Why is the citric acid cycle a cyclic pathway rather than a linear pathway?
In the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, one carbon atom is released as CO2. However, the oxidation of the remaining two carbon atoms—in acetate—to CO2 requires a complex, eight-step pathway—the citric acid cycle. Consider four possible explanations for why the last two carbons in acetate are converted to CO2 in a complex cyclic pathway rather than through a simple, linear reaction.
Use your knowledge of the first three stages of cellular respiration to determine which explanation is correct.

Answers

Answer 1

The given question is incomplete as the four possible explanations or options are not provided, however, the correct options are as follows:

A) More ATP is produced per CO2 released in cyclic processes than in linear processes.

B) It is easier to remove electrons and produce CO2 from compounds with three or more carbon atoms than from a two-carbon compound such as acetyl CoA.

C) Redox reactions that simultaneously produce CO2 and NADH occur only in cyclic processes.

D) Cyclic processes, such as the citric acid cycle, require a different mechanism of ATP synthesis than linear processes, such as glycolysis.

Answer:

The correct answer would be - option B

Explanation:

Circular pathways or the cycles are able to carry out two or more than two entry and exit points for the substrate enzyme and products, So it is well suited for amphibolic reactions.

In a linear pathway, one reaction with particular substrate or reactants  and result in products through the pathway completes the pathway, and the second reaction would be an independent event.

In citric acid cycle It is easier to eliminate electrons and gain carbon dioxide from compounds with 3 carbon or more carbon atoms than from a two-carbon compound such as acetyl CoA. pyruvate is 3 C compound while acetyl CoA is two carbon.

Thus, the correct answer is - option B


Related Questions

How are vertebrates different from invertebrates?

Answers

Answer:

Vertebrates are those that have backbones or vertebral column, and invertebrates are those that do not have backbones or vertebral column.

Answer:

Vertebrates are those that have backbones or vertebral column and they dont

Explanation:

Valves in veins are formed of the tunica media. cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction. are found only in the largest veins. make the use of a skeletal muscle pump unnecessary for venous blood flow. are the leading cause of high blood pressure.

Answers

Answer:

they get larger.

Explanation:

Identify the parts of the female reproductive system by labeling the diagram.

Answers

1. Fallopian tube.

2. uterus

3. Fimbriae

4. ovary

5. cervix

6. vagina

hope this answer correct :)

What happens when organisms populate a new area and are isolated geographically from other populations of the same species?

Answers

Answer:

The geographically isolated population will acquire genetic differences that eventually will lead to its speciation

Explanation:

Geographic isolation is a biological process produced by the physical separation between organisms of the same species, which may be caused by different types of geographical barriers such as, among others, mountains, earthquakes, rivers, etc. Geographic Isolation produces genetic differences between the separated groups. Over time, these genetic differences will lead to the reproductive isolation of the new population, thereby leading to the formation of a new species in the course of evolution, in a mechanism referred to as speciation.

Fill in the blanks below with apropriate words:
a. Mentalis
b. Masseter
c. Frontalis
d. Sternocleidomastoid
e. Stylohyoid
f. Zygomaticus major
g. Digastric
h. Orbicularis oris
i. Hyoglossus
1. ____________elevates and protrudes lower lip.
2. _____________is a major chewing muscle.
3. _____________ raises the eyebrows. Sternohyoid .
4. _____________originates on the sternum and clavicle.
5. _____________one of the smiling muscles.
6. _____________consists of two bellies.
7. _____________depresses the tongue.

Answers

Answer:

1. Mentalis

2.Masseter

3. Frontalis

4. Sternocleidomastoid

5. Zygomaticus major

6. Digastric

7. Hyoglossus

Explanation:

1. Mentalis is a muscle which elevates and protrudes lower lip.

2. Masseter is a major chewing muscle. It is essential for mastication of substances in the mouth.

3. Frontalis raises the eyebrows.

4. Sternocleidomastoid originates on the sternum and clavicle.

5. Zygomaticus major is known as one of the smiling muscles. It is responsible for smiling and facial expressions.

6. Digastric consists of two bellies which are muscle masses and it is found between the jaw and skull.

7. Hyoglossus originates from the hyoid bone and it depresses the tongue.

Mutations in a gene occur at a rate of one nucleotide every 10 million years. The gene sequence differs by 6 nucleotides between two related organisms. How long ago did these organisms split from a common ancestor

Answers

Answer:

Total time split from a common ancestor = 30 million

Explanation:

Given:

Number of nucleotide = 6

Number of organism = 2

Rate one nucleotide = 10 million year

Computation:

Total time split from a common ancestor = [Rate one nucleotide / Number of organism]Number of nucleotide

Total time split from a common ancestor = [10 million / 2] 6

Total time split from a common ancestor = [5 million] 6

Total time split from a common ancestor = 30 million

Some flowers are pollinated by wind or water. How do you think the petals of these flowers will be different from the petals on flowers pollinated by animals? How does cross pollination differ from self pollination?

Answers

for self pollination, pollen grains are transferred to the stigma of another plant on the same species while on cross pollination is transferred to the stigma of another plant on a different species of plant.

Which is one common property of inorganic substances They are solid at room temperature They are poor conductors of electricity They contain carbon They burn readily

Answers

Answer:

They are solid at room temperature

Explanation:

Hope it helps.

Answer:

Answer A

Explanation:

Drag each tile to the correct box. Arrange the steps in the correct order to describe how a reflex occurs. A receptor detects a signal. A sensory neuron sends a signal to the spinal cord. A bone moves. A relay neuron sends a signal to a motor neuron. A muscle receives a signal to contract. ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

Answers

The reflex arc is the sequence of events since a stimulus reaches the body, until the body reacts to it. The correct order is a, b, d, e, c.

What is the reflex arc?

The reflex arc refers to the sequence of events since the body receives an external stimulus until it reacts to it.

In general terms,

A stimulus of varying nature reaches the body. The peripheric nervous system -PNS- receives the stimulus and sends this information to the central nervous system -CNS-. The CNS processes the information and sends another signal as a response to the stimulus.

This mechanism is known as the reflex arc.

Five elements compose the reflex arc, which are receptors, three types of neurons, and effectors.

There are three types of neurons involved in the mechanism:

Afferent or sensorial neurons

Interneurons

Efferent or motor neurons

Action:

Ascending branch

1) The stimulus reaches the body and is received by the specialized sensory receptors.

2) Information is received by these receptors and converted from stimuli energy (temperature, pressure, light, etc.) to action potential energy.

3) Afferent neurons, placed in the dermis and epidermis, receive information from receptors, react and send the information to the central nervous system as nerve impulses.

Descending branch

4) Once the information reaches the central nervous system, it is processed by the interneurons that analyze it before sending a response.

5) Interneurons manage many sensorial signals, evaluate and compare them, and send a motor response.

6) Efferent neurons receive information from the interneurons and are stimulated to carry these new signals from the central nervous system to the cells of the effector organs. The effector organ can be a muscle or a gland.

7) Finally, the target tissue responds to the stimulus as a contraction, if it is a muscle, or as hormones release if it is a gland.

In the exposed example, the corrcet order is

a-  A receptor detects a signal.

b- A sensory neuron sends a signal to the spinal cord.

d- A relay neuron sends a signal to a motor neuron.

e- A muscle receives a signal to contract.

c- A bone moves.

You can learn more about the reflex arc at

https://brainly.com/question/894334

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why Reproduction is necessary for the survival of a species on this earth?

Answers

Answer:

Reproduction is vital to the success of a species. For a species to survive it must be able to produce more offspring than it loses though old age, disease, and predation.

Explanation:

Living things can reproduce in different ways – asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.

Hope it helps.

Reproduction is vital to the success of a species. For a species to survive it must be able to produce more offspring than it loses though old age, disease, and predation. Living things can reproduce in different ways – asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

I will give the brainliest answer to someone who tells me what friction is​

Answers

Answer:

friction is the force which comes against our force when we push a object

What is the correct chronological order of important evolutionary events? Group of answer choices Evolution of bipedalism; regular use of stone tools; enlargement of brain to around 1,450 cc; increase in enamel thickness.

Answers

Answer:

evolution of bidepadlism,

increase in enamel thickness,

regular use of stone tools, enlargement of brain to around 1,450 cc

Explanation:

please help me with this question, its overdue.

In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information

clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

The diagram shows part of the carbon cycle. (sorry I cant add it but it includes carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, green plants, animals and microorganisms)



Describe how living things are involved in the constant cycling of carbon.​

Answers

Answer:Most living things breathe out carbon dioxide(Co2)

Explanation:

Most living organisms need oxygen to survive(Animals and microorganisms).They therefore breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide save for green plants which give out oxygen and take in carbon dioxide.

Animals and plants exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide and vice verca

Hereby involving living things in the constant cycling of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

What's an electrochemical gradient?

Answers

The electrochemical gradient is the charge of an ion that is unevenly distributed across a membrane. For example potassium.

The last few miles of the marathon are the most difficult for Heather. Her hair is plastered to her head, sweat clings to her arms, and her legs feel as if they had nothing left. Heather grabs a cup of ice water. The ice cubes smash against her nose as she gulps some cool refreshment and keeps on running. Then a breeze kicks up and she finally feels some coolness against her skin. Drops of sweat, once clinging to her forehead, now spill down, and Heather feels a stinging as the sweat flows into her eyes.Sweat on Heather’s forehead and arms formed drops because of the ______.

Answers

Answer:

heat.

Explanation:

Answer:

Hello! I am sorry I am late.

The answer is heat.

Explanation:

Hope this answer helped you. Have a great day or night! Good luck on your work!

<3 <3 <3

how does an Amoeba obtain its food​

Answers

Answer:

through the process of endocytosis or phagocytosis,

Answer:

Amoeba Obtain Its Food By

Amoeba envelops its food through the process of endocytosis or phagocytosis, where pseudopodia is created by flexibility of the plasma membrane. ... Amoeba takes in food using temporary finger-like extensions of the cell surface which fuse over the food particle forming a food-vacuole

Explanation:

Good luck ..... Brainliest please

which following pairs of body functions are normally involuntary actions but can be controlled voluntary for a short periods of time

Answers

Explanation:

Medulla oblongata controls consciousness and arousal (the reticular formation) and its three vital reflex centers control the blood vessels diameter, heartbeat and breathing rate (the involuntary actions). This makes option D correct. The lower part of brain stem forms the hind brain which comprises of medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum. This makes option C incorrect as medulla is not part of forebrain. Cerebellum is the convoluted subdivision of brain stem and is associated with coordination of muscular movement, muscle tone and balance i.e. the voluntary actions. Option B is incorrect. Spinal cord, along with brain, forms central nervous system which serves to integrate the sensory inputs from internal and external environment as received by sensory neurons and process and finally transmit the nerve impulses to effectors (muscles and glands). This makes option A incorrect.

When taking a person's blood pressure, after proper inflation of the cuff, the first pulse sound that is heard through the stethoscope indicates that blood is flowing through the artery past the cuff. The reading on the pressure gauge at this point represents:_________.

Answers

Answer:

Diastolic pressure

Explanation:

The reading on the pressure gauge at this point represents the Diastolic pressure. In a medical context, this is the pressure of the blood in the arteries when the heart is filling. In the numerical readings, this is represented by the lower end of the two blood pressure measurements. For example, if the individual's blood pressure is taken and the measurement of 120/80 is taken, then 80 is the diastolic pressure in this scenario.

Which of the following is true about Peptidoglycan? A. Makes up the cell wall of prokaryotes. B. Folded part of the cell membrane. C. Contains genetic information. D. Fluid that fills the cell.

Answers

Answer:

answer is a

Explanation:

a

The following is true about Peptidoglycan - A. Makes up the cell wall of prokaryotes

Peptidoglycan

is a rigid envelope surrounding the cytoplasmic membrane of most bacterial species. It helps protect bacterial cells from environmental stress and helps preserve cell morphology throughout their life cycle

The major component of the bacterial cell wall is peptidoglycan or murein.gives the cell shape and surrounds the cytoplasmic membranemade from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by unusual peptides containing D-amino acids.

Thus, The following is true about Peptidoglycan - A. Makes up the cell wall of prokaryotes

Learn more:

https://brainly.com/question/8670727

The tail portion of an individual phospholipid molecule: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. is hydrophobic and nonpolar. is hydrophilic and nonpolar. is hydrophobic and polar. is hydrophilic and polar. contains bonds with unequal sharing of electrons.

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is - hydrophobic and nonpolar.

Explanation:

Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules which means they show the both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties. This property is due to the fact that they have a phosphate head that is hydrophilic, and polar while there are also two hydrophobic nonpolar fatty acid tails.

The fatty acid chains have a cis double bond and are the uncharged, nonpolar tails, which are hydrophobic.

Thus, the correct answer is - hydrophobic and nonpolar.

Which substance is used as an oxidizing agent in the chemical industries? Write its chemical name and formula.

Answers

Answer:

Hydrogen Peroxide is usually used as an oxidizing agent in the industries.

Chemical Name: Hydrogen Peroxide

Formula : [tex]H_{2}O_{2}[/tex]

Answer:

[tex]\boxed{\mathrm{H_2O_2}}[/tex]

Explanation:

Hydrogen peroxide is used as an oxidizing agent in the chemical industries.

The chemical name is Hydrogen peroxide.

Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula [tex]\mathrm{H_2O_2}[/tex].

Q. 35 One treatment for high blood pressure is taking diuretics that prevent the kidney collecting ducts from reabsorbing water. How would diuretics reduce blood pressure? By increasing blood volume By decreasing blood volume By increasing heart rate By decreasing heart rate

Answers

The diuretics will increase the volume of urine. That means more water is taken from the blood and excreted. According to Boyle's law, the volume is proportional to the pressure(p1v1=p2v2). It means that if we decrease the volume of blood we also decrease the pressure.

That means second option

In which series are the stages of interphase in the correct order? A) G1 phase, G2 phase, S phase B) G2 phase, G1 phase, S phase C) G0 phase, S phase, G2 phase D) G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase

Answers

Answer:

D) G1, S phase, G2 phase

Which of the following is true? Seminal fluid is composed of semen and sperm. Sperm are composed of seminal fluid within a cell membrane. The three ingredients of ejaculate are sperm, semen, and prostate-specific antigen. Semen is composed of seminal fluid and sperm.

Answers

Answer:

The correct option is D: "Semen is composed of seminal fluid and sperm"

Explanation:

The semen is ejaculated from the male reproductive organ. It contains sperm cells and seminal fluid. The seminal fluid provides the energy source (fructose sugar) for the sperm to be able to swim towards the female's egg in order to fertilize it.

enlist the sources of nitrogen fertilizer​

Answers

Answer: hope this helps....

Explanation: organic sources of nitrogen include alfalfa meal, which supplies 2 percent to 3 percent nitrogen and lasts approximately one-third of the year. Dairy and poultry manure also can release suitable amounts of nitrogen fresh or composted manure can also be from an acceptable organic source such as small independent farms.

Answer:

nitrogen is the main source of  fertilization to plants

Explanation:

the main and big source of nitrogen fertilizers are atmospheric nitrogen which has to be converted into nitrates because plants cannot pick up the atmospheric nitrogen directly but now genetic engineering has produced plants that can fix nitrogen directly from environment its main source is nitrogen cycle

Which of the following is connective tissue?

Answers

I don’t see a picture but The major types of connective tissue include bone, adipose, blood, and cartilage. Connective tissue is responsible for binding and support of other tissue. Any tissues can essentially be broken down into epithelium (or endothelium),muscle tissue, neural tissue, or connective tissue.

While synthesizing a new blue pigment, a chemist notices that the new compound accumulates between an aqueous (water) environment and a hydrophobic environment. When added to a mixture of oil and water, the pigment creates a blue ring around the droplets of oil. Which of the following statements best describes this new pigment?
A. The pigment is amphipathic, having polar and nonpolar regions.
B. The pigment is probably hydrophobic and is attempting to bond with the oil.
C. The pigment is hydrophilic and will not form hydrophobic bonds with the oil.
D. The pigment is a polar molecule and is forming hydrogen bonds with both the water and oil molecules.
E. The pigment is neither polar or nonpolar, but is apolar.

Answers

Answer: C

Explanation:

Does not build hydrophobic bonds with oil because it is hydrophilic.

Hope it helps :)

Tara has two dogs. They win many of the agility competitions they enter. These competitions test a dog's ability to
run, jump, maneuver around and through obstacles, and follow complex instructions. These two dogs have a litter of
puppies together.
Which description most correctly describes these puppies?
The puppies are guaranteed to win agility competitions.
O With training, the puppies are likely to excel at agility competitions.
O The puppies will be born with the ability to complete agility competitions.
O Without training, the puppies are no more likely to succeed at agility competitions than any other dog.
Mark this and return
Save and Exit
Next
Submit

Answers

Answer: Y'all its b

Explanation:

Answer:

B)

choose b edg20

Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely Group of answer choices

Answers

Answer:

the cell is most likely a plant cell in cytokinesis

Explanation:

Cytokinesis simply means the division of the cytoplasm. It happens after the telophase stage of the cell division and leads to the formation of two distinct cells.

Cytokinesis in animal cells involves the constriction of the plasma membrane from the equator of the cell outward until two distinct cells result. The process starts from the anaphase and continues through the telophase stage of the cell division.

Due to the presence of cell walls in plant cells, cytokinesis does not just involve the constriction of the plasma membrane but the formation of cell plates at the equator of the cell. The cell plate fuses with the plasma membrane, eventually dividing the cell into two with the formation of cell walls between the two membranes of the cell plate.

The cell is most likely a plant cell undergoing cytokinesis.

CYTOKINESIS:

Cytokinesis is the process whereby the cytoplasm divides into two halves. Cytokinesis proceeds nuclear or mitotic division.

Cytokinesis occurs in both plant and animal cells with similar result, however, they occur differently.

In plant cells, a cell plate forms in between the cell, which serves as the point of division into two cells. However, in animal cells, a cleavage furrow is rather formed.

Therefore, the cell observed to be forming cell plate is most likely a plant cell undergoing cytokinesis.

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Even after Timon read "Psychedelics for Dummies," he was unable to produce LSD in the lab. He decided he would have to find a hallucinogen naturally. Therefore, he should look for which naturally occurring hallucinogen?

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is - Psilocybin , Mescaline  and LSD

Explanation:

Hallucinogens are various drugs or medications that change an individual's awareness with their environmental factors just as their own contemplations and emotions.  

A hallucinogen is a psychoactive medication or drug that regularly or normally causes hallucination, perceptual peculiarities, and other significant subject changes in thought, feeling, and cognizance that are not ordinarily experienced to such degrees with different classes of medications. these could be synthetic or naturally occurring. The natural occurring hallucinogens are Psilocybin , Mescaline  and LSD  and other

Thus, the correct answer is - Psilocybin , Mescaline  and LSD

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