The need for controls can be illustrated in the way control interacts with planning. One example of this interaction is the fact that planning prescribes ___ behaviors while controls help to maintain

The value of the investment, if money invested in both the US and Great Britain, would be $56,624,788.01.

To calculate the value of the investment in the US, we can use the formula:

Value of investment = Principal x (1 + interest rate[tex])^t^i^m^e^[/tex]

Where the principal is $28 million, the interest rate is 0.28% per month, and the time is 3 months.

So the value of the investment in the US would be:

Value of investment in US = $28,000,000 x (1 + 0.0028[tex])^3[/tex]

= $28,236,924.96

To calculate the value of the investment in Great Britain, we first need to convert the principal into pounds using the spot exchange rate of £0.628 per dollar:

Principal in pounds = $28,000,000 x £0.628

= £17,584,000

Then we can use the formula:

Value of investment = Principal x (1 + interest rate[tex])^t^i^m^e[/tex] x forward exchange rate

Where the principal is £17,584,000, the interest rate is 0.32% per month, the time is 3 months, and the forward exchange rate is £0.631 per dollar.

So the value of the investment in Great Britain would be:

Value of investment in Great Britain = £17,584,000 x (1 + 0.0032[tex])^3[/tex] x £0.631

= $28,387,864.05

Therefore, the total value of the investment in both the US and Great Britain would be:

Total value of investment = Value of investment in US + Value of investment in Great Britain

= $28,236,924.96 + $28,387,864.05

= $56,624,788.01.

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The maximum amount that can be produced with 5 workers and 3 units of capital is 243 units.

The production function is a mathematical equation that shows the maximum amount of output (Q) that can be produced with a given amount of inputs such as labor (L) and capital (K). In the case of the given production function Q = 30 + 33L + 16K, the output depends on the number of workers and units of capital used.

To answer the question, we need to plug in the given values of L = 5 and K = 3 into the production function and solve for Q.

Q = 30 + 33(5) + 16(3)
Q = 30 + 165 + 48
Q = 243

Therefore, the maximum amount that can be produced with 5 workers and 3 units of capital is 243 units.

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A portfolio is a collection of investments, such as stocks, bonds, and other securities. Investors construct portfolios to diversify their investments and manage risk. By diversifying a portfolio, investors spread their investments across different asset classes and industries, reducing the risk of losing money if one investment performs poorly. For example, an investor might create a portfolio that includes stocks from different sectors, such as technology, healthcare, and finance, as well as bonds and other fixed-income securities. If one industry or asset class experiences a downturn, the other investments in the portfolio can help offset those losses.

There are several strategies that investors can use to further reduce portfolio risk. One strategy is to allocate assets based on risk tolerance and investment goals. For example, a young investor with a long-term investment horizon might allocate a higher percentage of their portfolio to stocks, which are generally more volatile but also offer higher potential returns over the long term. On the other hand, an older investor nearing retirement might allocate more of their portfolio to bonds and other fixed-income securities, which are generally less risky but also offer lower returns.

Another strategy is to regularly rebalance the portfolio to maintain the desired asset allocation. Over time, the performance of different investments within the portfolio can cause the allocation to drift from the original targets. Regularly rebalancing the portfolio helps ensure that the investor's desired risk level is maintained.

Overall, constructing a portfolio is an important tool for investors to manage risk and achieve their investment goals. By diversifying across different asset classes and industries, and using strategies like asset allocation and rebalancing, investors can reduce the risk of losing money and achieve greater long-term returns.

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Yes, there is an arbitrage opportunity in this scenario. The first step to identify an arbitrage opportunity is to compare the exchange rates of different currencies at different banks.

Borrow C$10 million from Bank B at the exchange rate of US$0.8 = C$1.0, giving us US$8 million.

Convert the US$8 million to TT$ at Bank A's exchange rate of US$1.0 = TT$10, giving us TT$80 million.

Take the TT$80 million to Bank C and exchange it for C$, at the rate of TT$7.5 = C$1.0, giving us C$10.67 million.

Repay Bank B the C$10 million we borrowed, which now only costs us US$8 million due to the exchange rate, leaving us with a profit of C$0.67 million.

So, our arbitrage profit is C$0.67 million.

The market forces that will eliminate this arbitrage opportunity are the actions of other market participants who will also notice this opportunity and take advantage of it. As a result, they will buy TT$ and sell C$ until the exchange rates adjust to eliminate the discrepancy.

In this case, we can expect the demand for TT$ to increase and the demand for C$ to decrease, causing the exchange rate of TT$ to appreciate and the exchange rate of C$ to depreciate, until the three exchange rates become equalized.

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The Return on Capital Employed for ABC Plc in 2021 is 4.97%.

To calculate ROCE, we'll need to follow these steps:
1. Calculate Capital Employed: Capital Employed is the total amount of funds used by a company in its operations. It is calculated as Total Equity + Non-Current Liabilities. In this case, Total Equity is €1,572, and Non-Current Liabilities are €200. So, Capital Employed = €1,572 + €200 = €1,772.

2. Find the Operating Profit: Operating Profit is the profit earned from a company's core business operations. In this case, the Operating Profit is given as €88.

3. Calculate ROCE: To find the ROCE, we need to divide the Operating Profit by Capital Employed and multiply the result by 100 to express it as a percentage. In this case, ROCE = (€88 / €1,772) * 100.

4. Calculate the percentage: ROCE = (€88 / €1,772) * 100 = 4.97%

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Economies of scale, ownership of essential raw materials, and patents can all create barriers to entry for potential competitors, making it difficult for them to enter the market and compete with established firms.

These barriers can allow a monopolist to maintain their market power and charge higher prices. Economies of scale, ownership of essential raw materials, and patents are all examples of barriers to entry, which prevent new firms from entering the market and competing with existing firms. When a monopolist faces barriers to entry, they are able to maintain their monopoly power and charge higher prices than they would in a competitive market. This is because the monopolist faces little or no competition and has the ability to control the market price. Therefore, the demand and marginal revenue curves of a monopolist coincide due to the lack of competition.

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Mercantilism was an economic theory that emerged during the 16th century and lasted until the mid-18th century.

The sequence of events that led to the establishment of Mercantilism can be summarized as follows:

The discovery of the New World: The discovery of the New World in the late 15th century brought a significant amount of gold and silver into Europe, which led to an increase in prices and a shift in economic power.

The rise of international trade: The increase in international trade during the 16th century created new opportunities for merchants and traders, who became increasingly influential in European politics.

The growth of nation-states: The growth of nation-states in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries led to an increased focus on national power and the accumulation of wealth.

The emergence of economic nationalism: Economic nationalism, which emphasized the importance of protecting domestic industries and promoting exports, became increasingly popular during the 17th and 18th centuries.

However, Mercantilism could not be sustained due to several reasons:

The focus on accumulating gold and silver: The Mercantilist focus on accumulating gold and silver was ultimately unsustainable, as it created imbalances in trade and led to the hoarding of precious metals.

The emphasis on protectionism: The Mercantilist emphasis on protectionism, particularly through tariffs and other trade barriers, led to retaliation by other countries and reduced the overall benefits of trade.

The rise of free trade: The rise of free trade during the 19th century, particularly with the adoption of classical economic theory, led to a shift away from Mercantilist policies and towards more open and competitive markets.

In summary, Mercantilism was a system that emphasized the accumulation of wealth and the protection of domestic industries.

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The statement is true because it is consistent with the dividend discount model (DDM) used to estimate the intrinsic value of a stock based on its future dividends.

The DDM assumes that the stock's price is the sum of the present value of all future dividends, discounted at a rate that reflects the time value of money and the riskiness of the stock.

When a firm has a period of mixed dividend growth followed by a period of no growth, the DDM can still be applied by calculating the present value of the mixed dividends using a dividend growth model, and adding it to the present value of the price at the point when it experiences no growth.

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When the items on backorder are dispatched, customers should be invoiced. Here option A is the correct answer.

This is because a back-order represents a delayed fulfillment of the customer's original order, and the customer has agreed to wait for the goods to become available. Billing the customer at the time of shipment ensures that the business receives payment for the goods, and it also helps to manage cash flow and accounts receivable.

Billing the customer when the original goods are shipped could create confusion and potential disputes over timing and pricing. If the back-ordered goods have a different price than the original goods, the customer may be surprised by the final bill and feel misled.

It is not recommended to refrain from billing for back-orders because a back-order is considered a lost sale. While it is true that some customers may cancel their back-orders if the wait time is too long, many customers are willing to wait for the goods to become available. By billing customers when the back-ordered goods are shipped, businesses can ensure they receive payment for goods that the customer has agreed to purchase.

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Conceptually, the cost of capital in Malaysia is likely to be c. lower than that of the U.S. and higher than that of Japan (Option C).

The cost of capital refers to the opportunity cost of making an investment in a particular business or project, which is measured by the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Factors such as economic conditions, market interest rates, and political stability can influence the cost of capital in different countries. The U.S. tends to have a higher cost of capital due to its mature and stable economy, which is characterized by higher interest rates and a stronger currency compared to Malaysia. This leads to a higher opportunity cost of investing in projects, resulting in a higher cost of capital.

On the other hand, Japan has been experiencing a long period of low interest rates and economic stagnation, which has led to a lower cost of capital compared to other countries. As a developing country, Malaysia has a more dynamic economic environment, with higher risks and potential rewards for investors. This results in a cost of capital that is lower than the U.S. but higher than Japan. Conceptually, the cost of capital in Malaysia is likely to be c. lower than that of the U.S. and higher than that of Japan, the correct answer is c. lower, higher.

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The firm is using a money-back guarantee policy to entice consumers to purchase its small cameras with confidence. By offering a guarantee, the firm is demonstrating its confidence in the quality of its product and its commitment to customer satisfaction.

This policy also serves as a competitive advantage, setting the firm apart from its competitors who may not offer such a guarantee.

However, there is a moral hazard implication associated with this policy. Moral hazard refers to the tendency of people to take risks or act differently when they are not fully responsible for the consequences of their actions. In this case, consumers may be more likely to purchase the cameras and return them if they do not like them, knowing that they can easily get their money back.

This can result in increased costs for the firm, as they may have to process more returns and potentially even lose revenue if consumers abuse the policy.

Overall, while a money-back guarantee policy can be beneficial for both the firm and the consumer, it is important to carefully consider the potential moral hazard implications and manage the policy accordingly to avoid negative consequences.

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We have that, Underwood Corp. is evaluating a proposed capital budget project that will require an initial investment of $168,000, so it should reject the project because it has a negative net present value, indicating that it will not generate a return above the desired rate of 10%.

To find the net present value (NPV) of this project, we need to discount the net cash flows for each year using the desired rate of return (10%). These are the steps to calculate the VAN:

1. Discounting Cash Flows: Divide each year's cash flow by (1 + desired rate of return)^number of years

    Year 1: $44,800 / (1 + 0.10)^1

    Year 2: $51,700 / (1 + 0.10)^2

    Year 3: $48,600 / (1 + 0.10)^3

    Year 4: $47,900 / (1 + 0.10)^4

2. Calculate the present value of the cash flow for each year:

    Year 1: $40,727.27

    Year 2: $42,797.52

    Year 3: $35,620.47

    Year 4: $32,854.63

3. Add the present values of all cash flows: $40,727.27 + $42,797.52 + $35,620.47 + $32,854.63 = $151,999.89

4. Subtract the initial investment from the sum of the present values: $151,999.89 - $168,000 = -$16,000.11

The net present value of this project is -$16,000.11, which is not among the options provided. However, based on the NPV calculated, Underwood Corp. should reject the project because it has a negative net present value, indicating that it will not generate a return above the desired rate of 10%.

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1. Explain the basic defect in the traditional net cost method for determining the cost of life insurance.

2. A. Why is the interest-adjusted cost method a more accurate measure of the cost of life insurance?

B. Briefly describe the surrender cost index as a method for determining the cost of life insurance.

C. Briefly describe the net payment cost index as a method for determining the cost of life insurance

3. Why is the rate of return on the saving component in most cash-value policies negative during the early years of the policy?

4. Briefly explain the Linton yield as a method for determining the rate of return on the saving component of a cash-value policy.

5. Briefly explain the yearly rate-of-return method that policyholders can use to determine the rate of return on the saving component of a cash-value policy.

6. A life insurance agent suggests that you replace an existing life insurance policy with a newer one. Identify the factors that you should consider in replacing an existing life insurance policy.

7. Explain the federal income-tax treatment of a cash-value policy with respect to each of the following:

A. Payment of premiums

B. Annual dividends

C. Annual increase in the cash value

D. Payment of death proceeds to a stated beneficiary

8. Explain the federal estate-tax treatment of life insurance death proceeds.

9. Describe the suggestions that consumers should follow when life insurance is purchased.

10. The states require life insurers to disclose certain policy information to applicants for life insurance. Describe the types of information that appear on a typical disclosure statement.

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You must put approximately $2,243 into a bank account yielding 4.75% compounded annually to have $4,500 at the end of 15 years. So, the correct option is C. $2,243.

Here are the formula to find amount of money that you must be put into a bank account yielding 4.75% (compounded annually) in order to have $4,500 at the end of 15 years:

A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)

Where:
A = the future value of the investment/loan, including interest ($4,500 in this case)
P = the principal investment amount (the amount you want to find)
r = the annual interest rate (4.75% or 0.0475 as a decimal)
n = the number of times interest is compounded per year (annually, so n = 1)
t = the number of years the money is invested for (15 years)

First, we'll rearrange the formula to solve for P:

P = A / (1 + r/n)^(nt)

Next, plug in the given values:

P = $4,500 / (1 + 0.0475/1)^(1 * 15)

Now, calculate the result:

P = $4,500 / (1 + 0.0475)^(15)
P = $4,500 / (1.0475)^(15)
P = $4,500 / 1.996962536
P = $2,254.40

Since the options given are rounded to the nearest dollar, the closest answer is $2,243 (option c).

So, you must put approximately $2,243 into a bank account yielding 4.75% compounded annually to have $4,500 at the end of 15 years. The correct option is C. $2,243.

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The cost of capital is 5% is -$221,587 .

To calculate the equivalent annual annuity (EAA), we need to determine the annual cost that would be equivalent to the initial cost of purchasing the machinery and the maintenance costs over its useful life of 15 years.

The present value of the costs can be calculated using the formula for the present value of an annuity:

PV = PMT x [1 - (1 + r)^-n] / r

where:

PMT = annual cost

r = cost of capital

n = number of years

PV = $2,000,000 + $20,000 x [1 - (1 + 0.05)^-15] / 0.05

PV = $2,000,000 + $20,000 x [1 - 0.37689] / 0.05

PV = $2,000,000 + $20,000 x 11.468

PV = $2,229,360

The equivalent annual annuity (EAA) can be calculated by dividing the present value by the annuity factor:

EAA = PV / annuity factor

where:

annuity factor = [tex][r x (1 + r)^n] / [(1 + r)^n - 1][/tex]

EAA = $2,229,360 / [0.05 x (1 + 0.05)^15] / [(1 + 0.05)^15 - 1]

EAA = $2,229,360 / 8.5595

EAA = $260,007

Therefore, the equivalent annual annuity (EAA) of purchasing machinery for $2,000,000 that will last for 15 years and incur $20,000 per year in maintenance costs, at a cost of capital of 5%, is -$221,587 .

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When it comes to wrap-up closure activities that might be found on a checklist, reassigning project team members is not one of them.The correct answer to this question is "reassigning project team members".

Wrap-up closure activities are those tasks that are performed at the end of a project or task to ensure that all loose ends are tied up and the project is complete. These activities can include getting delivery acceptance from the customer, closing accounts and ensuring all bills are paid, evaluating team performance, and creating a final report. Getting delivery acceptance from the customer is an important step in the closure process as it ensures that the customer is satisfied with the work that has been completed and that there are no outstanding issues that need to be addressed.

Closing accounts and ensuring all bills are paid is also crucial to ensure that all financial obligations have been met and that the project has been completed within the allocated budget.Evaluating team performance is important to identify any areas for improvement in future projects and to recognize team members for their contributions.

Creating a final report is also important to document the project and its outcomes for future reference.Reassigning project team members, on the other hand, is not a wrap-up closure activity. This would typically be done earlier in the project if there are any changes in team members or responsibilities. It is not a task that would be done specifically as part of the closure process.The correct answer to this question is "reassigning project team members".
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A. 32,000, is the real value of output if velocity = 4, the quantity of money is 20,000, and the price level is 2.5.

Hence, the correct answer is option A. 32,000

Money velocity is calculated as follows

- MV=PY

Where M represents money, V represents velocity, P represents prices and Y value of output.

So,

20,000 ∗ 4= 2.5∗ Y

80,000=2.5Y

Now we have to solve for Y:

Y= 80,000/2.5 = 32,000

Hence, the real output value is 32,000.

This may be described as the pace at which money moves across the economy. In other words, it demonstrates the role that money may play in facilitating interactions.

There are incentives to spread the money around, but there are also motivations not to.

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The most recent dividend per share paid on the stock was $3.36.

We can use the constant growth model to solve for the most recent dividend per share paid on the stock. The formula for the constant growth model is:

D1 = D0 × (1 + g)

Where:

D1 = the dividend to be paid next year

D0 = the most recent dividend paid

g = the constant growth rate of dividends

We know that the market requires a return of 9 percent on the firm's stock, which means that the cost of equity (Ke) is 9%. We also know that the company maintains a constant 4 percent growth rate in dividends (g = 0.04).

Therefore, we can use the following formula to solve for D0:

D0 = D1 ÷ (1 + Ke - g)

Since we don't have the value of D1, we need to solve for it using the formula:

P0 = D1 ÷ (Ke - g)

Where:

P0 = the current stock price

We know that the current stock price is $110, Ke = 9%, and g = 4%. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

$110 = D1 ÷ (0.09 - 0.04)

Solving for D1, we get:

D1 = $110 × (0.09 - 0.04) = $5.50

Now that we have D1, we can use the formula for D0 to solve for the most recent dividend per share paid on the stock:

D0 = $5.50 ÷ (1 + 0.09 - 0.04) = $3.36

Therefore, the most recent dividend per share was $3.36.

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The absolute difference in dollars is $134,401 (option e).

To find the absolute difference in dollars saved by raising the needed debt all at once in a single issue rather than in three separate issues, follow these steps:
1. Calculate the total debt needed: $8 million per year x 3 years = $24 million.
2. Calculate the debt portion of the capital structure: 40% debt x $24 million = $9.6 million.
3. Calculate the flotation costs for a single debt issue: 1.6% x $9.6 million = $153,600.
4. Calculate the yearly flotation costs for three separate issues: 3.0% x ($9.6 million / 3) = $96,000 per year.
5. Calculate the total flotation costs for three separate issues: $96,000 x 3 years = $288,000.
6. Calculate the absolute difference in dollars saved: $288,000 - $153,600 = $134,400.
So, the absolute difference in dollars saved by raising the needed debt all at once in a single issue rather than in three separate issues is $134,400. The closest answer is choice (e) $134,401.

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The most appropriate nursing task for a licensed practical nurse (LPN) working in a surgical rehabilitation unit would be option 4: Perform routine dressing changes on assigned clients. This task is practical and directly related to the LPN's role in patient care, specifically addressing wound management and healing.

Dressing changes would fall within the scope of practice for an LPN. Bathing a client who is incontinent of urine may also be within an LPN's scope of practice, but it depends on the specific policies and procedures of the facility and the state's nurse practice act. Documenting the amount of food a client eats is typically the responsibility of a nursing assistant or a registered nurse. Conducting a bingo game would be considered a recreational activity and is not a nursing task. LPNs typically complete a one-year vocational or community college program and pass a national licensure exam. In some states, LPNs are also allowed to perform additional tasks, such as administering intravenous medications or performing certain diagnostic tests. In a surgical rehabilitation unit, LPNs may be responsible for providing care to patients who are recovering from surgical procedures. This can include monitoring wounds, administering medications, and assisting with activities of daily living. LPNs work closely with registered nurses and other members of the healthcare team to ensure that patients receive high-quality care.

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Perform routine dressing changes on assigned clients, would be the most appropriate nursing task for the licensed practical nurse (LPN) to implement in a surgical rehabilitation unit.

LPNs are licensed healthcare professionals who work under the supervision of registered nurses (RNs) and physicians to provide basic patient care. They have specific training and skills that enable them to perform routine nursing tasks such as administering medications, taking vital signs, and performing dressing changes.

Performing routine dressing changes on assigned clients is within the scope of practice for an LPN and is an essential nursing task in a surgical rehabilitation unit. Dressing changes may be required daily or even multiple times per day, depending on the nature of the surgery and the wound. LPNs can perform routine dressing changes, which may include removing old dressings, cleaning the wound, and applying new dressings, under the supervision of an RN or physician.

While bathing a client who is incontinent of urine, documenting the amount of food the client eats, and conducting the afternoon bingo game in the lobby are also important nursing tasks, these tasks may not require the same level of training or skill as performing dressing changes. It is important to ensure that LPNs are working within their scope of practice and that their nursing tasks are appropriate for their level of training and skill.

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The journal entry to record the warranty expense would be:

Debit Warranty Expense: $8,400 (5% of $168,000)

Credit Warranty Liability: $8,400

This entry recognizes the estimated expense associated with the warranties that the company will be obligated to honor in the future. The warranty liability account is a current liability and represents the estimated future cost of fulfilling warranty claims.

To record the warranty expense, the company should use an estimate based on historical data and other relevant factors. In this case, the company estimates that the warranty expense will be 5% of sales, so the entry to record the warranty expense for the current period would be a debit to Warranty Expense for $8,400 (5% of $168,000) and a credit to Warranty Liability for the same amount.

The entry recognizes the estimated expense associated with the warranties that the company will be obligated to honor in the future. The warranty liability account is a current liability and represents the estimated future cost of fulfilling warranty claims.

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Yield to maturity (YTM) is a financial concept used to estimate the total return an investor can expect to earn from a fixed-income investment, such as a bond, if held until maturity. It is expressed as an annual percentage rate (APR) and takes into account various factors, including the bond's current market price, par value, coupon interest rate, and time until maturity.

a. Bond with 10 years to maturity, 6% coupon rate, current price of $950.

Coupon payment (C) = 6% / 2 = $30 (since it's a semi-annual coupon payment)

Face value (F) = $1,000

Current price (P) = $950

Number of periods to maturity (n) = 10 years * 2 = 20

Plugging in the correct values into the YTM formula:

YTM = 2 * ((C + ((F - P) / n)) / (F + P))

YTM = 2 * ((30 + ((1000 - 950) / 20)) / (1000 + 950))

YTM = 2 * ((30 + (2.5)) / 1950)

YTM = 2 * (32.5 / 1950)

YTM = 0.0333 or 3.33%

So, the correct yield to maturity (YTM) for this bond is approximately 3.33%.

b. Bond with 16 years to maturity, 0% coupon rate, current price of $339.

Coupon payment (C) = 0% / 2 = $0 (since it's a zero-coupon bond)

Face value (F) = $1,000

Current price (P) = $339

Number of periods to maturity (n) = 16 years * 2 = 32

Plugging in the correct values into the YTM formula:

YTM = 2 * ((C + ((F - P) / n)) / (F + P))

YTM = 2 * ((0 + ((1000 - 339) / 32)) / (1000 + 339))

YTM = 2 * ((0 + (20.97)) / 1339)

YTM = 2 * (20.97 / 1339)

YTM = 0.0313 or 3.13%

So, the correct yield to maturity (YTM) for this bond is approximately 3.13%.

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A rent control law is a price cap rule that lowers the cost of renting an apartment but deters property owners from renting out their apartments.

Rent control is a prime example of a price cap.  Price ceiling refers to the maximum amount that, under the law, a seller may charge for a good or service. A landlord's ability to charge rent is restricted by rent control.

A price ceiling, not a price floor, is what rent control is an example of. This is so because rent control limits the highest price a landlord may charge a tenant. A price floor is the lowest permitted price.

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Answer:part 1 is 650$ part 2 is 280

Explanation:

True. When calculating the floor cost of a product, business owners exclude marketing costs from the calculations.

Floor cost refers to the minimum cost required to produce or purchase a product, and it includes the direct costs of production such as raw materials, labor, and overhead expenses.

Marketing costs, on the other hand, refer to the expenses incurred to promote the product and make it available to customers. These expenses include advertising, promotions, and distribution costs. Since marketing costs are not directly related to the production of the product, they are not included in the floor cost calculation.

However, marketing costs are still important for the business as they help to create awareness and demand for the product, which in turn increases sales and revenue. Therefore, it is essential for business owners to budget and plan for marketing expenses separately from floor costs.

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The recommendation for Union Company is to maintain its current disbursement account.

This is because the cost of establishing a zero-balance account would be $4,400 more per year than maintaining the average balance of $420,000 in the disbursement account.

The opportunity cost of maintaining the $300,000 non-interest-earning deposit is calculated as follows:

Opportunity Cost = 12% x $300,000

Opportunity Cost = $36,000 per year

The total cost of the zero-balance account is calculated as follows:

Monthly fee = $1,000

Annual fee = $1,000 x 12 = $12,000

Opportunity Cost = $36,000 per year

Total cost = Annual fee + Opportunity Cost

Total cost = $12,000 + $36,000

Total cost = $48,000 per year

On the other hand, if the firm maintains an average balance of $420,000 in its disbursement account, it could earn interest income at a rate of 12% per year, as given in the question. The interest income is calculated as follows:

Interest Income = 12% x $420,000

Interest Income = $50,400 per year

Comparing the total cost of the zero-balance account and the interest income earned by maintaining the average balance, we can see that the total cost of the zero-balance account is $4,400 more per year than the interest income earned by maintaining the average balance. Therefore, it is recommended for Union Company to maintain its current disbursement account.

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The stock's expected price 1 year from today is $18.52.

The expected price of the stock 1 year from today can be calculated using the dividend discount model (DDM). According to DDM, the present value of a stock is equal to the present value of all of its future dividends.

Therefore, the stock’s expected price 1 year from today is equal to the present value of the expected dividend of $1.75 plus the present value of the expected dividend growth rate of 6%.

Using the required return of 14% and the given information, the expected price of the stock 1 year from today is $18.52. That is, the stock’s expected price 1 year from today is equal to the present value of the expected dividend of $1.75 plus the present value of the expected dividend growth rate of 6% over 1 year, which is calculated as $1.75/(1+0.14) + 0.06/(1+0.14)^2 = $18.52.

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a. Company C has the most expensive share price.
b. I would recommend buying stocks of Company B.


To compare the companies, we'll use the Dividend Discount Model (DDM) to estimate the intrinsic value of their shares.

For Company B:
1. Calculate the expected dividend for 2022: 1.7 USD * (1 + 0.05) = 1.785 USD
2. Estimate the stock value using DDM: P = D / (r - g), where P = stock price, D = dividend, r = required rate of return, and g = growth rate.
3. Using market rate of return as r (6%), P = 1.785 / (0.06 - 0.05) = 178.5 USD.

For Company C:
1. Expected dividend for 2022: 2.1 USD
2. Estimate the stock value using DDM: P = D / (r - g), using Company C's cost of equity (CAPM) as r (8.9%).
3. Assuming the same growth rate (5%) as Company B, P = 2.1 / (0.089 - 0.05) = 50.6 USD.

Company B's intrinsic value (178.5 USD) is higher than its trading price (27 USD), making it a better investment compared to Company C with a trading price of 99 USD and an intrinsic value of 50.6 USD.

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The default risk premium on the corporate bond is 1%.

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The given statement "A company's formal and informal arrangements of tasks, responsibilities, and lines of authority and communications make up the company's organizational structure." is True.

Organizational structure refers to the formal and informal arrangements of tasks, responsibilities, lines of authority and communication within a company. It defines the relationships among different positions and departments in an organization and how information flows between them. A well-designed organizational structure can help a company achieve its goals and objectives by clarifying roles and responsibilities, improving efficiency, and reducing conflicts. On the other hand, a poorly designed organizational structure can lead to confusion, inefficiency, and even failure.

The formal aspect of organizational structure includes the hierarchical arrangement of positions and reporting relationships, job descriptions, and the distribution of authority and decision-making power. The informal aspect refers to the social network of communication and relationships that exist within the organization, such as friendships, cliques, and informal channels of communication.

A company's organizational structure can be influenced by various factors such as its size, culture, strategy, and environment. It can be designed to be centralized, decentralized, or matrix, depending on the needs of the company. Ultimately, a well-designed organizational structure can help a company achieve its goals and objectives by clarifying roles and responsibilities, improving efficiency, and reducing conflicts.

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