lobal sea level during the mid-cretaceous was over 200 m higher than today, reducing the total land size and increasing the rate of extinction of land-animal species. what caused this increase in the sea level?

Error theory states that mistakes happen at the transcription during protein synthesis from DNA.

A specific kind of data entry error known as a transcription error is typically committed by either human operators or optical character recognition (OCR) programs. Typographical errors are frequently the cause of human transcription errors; The simplest way to commit this error while touch typing is to position one's fingers incorrectly. When the scan of some printed material is compromised or written in an unusual font, electronic transcription errors occur. For instance, if the paper is crumpled or the ink is smudged, the OCR may read transcription errors.

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It is true that sequences of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) molecules can be used for various types of comparisons, such as phylogenetic analysis, identification of microbial species, and detection of genetic variation within populations.

Sequences of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) molecules can be used for a variety of purposes in molecular biology and microbiology. One of the most common uses is phylogenetic analysis, which involves comparing the SSU rRNA sequences of different organisms to infer evolutionary relationships among them. This can be used to classify organisms into different taxonomic groups, such as species, genera, or families. Additionally, SSU rRNA sequences can be used for identification of microbial species, by comparing the sequences to known reference sequences. They can also be used for detection of genetic variation within populations, such as for studying the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Furthermore, SSU rRNA sequences can be used in combination with other molecular markers, such as whole-genome sequencing, to enhance the resolution and accuracy of the comparisons.

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The amino acid sequence of a protein determines its 3D structure. Folding of proteins into their correct native structure is key to their function.

Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

These proteins provide structure and support for cells. On a larger scale, they also allow the body to move. These proteins bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells and throughout the body.

Protein has many roles in your body. It helps repair and build your body's tissues, allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions.

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The upper and lower teeth are embedded in alveolar processes. The correct answer is D.

The structure that secures the roots of your teeth is known as the alveolar process, commonly referred to as the alveolar bone. For both your top and bottom rows of teeth, you have a thick bone alveolar process.

The area directly above your top row of teeth and beneath your bottom row. The bottom process is situated directly over your jawbone, whereas the top process is more precisely situated beneath your maxillary sinus.

The arrangement of your teeth and the performance of your periodontal ligament depend on the alveolar process, which joins your teeth to your jawbone (PDL). Due to its special ability, the alveolar process can tolerate the forces that chewing places on your mouth.

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These Plants eventually produce fossil fuels like coal.

The Cretaceous is the final part of the Mesozoic Era, lasting from 145.5 million years ago to 65.5 million years ago, and is characterized by the demise of the dinosaurs (except birds). The supercontinent Pangea was already rifting apart at the start of the Cretaceous, and by the middle of the period, it had fragmented into several smaller continents. As a result, the two new land masses experienced a significant geographic isolation that led to a divergence in the development of all land-based species. Along with the huge new beaches, the rifting apart also increased the amount of near-shore habitat that was accessible. In addition, as the world's climate cooled, the seasons became more distinct. By the end of the Cretaceous period, oaks, hickories, and magnolias had become widespread in North America, and forests had evolved to resemble modern forests.

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The plants buried during the Cretaceous period and slowly decomposed get transformed into fossil fuels like coal.

The Cretaceous period in early geologic time was known to exist for about 66 million years and is one of the three periods of the mesozoic era.

With the evolution of time and history the mostly expected form to come out from the buried plant remains of eastern Montana is of the fossils and mainly coal.

Due to the presence of the swampy area in the region of eastern Montana peat is the form of coal to be mined out from this region of search.

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Norman Borlaug's primary contribution to high-yield agriculture identifies  the development of high-yield hybrid grain.

Who is Norman Borlaug?

Norman Borlaug was an American agronomist and humanitarian who is known as the “Father of the Green Revolution” that enabled the world to produce enough food to feed its rapidly growing population. He is credited with saving over a billion people from starvation through his advancements in agricultural technology and crop breeding. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his work. He also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. He was a professor at Texas A&M University for many years and founded the World Food Prize in 1986.  He developed high-yield, disease-resistant varieties of wheat, which he then helped to distribute around the world, saving millions of lives from starvation. His work also laid the groundwork for future agricultural advances, such as genetically modified crops.

Norman Borlaug is credited with developing high-yield hybrid grain, which is credited with saving millions of lives in regions facing food shortages. He is also known as the "Father of the Green Revolution" for his work in this field.

Therefore, the development of high-yield hybrid grain is the correct answer.

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The correct amino acid chain produced from the DNA template strand is Arginine - Leucine - Proline - Asparagine - Lysine - Arginine.

All amino acids have unique components, configurations and structures as this allows them to have various types of functions.

Proteins are made up of substances called amino acids. Proteins and amino acids are the components of life. Amino acids are the byproducts of the digestion or breakdown of proteins.

Nonessential means that our bodies can produce the amino acid, even if we do not get it from the food we eat. Nonessential amino acids include alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid.

Therefore, The correct amino acid chain produced from the DNA template strand is Arginine - Leucine - Proline - Asparagine - Lysine - Arginine.

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Homologous chromosomes are randomly distributed to daughter cells during cell division during meiosis, and different chromosomes segregate apart from one another. The term for this is independent assortment.

It produces gametes with distinctive chromosomal arrangements. Genes or alleles that sort into newly produced gametes independently of one another are referred to as independent assortment. The autonomous division of chromosomes into distinct gametes and cells  leads to this independent assortment. Be aware that during crossing over, the order of the genes on each chromosome is altered. Genetic variety is influenced by meiosis, which involves autonomous assembly of homologous chromosomes and chromosomal crossover. A kind of cell division called meiosis results in fewer chromosomes in the parent cell.

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Homologous chromosomes are randomly distributed to daughter cells during cell division during meiosis, and different chromosomes segregate apart from one another. The term for this is independent assortment.

It produces gametes with distinctive chromosomal arrangements. Genes or alleles that sort into newly produced gametes independently of one another are referred to as independent assortment. The autonomous division of chromosomes into distinct gametes and cells  leads to this independent assortment. Be aware that during crossing over, the order of the genes on each chromosome is altered. Genetic variety is influenced by meiosis, which involves autonomous assembly of homologous chromosomes and chromosomal crossover. A kind of cell division called meiosis results in fewer chromosomes in the parent cell.

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Louis Pasteur responded to the claim of not enough air present to support life by conducting the "swan-neck flask experiments."

In these tests, Pasteur put nutritious broth into flasks and then bent the necks into a "S" shape. Despite allowing air into the flask, this design kept microbes out of the broth because the bend in the neck trapped any airborne particles. He then boiled the broth to sterilize it and demonstrated that, as long as the flask's neck remained intact, no bacteria could grow in the broth even when it was exposed to the air.

This experiment demonstrated that microorganisms were present in the air and that they needed to enter the sealed flasks in order for spontaneous generation/life to occur, disproving the theory that the absence of air was to blame.

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Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of Spontaneous Generation, by adding air as control agent in Swan Neck Flask Experiment.

Pasteur used a flask with a long, curved tube called a swan-necked flask heated broth while trapping dust containing bacterial spores in the curved neck of the tube. The swan neck prevent the entry of microorganisms to the broth present in the flask no growth was observed. The swan neck was finally broken and this allowed the entry of air from outside and soon growth of microorganisms were observed inside the broth. Louis Pasteur proved spontaneous generation theory wrong and put forth the theory of biogenesis. Biogenesis says a life will originate only from Living matter.

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Kingdom is a significant classification category. Examples include the animal, plant, and fungus.

Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Prokaryotes, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Protists, Kingdom Animalia, Viruses, Viroids, and Lichens make up the biological classification. Early in the 20th century, the two kingdoms were enlarged into five kingdoms: Protista (single-celled eukaryotes); Fungi (fungi and related organisms); Plantae (plants); Animalia (animals); and Monera. This was done because it became very difficult to categorise some living things into one another (the prokaryotes). Scientists categorise living things into major categories known as kingdoms. Each kingdom is split up into more compact groups. Previously, scientists divided all forms of life into the two kingdoms of plants and animals.

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From the given information, I have concluded that Sarah's brown hair is dominant and blonde hair is recessive.

Reason behind why Sarah's brown hair is dominant and blone hair is recessive is due to presence of allele. Assuming an individual gets two duplicates of the T allele (so their genotype is TT), then, at that point, obviously they will actually want to taste PTC. A similar thought turns out as expected assuming they get two duplicates of the t allele. For this situation they will actually want thus not have the option to taste PTC.

In any case, assuming that an individual gets one duplicate of the T allele, and one of the t allele, it turns out they can in any case taste PTC. This implies that tasting PTC (the T allele) is predominant since, in such a case that you get a solitary duplicate from either parent you show that form of the quality. As such, these transporters can taste PTC. The inverse is valid for not having the option to taste PTC (the t allele). It is passive, as it will be covered up at whatever point an individual has a T duplicate of the quality. So the main mix that can make an individual not taste PTC is the point at which they have two duplicates of the t allele.

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Since Sarah has blond hair like her grandparents and both her parents have brown hair, it indicates that blond is a recessive trait and both of her parent must have been heterozygous for the brown hair trait.

Recessive is a genotype where both the alleles are of same type for a trait. These similar alleles however are unable to show their effect when present individually along with an alternate allele of different type. The trait can be observed only when both the alleles pair up together.

Heterozygous refers to the condition of genotype where both the alleles for any specific trait are of different type. These alleles may show different types of phenotype that can be dominant, codominant or incomplete dominance.

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C: Cattle egret eat insects that are disturbed when the cattle forage" is an example of commensalism.

Commensalism indicates a relationship between two species of organisms, including animals,  plants,and fungus, in which one species attains benefits or foods, known as commensal, while the other is unaffected or unharmed, is called host specifies.

So in the example given, cattle egret eat insects, which are disturbed when the cattle forage defines commensalism. The relationship does not have any affect on the cattle, while the cattle egret is depending on this food source.

"

Complete question

Which is an example of commensalism? (a) oxpeckers (a type of bird) that live on a rhino and eat parasites off the rhino's back (b) cuckoos, which lay their eggs in the nest of another bird species that then raises the cuckoo's young (c) cattle egret eat insects that are disturbed when the cattle forage (d) protozoa living inside termites, helping termites to digest wood

"

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Investment stewardship refers to the prudent management of capital that we distribute on behalf of our clients in order to produce long-lasting benefits for the economy, environment, and society.

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The term "investment stewardship" refers to the careful management of capital that we distribute on behalf of our clients in order to generate long-term benefits for the economy, environment, and society.

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The part of a plant that acts as a transportation system, moving water, minerals and other chemicals around in the plant is the 'vascular tissue system'.

What do you mean by transportation?

Transportation in plants refers to the movement of materials throughout the plant. This includes the movement of water, nutrients, and other substances from roots to shoots, and from leaves to flowers and fruits. The movement of substances is usually done through the plant's vascular system, which includes the xylem (water transport) and phloem (nutrient transport).

The vascular tissue system basically is made up of two types of tissue, xylem and phloem. Xylem tissue is responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves, stems and other parts of the plant. Phloem tissue is responsible for transporting organic compounds, such as sugars, from the leaves and other parts of the plant to the roots and other parts of the plant. Both of these tissues work together to ensure that the plant is able to transport the nutrients it needs to grow and thrive.

Hence, option D is correct.

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The location of the sugar and how they were discovered are typically to blame for the various naming standards.

A polymer made of two polynucleotide chains that coil around one another to form a double helix is called deoxyribonucleic acid. All known organisms and many viruses have genetic information in the polymer that is necessary for their development, operation, growth, and reproduction. Nucleic acids include DNA and ribonucleic acid.

DNA has the job of storing all the genetic data needed for an organism to grow, operate, and reproduce. In essence, it is the biological manual that is present in each of your cells. The four letters A, T, C, and G make up the basic alphabet used to encode the instructions in DNA.

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Answer:

i think it is C DNA does not translates gentic info.

Explanation:

It is tRNA transfer RNA that does this.

Answer:

C. translating genetic information in a cell

Explanation:

I did research pls tell if wrong

This may seem simple, many different parts of your body have to work together to make all of that happen. To make sure your body can work correctly, even when it does many things at once, your body must be carefully organized therefore the main idea is referred to as organization of life.

This is known as the highest level of organization and it is a complete living system capable of conducting all of life's biological processes.

In the article, we were told of the various ways in which parts of the body perform specific functions required for daily living such as the eyes helping to look around for a free seat etc.

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The full question:

Imagine you’re at lunch. Your nose smells pizza. Your legs move over to where hot lunch is being served. You have to balance the food and your milk in your hands, look around for a free seat, and then sit down. This may seem simple, but many different parts of your body have to work together to make all of that happen. To make sure your body can work correctly, even when it does many things at once, your body must be carefully organized. WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA???

Yes, the yeast used for baking bread is considered alive.

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False. Only a tiny piece, perhaps 1 cm long, extends over the next pole onto the lateral surface of the occipital lobe, where the main visual cortex is located.

The neocortex, the largest component of the human brain, is responsible for the majority of our cognitive and perceptual processes. The area of the neocortex that receives visual input from the retina is known as the primary visual cortex. The principal area of the brain responsible for receiving, integrating, and processing visual information received from the retinas is known as the visual cortex. It is located in the most backward part of the brain, in the primary cerebral cortex's occipital lobe.

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Answer:

FALSE

Explanation:

An empty vector in recombinant technology is one that is tiny and does not include the gene of interest, while a cloned vector has the gene of interest along with the typical sequence.

In comparison to the cloned vector, the empty vector would descend farther. Since the cloned vector contains an interesting gene and the empty vector does not, it is bigger than the empty vector. The DNA samples are run using the in-gel electrophoresis technique, and the size of the fragment is determined using the ladder sequence as a reference, with the band sizes rising from lower to upper side. When the vectors are exposed to the gel, the smaller gene will go farther and more quickly than the bigger DNA, while the empty vector will cover the most distance and the cloned vector will travel less.

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False . The serous membrane is double-layered membrane that has folded back on itself.

 A smooth, transparent, two-layered membrane made of mesothelial tissue that lines several internal cavities of the body and is lubricated by serum-derived fluid. Serous membranes include the peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura. Several bodily cavities, referred to as serous cavities, are lined and enclosed by serous membranes, which produce a lubricant to lessen friction caused by muscle contractions. The connective tissue layer known as adventitia, which ties structures together rather than reducing friction between them, should not be mistaken with serosa.

These are the three serous membranes:

The pleural cavity's lining is known as the pleura.

The pericardium is a compartment around the heart that contains blood arteries.

the membrane that encloses the abdominal cavity

the external lining of the stomach and other organs located in the chest and belly. also known as serosa.

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False . The double-layered serous membrane has been folded back on itself.

A mesothelial membrane that lines various internal cavities of the body and is smooth, translucent, and two layers thick. It is lubricated by fluid generated from serum. Pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium are examples of serous membranes. A lubricant is produced by serous membranes, which line and surround a number of body cavities known as serous cavities.

This lubricant helps to reduce friction brought on by muscle contractions. It is important to distinguish between serosa and adventitia, a layer of connective tissue that binds structures together rather than minimizing friction between them. These three serous membranes are the three: Pleura is the term for the lining of the pleural cavity. Blood arteries are located in a compartment called the pericardium that surrounds the heart.

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The largest structures in the cosmos that are known to exist, are made up of numerous galaxy clusters, groupings, and individual galaxies. The Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall supercluster of galaxies is the largest object that researchers have found in the universe. It was discovered in 2013.

The light must travel across the entire structure for almost 10 billion years because of how wide it is. The universe is only 13.8 billion years old. This enormous cluster of galaxies is known as a "galactic filament," and it is thought to be around 10 billion light-years across. Moreover, scientists believe gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) to be the most potent phenomena in the universe. In fact, this object is so large that it causes some astronomers some trouble.

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The Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall is a supercluster of galaxies that scientists have identified as the universe's largest single object.

The Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall is, as far as we are aware, the absolute largest thing in the universe. This is a galactic filament, which is a massive group of galaxies bound together by gravity and located approximately 10 billion light years away. Because it is so wide, it takes about 10 billion years for light to travel through the entire structure. The universe is only 13.8 billion years old, to put things in perspective.

The R Coronae Borealis (RCB) stars are known for producing a lot of dust, which causes them to lose brightness in a noticeable way.

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The aerobic stages of cellular respiration take place in the Mitochondria.

While the majority of anaerobic (without oxygen) and aerobic (with oxygen) respiration respectively occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the cell, respectively. Aerobic respiration takes place inside the mitochondria. Except for red blood cells, it is a tissue organelle present in all cells.

Anaerobic metabolism, the Kreb cycle, and the chain of electron transport are the steps of respiration that take place. The mitochondria's matrix is where the ETC and Kreb cycles take place.

Aerobic mitochondria provide eukaryotes with energy by oxidatively phosphorylating amino acids to produce ATP (OXPHOS). OXPHOS enzymes are multisubunit complexes that are encoded by both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.

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The aerobic stages of cellular respiration take place in the Mitochondria. While the majority of anaerobic (without oxygen) and aerobic (with oxygen) respiration respectively occurs in the cytoplasm.

and mitochondria of the cell, respectively. Aerobic respiration takes place inside the mitochondria. Except for red blood cells, it is a tissue organelle present in all cells. Anaerobic metabolism, the Kreb cycle, and the chain of electron transport are the steps of respiration that take place. The mitochondria's matrix is where the ETC and Kreb cycles take place. Aerobic mitochondria provide eukaryotes with energy by oxidatively phosphorylating amino acids to produce ATP (OXPHOS). OXPHOS enzymes are multisubunit complexes that are encoded by both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.

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The photosynthesis reaction's reactants are carbon dioxide and water (H2O) (CO2). The raw elements that are needed to create glucose and oxygen during the photosynthesis process are known as the reactants of photosynthesis.

The plant absorbs the water, and then uses its electrons to create ATP and NADPH, which provide the process its energy. The plant also takes in carbon dioxide, which it uses in a series of chemical processes to produce glucose. These reactions result in the production of glucose and the release of oxygen as a byproduct. The process through which plants convert carbon dioxide, water, and sunshine into oxygen and sugar-based energy is known as photosynthesis. Plants and other living things employ a process called photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical energy that may then be released through cellular respiration to power the organism's activities.

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Given that the NEE value is 200 units per month, the monthly respiration of autotrophs is 195 units, whereas that of heterotrophs is 80 units. Then, the NPP value is 280 units per month.

NEE refers to the net ecosystem exchange, NPP refers to the net primary production, and GPP refers to the gross primary production. So to calculate NPP from the NEE and GPP, the formulae to use are GPP=NEE+autotrophs' respiration+heterotrophs' respiration and NPP = GPP-autotrophs' respiration.

Given the NEE value is 200 units per month, autotrophs' respiration is 195 units per month and heterotrophs' respiration is 80 units per month. Then, the GPP is calculated as,

GPP = NEE+autoresp+hetresp

= 200+195+80

= 475

Now, the NPP is calculated as,

NPP = GPP-autotrophs' respiration

= 475-195

= 280

The required answer is 280 units per month.

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Answer:  Plant's vascular tissues- xylem and phloem

Explanation: If we talk about the plant structure involved in photosynthesis, it reminds us of the leaves, which have vascular tissues called the Xylem and Phloem responsible for transporting water from the roots to the cells of the plant, which carries out photosynthesis.

Just like the Human heart pumps blood throughout the whole body, the plant's vascular tissues move nutrients, and water throughout the whole plant.

Answer:

Most of the time when people refer to “cell division,” they mean mitosis, the process of making new body cells. Meiosis is the type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells. Mitosis is a fundamental process for life.

Cells control enzyme activity by restricting enzymes to particular organelles or membranes in addition to controlling enzyme activity using activators and inhibitors. Here option B is the correct answer.

Cells use a variety of mechanisms to regulate enzyme activity, including the use of activators and inhibitors, covalent modification, and localization within the cell.

Restricting enzymes to specific organelles or membranes is one way that cells can control enzyme activity. For example, enzymes involved in the breakdown of lipids may be restricted to the lysosome, a specialized organelle that is responsible for breaking down and recycling cellular waste.

By confining these enzymes to the lysosome, cells can prevent them from accidentally digesting important cellular components. Similarly, enzymes involved in energy metabolism may be restricted to the mitochondria, the organelles that produce the majority of a cell's energy.

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The correct option is “d” which is “restricting enzymes to specific organelles or membranes”. Small chemicals that control enzyme function, like amino acids or nucleotides, frequently bind to enzymes and cause conformational changes.

An enzyme's activity can be regulated by other substances that either increase or decrease it. In contrast to activators, which increase an enzyme's activity, inhibitors reduce the activity of an enzyme. The chemical reactions, or metabolism, of our bodies are sped up by proteins known as enzymes. While certain chemicals are broken down, others are generated. Everything that is alive contains enzymes. Naturally, enzymes are produced by our bodies. Enzymes are divided into six functional classes based on the processes they are used to catalyse.

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The correct option is  A; Molecules that activate additional enzymes in the cytosol,

The cytosolic portion of the liver comprises soluble phase I enzymes such as esterases, amidases, and epoxyde hydrolases, as well as soluble phase II enzymes such as the majority of sulfotransferases (ST), glutathione s-transferases (GST), and N-acetyltransferases (NAT) (NAT).

These enzymes are known as hydrolytic enzymes, and they are responsible for breaking down big molecules into little ones. For example, big proteins can be broken down into amino acids, huge carbs can be broken down into simple sugars, and large lipids can be broken down into single fatty acids.

At integrin adhesion sites, the cytoplasmic proteins integrin-linked kinase (ILK), pinch, and parvin form the complex (IPP). They play critical roles in integrin-mediated signaling [62,63].

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Full Question ;

What are second messengers? Choose the correct option. A) Molecules that activate additional enzymes in the cytosol B) Voltage-gated ion channels C) Peptide neurotransmitters D) Special proteins that span a 3-nm gap between two cell membranes

Second messengers are: (3) molecules that activate additional enzymes in the cytosol.

Second messengers are the signaling molecules that are intracellular in nature. They get activated when an extracellular signaling ligand receptor interaction relays the signal for activation. These second messengers relay signals for the further activation of molecules. Th examples are: cAMP, cGMP, IP3, etc.

Enzymes are the biological catalyst that function to increase the rate of any chemical reaction. The enzymes are usually proteinaceous in nature. They work by lowering down the activation energy of a chemical reaction. The example of enzymes are: peptidase, lipase, catalase, invertase, etc.

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