood cells die prematurely, which can lead to anemia.
Explanation:
How did Dr. Steen Willadsen clone mammals?
A) He took an embryo and split it to produce identical twins.
B) He transplanted the nuclei of adult cells into donor egg cells.
C) He transplanted the nuclei of embryos into donor egg cells.
D) He transplanted the nuclei of adult cells into the cells of an embryo.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The adult is fully developed so the genetics could pass on
Captive-bred trout reduce the fitness of wild populations, Relative fitness Wild Captive Captive Wild Wild Captive What statement best summarizes the results?A) The gene flow between hatchery-reared and wild populations is leading to a decline in fitness of wild populations.B) The gene flow between hatchery-reared and wild populations is increasing the fitness of the wild populations.C) The gene flow between hatchery-reared and wild populations is neither helping nor hindering the fitness of the wild population.D) This data does not help us understand effects of gene flow on fitness.
Answer:
A) The gene flow between hatchery-reared and wild populations is leading to a decline in fitness of wild populations.
Explanation:
we have relative fitness at its greatest in trouts whose parents are wild x wild. crossing the wild with hatchery reared causes a decrease in the fitness of the troutgene flow is the exchange of genes between two different breeds. the wild is a greatly diverse breed and it is highly adaptive. while the hatchery reared is less adaptive.when these two breed less fit alleles will then be transferred to the wild
therefore option a answers the question
Which pair of factors affects the force of gravity between objects? direction and distance mass and distance mass and shape shape and time
Answer:
It's B
Explanation:
Mass and distance affects the force of gravity between objects.
Thus, option B is correct.
What is force of gravity?Force of gravity is defined as the force of attraction between any two objects in the universe.
The force of attraction depends upon the mass of the object and the square of the distance between them.
Mass is the total amount of matter contained by an object.More the matter of the object has, the more the mass.Weight of an object can be zero but mass of the object cannot be zero.
Distance is defined as the amount of space between two places or things. Measurement of distance are kilometer, inch, foot, yard.
Therefore,Mass and distance affects the force of gravity between objects.
Thus, option B is correct.
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A person filters 720 millimoles of K in a day and secretes 42 millimoles. She excretes 75 millimoles in her urine. How much is K is reabsorbed, in millimoles
Answer:
687millimoles
Explanation:
To calculate the amount of K reabsorbed in the kidney of an individual, we say:
Amount reabsorbed = Amount filtered + Amount secreted - Amount excreted
Based on the provided information,the respective amount of K is:
Amount filtered = 720 millimoles
Amount secreted = 42 millimoles
Amount excreted = 75 millimoles
Hence,
Amount reabsorbed = 720 + 42 - 75
Amount reabsorbed = 762 - 75
Amount of K reabsorbed = 687millimoles
America in the 1920s
If the Eighteenth Amendment made the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol illegal, what was the
Volstead Act for?
Choose 1 answer:
The Eighteenth Amendment empowered Congress to enforce the Amendment through legislation;
the Volstead Act enumerated the ways in which Prohibition would actually be carried out.
The Volstead Act protected select businesses who bought a liquor license before 1919. to
manufacture, sell and transport liquor.
The Volstead Act was the law that repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, making alcohol legal to
produce, sell, and transport once again.
Answer:
The Eighteenth Amendment empowered Congress to enforce the Amendment through legislation;
Explanation:
The Eighteenth Amendment empowered Congress to enforce the Amendment through legislation;
Answer:
The Eighteenth Amendment empowered Congress to enforce the Amendment through legislation; the Volstead Act enumerated the ways in which Prohibition would actually be carried out.
Explanation:
The Volstead Act banned the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.
Cobie is testing how the amount of fertilizer affects the height of plants. Which variable does NOT need to be controlled. *
Athe amount of fertilizer
Bthe type of plants used
Cthe amount of water each plant gets
Dthe location of the plants
Answer: D) the location of the plants
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
B
is it true that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells.
Answer:
Yes it is true
Explanation:
Cells are the basic unit of all organisms
What are the smallest blood vessels in the body called?
a. capillaries
b. venules
c. arterioles
d. alveoli
By the end of glycolysis, a molecule of glucose has been broken down into two molecules of _______________.
Question 5 options:
Pyruvate
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Lactic acid
Pyruvate will be the end result
A STRAND OF DNA IS 19% GUANINE. WHAT
PERCENTAGE IS CYTOSINE?
Answer:
28% cytosine
Explanation:Since cytosine and guanine are present in equal amounts, we can simply divide their sum by 2. 28% cytosine, and 28% guanine.
WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST
Consider the following discussion between two students about the cause of the seasons.
Student 1: I know that it's hotter in the summer and colder in the winter, so we must be
closer to the Sun in the summer than in the winter
Student 2: I disagree. Although the distance between Earth and the Sun does change
throughout the year, I don't believe that the seasons and changes in Earth's surface temperature
are caused by the distance between the Sun and Earth. If the seasons were due to the Sun-Earth
distance, then both hemispheres of Earth would have the same seasons at the same time.
Do you agree or disagree with either or both of the students? Explain your reasoning.
Student 2 discussion is true as distance between Earth and the Sun remain same, if the seasons changes were due to the Sun-Earth distance, then both hemispheres of Earth would have the same seasons at the same time.
What is hemisphere ?A hemisphere refers to half of the earth surface, that is divided into northern hemisphere or the southern hemisphere, the cutting of the sphere into two equal halves with one having flat side.
Geometrically the hemisphere is a 3D shape it is half of the sphere is flat and the other side is a circular bowl and it is formed when a sphere is cut at the exact center having two equal hemispheres.
A hemisphere has a surface area which is curved, no edges and no vertices, not a polyhedron, but it has one circular base and one curved surface.
The diameter of a hemisphere is a line type of segment that passes through the center and touches the two opposite pole , the radius of a hemisphere is from the center to a point on the curved surface of the hemisphere.
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Which of the following statements regarding plant and animal cells is incorrect?
Answer:
D.
Explanation:
Animal cells are in the animal kingdom while plant cells are in the plant kingdom.
Answer:
hi
Explanation:
this isn't an answer but i do pacyber too, and im in biolgy, world history, algebra 2, and english 10. amos gracie28444 lets help each other out
You have been studying the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D in mammalian cells. To look at the localization of the enzyme, you incorporate 32 P into the cells over a long period of time and collect fractions of the cell lysate corresponding to various organelles. Much to your surprise, you find cathepsin D was isolated in the ER fraction, and it contains 32 positive sugar side chains. However, when you pass this enzyme through an affinity chromatography column containing mannose-6-phosphate receptor conjugated to resin, the enzyme passes straight through. However, your cousin calls you up and tell you that she modified your cell line. She claims that she deleted your endogenous cathepsin D gene and transfected a plasmid containing a cathepsin D gene with a Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL) sequence on the C-terminus.a) Why is the lysosomal enzyme found in the ER fraction rather than in the lysosomal fraction?b) Explain why the modified enzyme does not bind to the mannose-6-phosphate receptor.
Answer:
Explanation:
1.
Cathepsin is involved in programmed cell death, it is a lysosomal enzyme and the reason it is found in the ER fraction instead of the lysosomal fraction is because of its c terminal KDEL sequence. this sequence ia a retrieval for protein and causes a backward movement of protein back to endoplasmic reticulum. that is why cathepsin seems to have localised in ER instead of the lysosomal fraction
2 It does not bind to mannose-6-phosohate receptor because this glycosylation process does not occur in the E.R but in Golgi bodies. because of the KDEL sequence this glycosylation of cathepsin would not occur and cathepsin would go through affinity column without any form of binding to receptor.If cathepsin can get to the Golgi then glycolysation with Mannose6phospate can occur.
Energy for active transport comes from a cell’s _____________________? a. Golgi complex b. Nucleus c. Mitochondria d. Lysosomes
Energy for active transport comes from a cell’s Mitochondria. Thus, the correct option for this question is C.
What is Active transport?Active transport may be defined as a type of transport that occurs against the concentration gradient. This type of transport is generally mediated by carrier proteins. Metabolic energy is utilized in order to migrate ions or molecules against a concentration gradient.
This energy for facilitating the process of active transport is derived from mitochondria. This is because it is considered the powerhouse of the cell. The energy required for each metabolic event is provided by this cell organelle. This energy is generated by the process of cellular respiration.
Therefore, energy for active transport comes from a cell’s Mitochondria. Thus, the correct option for this question is C.
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What would the growth rate be if a population had a death rate
of 40 and a birth rate of 20?
SELECT AN ANSWER
20
10
2
-20
-10
-2
Answer:
-20
Explanation:
to to find the growth rate of a population you subtract the death rate from the birth rate.
What is the main component of red blood cells that carries oxygen?
a. carbon dioxide
b. hemoglobin
c. water
d. salt
Answer: Your answer is B. Hemoglobin
Explanation: Red blood cells are capable of creating a rather unique protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to the lungs, and carbon dioxide out of the lungs!
Hope this helps, if not, comment down below!!!
When the cell divides from from 1 to 2 and 2
to 4 and 4 to 8 and so on, what process is
this?
The process you asked about in your question is called Cell Division
Answer:
Mitosis.
Explanation:
HELPPP ASAP! TIMED! 10 MINUTES LEFTT! How is cold front formation different from stationary front formation?
A.Stationary fronts form between warm and cold air masses, while cold fronts form when a cold air mass advances
against a warm air mass.
B.Cold fronts form between two air masses that barely move, while stationary fronts form when a warm air mass is
trapped between two cold air masses.
C.Cold fronts form when a warm air mass moves over a cold air mass, while stationary air fronts form when a cold
air mass moves over a warm air mass.
D.Stationary fronts form when a warm air mass is trapped between two cold air masses, while cold fronts form when
a warm air mass moves over a cold air mass.
Answer: Stationary fronts form between warm and cold air masses, while cold fronts form when a cold air mass advances against a warm air mass. Cold fronts form between two air masses that barely move, while stationary fronts form when a warm air mass is trapped between two cold air masses.
Explanation:
A series of two-point crosses were carried out among seven loci (a, b, c, d, e, f, and g), producing the following recombination frequencies. Map the seven loci, showing their linkage groups, the order of the loci in each linkage group, and distances between the loci of each linkage group.
Loci % Recombination Loci % Recombination
a - b 50 c - d 50
a - c 50 c - e 26
a - d 12 c - f 50
a - e 50 c - g 50
a - f 50 d - e 50
a - g 4 d - f 50
b - c 10 d - g 8
b - d 50 e - f 50
b - e 18 e - g 50
b - f 50 f - g 50
b - g 50
Answer
a------------------g-----------------d // c -----------------b---------------- e // f
-------4MU------ ------8 MU ----50 MU--- -----10 MU--- -----18------- --50MU--
-----------------12 MU-------------------
-----------26 MU----------------
Explanation:
Due to technical problems, you will find the complete explanation in the attached file
Match the following groups with the correct description
a. Euglenozoans
b. Diatoms
c. Brown algae
d. Apicomplexans
e. Green algae
1. exists as a large plasmodium and sporulates when conditions dry up.
2. are key primary producers. Have silica skeletons and produce oil to maintain buoyancy.
3. no cell wall, but pellicle. Some free living, others are parasites.
4. exhibits alternation of generations and produces both motile zoospores and sperm.
5. May be unicellular or colonial. Photoautotrophic and biflagellated
6. No cell wall, but have alveoli and a complex life cycle. Some are pathogens of humans.
Answer:
a- 3
b- 2
c- 4
d- 6
e- 5
Explanation:
A) Euglenozoans are eukaryotic organisms that belong to the Kingdom Protista. They are either free-living or parasitic in nature. They have no cell wall in their structure but instead possess a pellicle.
B) Diatoms are photosynthetic algae that belong to the division-Bacillariophyta. The ability to photosynthesize makes them a primary producer in an ecosystem. Their cell wall is made up of silica, which is unique to their group of algae. They also produce oils to maintain buoyancy.
C) Brown algae belong to the division- Phaeophyta. They exhibit alternation of generations in their life cycle where they produce both motile zoospores and sperm.
D) Apicomplexans are organisms such as plasmodium etc that belong to the phylum- Apicomplexa. Most of them are pathogenic, with some affecting humans. They lack cell wall but have a flat vesicle called ALVEOLI.
E) Green algae belong to the division Chlorophyta. They are photosynthetic organisms and exists as unicellular or colonial organisms. They have flagellated for locomotion.
which organ produces male gametophytes in flowers?
Answer:
anther.
Explanation:
the the microsporangia, which are usually bi- lobed, are pollen sacs in which the microspores develop into pollen grains. these are found in the anther, which is at the end of the stamen- the long filament that supports the anther.
CLAIM
Our claim from this prompt is The brown substance is
because
and
You need to fill in the three blank lines above completing the
sentence.
Explanation:
you didn't list the sentences?? or the 3 blanks completing sentances????