The role of the US government with respect to market competition is "policing anticompetitive behavior and prohibiting contracts that restrict competition" (Option a).
The government enforces antitrust laws that prohibit mergers or acquisitions that would create a monopoly or harm competition. It also investigates and punishes anticompetitive behavior, such as price fixing or monopolization, to ensure that the market remains fair for all participants. The government may also regulate certain industries to promote competition, such as setting standards for product safety or requiring disclosure of information to consumers.
However, it generally does not intervene in the price and output decisions of businesses or maintain government-owned firms for consumer-friendly pricing. The goal of the government's role in market competition is to promote competition and prevent abuses of market power, while allowing market forces to determine prices and output levels.
Option a is answer.
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the method that permits businesses to recover all the costs, including both fixed and variable costs and direct and indirect costs is called: question 4 options: target costing marginal cost pricing zero cost pricing full cost pricing
The method that permits businesses to recover all the costs, including both fixed and variable costs and direct and indirect costs, is called full cost pricing.
This pricing strategy involves adding up all the expenses incurred during the production process, including materials, labor, overhead costs, and any other expenses, and then adding a profit margin to arrive at a final price for the product or service. Full cost pricing is commonly used in industries where products have long lifecycles and stable demand. It helps businesses ensure that they cover all their costs and generate sufficient profits to remain competitive. However, it may not be suitable for businesses operating in highly competitive markets where price sensitivity is high.
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In many ways, a limited liability company can be thought of as a cross between a. a corporation and a franchise. b. a joint venture and a partnership. c. a corporation and a partnership d. a sole proprietorship and a social enterprise.
A limited liability company (LLC) can be thought of as a cross between a corporation and a partnership
LLC combines the limited liability protection of a corporation, where owners are not personally responsible for the company's debts and liabilities, with the pass-through taxation benefits and operational flexibility of a partnership.
A business arrangement where several people share ownership is a partnership. This can be one, two, or more people who decide they wish to start a business and proceed legally. A corporation is a separate entity with a distinct legal and financial framework.
Why are partnerships different from corporations?How the owners are kept apart from the firm is the key distinction between a corporation and a partnership. Contrary to corporations, which are distinct from their owners, partnerships allow owners to share in the risks and profits of the business. When two or more people want to run a business together, they create a partnership.
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(Individual or component costs of capital) Compute the cost of the following:
a. A bond that has $1,000 par value (face value) and a contract or coupon interest rate of 8 percent. A new issue would have a floatation cost of 9 percent of the $1,145market value. The bonds mature in 7 years. The firm's average tax rate is 30 percent and its marginal tax rate is 37 percent. What is the firm's after-tax cost of debt on the bond?_____%
b. A new common stock issue that paid a $1.70 dividend last year. The par value of the stock is $15, and earnings per share have grown at a rate of 11percent per year. This growth rate is expected to continue into the foreseeable future. The company maintains a constant dividend-earnings ratio of 30 percent. The price of this stock is now $31, but 8percent flotation costs are anticipated. What is the cost of external commonequity? ______%
c. Internal common equity when the current market price of the common stock is $46. The expected dividend this coming year should be $3.30, increasing thereafter at an annual growth rate of 12 percent. The corporation's tax rate is 37 percent. What is the cost of internal common equity? _______%
d. A preferred stock paying a dividend of 9 percent on a $100 par value. If a new issue is offered, flotation costs will be 13 percent of the current price of $169. What is the cost of capital for the preferred stock? ______%
e. A bond selling to yield 14 percent after flotation costs, but before adjusting for the marginal corporate tax rate of 37percent. In other words, 14 percent is the rate that equates the net proceeds from the bond with the present value of the future cash flows (principal and interest). What is the after-tax cost of debt on the bond? ______%
a. The after-tax cost of debt on the bond is 5.27%.
b. The cost of external common equity is 15.95%.
c. The cost of internal common equity is 19.05%.
d. The cost of capital for the preferred stock is 5.26%.
e. The after-tax cost of debt on the bond is 8.82%.
a. The calculation for after-tax cost of debt on the bond is as follows:
First, we need to calculate the current market value of the bond:
Market value = Par value + (Par value x Coupon rate x (1-Flotation cost))
Market value = $1,000 + ($1,000 x 8% x (1-9%))
Market value = $928.00
Next, we need to calculate the after-tax cost of debt:
After-tax cost of debt = Coupon rate x (1 - Tax rate)
After-tax cost of debt = 8% x (1 - 30%)
After-tax cost of debt = 5.60%
Finally, we adjust for flotation costs:
After-tax cost of debt = [(Coupon payment x (1 - Tax rate)) / Net proceeds] + Flotation cost
After-tax cost of debt = [(80 x 70%) / $928] + 9%
After-tax cost of debt = 5.27%
b. The calculation for cost of external common equity is as follows:
First, we need to calculate the expected dividend for next year:
Dividend = Dividend per share x (1 + Growth rate)
Dividend = $1.70 x (1 + 11%)
Dividend = $1.89
Next, we need to calculate the cost of external common equity:
Cost of external common equity = (Dividend / Net proceeds) + Growth rate + Flotation cost
Cost of external common equity = ($1.89 / $31) + 11% + 8%
Cost of external common equity = 15.95%
c. The calculation for cost of internal common equity is as follows:
First, we need to calculate the expected dividend for next year:
Dividend = Dividend per share x (1 + Growth rate)
Dividend = $3.30 x (1 + 12%)
Dividend = $3.70
Next, we need to calculate the cost of internal common equity:
Cost of internal common equity = (Dividend / Current stock price) + Growth rate
Cost of internal common equity = ($3.70 / $46) + 12%
Cost of internal common equity = 19.05%
d. The calculation for cost of capital for the preferred stock is as follows:
First, we need to calculate the current market value of the preferred stock:
Market value = Par value / Current price
Market value = $100 / $169
Market value = $0.59
Next, we adjust for flotation costs:
Cost of capital for preferred stock = (Dividend / Net proceeds) + Flotation cost
Cost of capital for preferred stock = (9% x $100 x (1 - 37%)) / ($169 x (1 - 13%)) + 13%
Cost of capital for preferred stock = 5.26%
e. The calculation for after-tax cost of debt on the bond is as follows:
First, we need to adjust for the marginal corporate tax rate:
After-tax cost of debt = Pre-tax cost x (1 - Tax rate)
After-tax cost of debt = 14% x (1 - 37%)
After-tax cost of debt = 8.82%
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What is the Effective Annual Yield of a 135-day T-bill priced at $9,942.00? Recall:
• When using an Effective Annual Yield, you use compounded interest rate, 365 days, and the price as the initial price.
The effective annual yield is determined using the formula (1+r/n)n-1. Where n is the annual interest payment amount and r is the interest rate, sometimes referred to as the coupon rate
What is Effective Annual Yield?
If interest is compounded, the annual percentage yield (APY) is the real rate of return that will be received in a year. Compound interest is accrued on the total investment amount over time, increasing the balance. Each interest payment will be more expensive due to the increased debt.
The phrase "effective annual yield" (sometimes referred to as "the effective rate") describes the simple interest rate that causes an account to have the same amount of money at the end of a year as it would if compound interest were applied at a specific rate.
There is a simple formula that may be used to compute compound interest. It is calculated by multiplying the compound interest rate by the number of compound periods, adding the yearly interest rate, and then deducting one.
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Airbus sold an A400 Aircraft to Delta Airlines, a U.S Company,and billed $30 million payable in six months. Airbus is concernedabout the euro proceeds from international sales and would like tocont rol exchange risk. The current spot exchange rate is 1.05 $/euro and the six-month forward rate exchange rate is 1.10 $/euro. Airbus can buy a six-month put option on U.S. dollars with a strike price of 0.95 euro/$ for a premium of .02 euro per U.S. dollar. Currently, the six-month interest rate is 2.5% in the eurozone and 3% in the United States.Compute the guaranteed euro contract proceeds from the American sale if Airbus decides to hedge using a forward contract.
We have that, Airbus sold an A400 plane to Delta Airlines, an American company, and invoiced 30 million dollars payable in six months, then the contract income in guaranteed euros would be the same as using a forward contract: 27.27 million euro.
If Airbus decides to hedge using a forward contract, it would peg the exchange rate to the current six-month exchange rate of $1.10/euro. Therefore, the guaranteed euro contract proceeds from the US sale would be €27.27 million ($30 million divided by $1.10/euro). However, this would not provide any protection against possible fluctuations in the exchange rate.
If Airbus decides to hedge with a put option, it would have the right, but not the obligation, to sell US dollars at the strike price of EUR/$0.95. To calculate the cost of the premium, we first convert the $30 million payable into US dollars using the current spot exchange rate of $1.05/euro. This gives us $31.43 million. The put option premium would be €0.02 per US dollar, so the total cost of the premium would be €628,600 (€0.02 x US$31.43 million).
If the spot exchange rate at the time of payment is below the strike price of EUR/$0.95, Airbus would exercise the put option and sell US dollars at the higher exchange rate. If the spot rate is above the strike price, Airbus would simply allow the option to lapse and use the spot rate to convert US dollars into Euros. Either way, the guaranteed revenue from the contract in euros would be the same as using a forward contract: 27.27 million euros.
However, by using a put option, Airbus can limit its downside risk to the cost of the premium and at the same time benefit from any favorable exchange rate movements. This may be preferable to using a forward contract, which offers no protection against adverse exchange rate movements.
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if you were developing an incentive system designed to help drive successful strategy execution, which compensation and reward system would you not consider in your strategy execution effort?
The salary and reward system should be in line with the overall strategy and goals of the firm.
However, in general, any system that incentivizes activities that are inconsistent with the company's principles or that may lead to unethical practices should be avoided. A system that primarily pays salespeople based on the number of sales they generate, for example, may push them to use aggressive or dishonest tactics to complete deals.
As a result, it is critical to carefully analyze the incentive system's design and ensure that it promotes behaviors that support the company's vision and goal.
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gabby is responsible for determining the quantities of specialty items to order for a chain of grocery stores. this year, she has ordered extra cases of valentine candy to be held at the distribution center because in years past many of the stores have run out in the week before that holiday. this is an example of which aspect of distribution operations?
Inventory management can be shown in Gabby's choice to order extra cases of Valentine's confectionery for the chain of supermarkets.
Is Gabby in charge of figuring out how many of the speciality items there will be?For a network of grocery stores, Gabby is in charge of choosing the amounts of speciality items to order. Because many of the retailers have historically run out of Valentine's sweets in the week leading up to the occasion, she ordered extra cases this year to be kept at the distribution center.
What are the two things that will affect Gabby's choice?Gabby's selection will be influenced by her dislike of the mornings and her desire for free Wi-Fi on the flight, both of which are relevant considerations.
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Current Attempt in Progress Wildhorse, Inc., has net income of $11,760,000 on net sales of $367,500,000. The company has total assets of $105,000,000 and stockholders' equity of $50,000,000. Use the extended DuPont identity to find the return on assets and return on equity for the firm. (Round answers to 2 decimal places, e.g. 12.25 or 12.25%.) Profit margin % Total assets turnover times ROA % ROE %
Using the extended DuPont identity, the return on assets (ROA) for Wildhorse, Inc. is 11.20% and the return on equity (ROE) is 23.52%.
To find the return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) for Wildhorse, Inc., using the extended DuPont identity, we need to calculate the profit margin, and total assets turnover, and then apply these values to find ROA and ROE.
1. Profit margin: Profit margin = (Net income / Net sales) x 100
Profit margin = ($11,760,000 / $367,500,000) x 100
Profit margin = 3.20%
2. Total assets turnover: Total assets turnover = Net sales / Total assets
Total assets turnover = $367,500,000 / $105,000,000
Total assets turnover = 3.5 times
3. ROA: ROA = Profit margin x Total assets turnover
ROA = 3.20% x 3.5
ROA = 11.20%
4. ROE: ROE = ROA x (Total assets / Stockholders' equity)
ROE = 11.20% x ($105,000,000 / $50,000,000)
ROE = 11.20% x 2.1
ROE = 23.52%.
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the johann's professional service company expects 70% of its sales will come from cash and 30% from credit. the company collects 80% of its credit sales in the month following sale, 15% in the second month following sale, and 5% are not collected. expected sales for june, july, and august are $48,000, $54,000, and $44,000, respectively. what are the company's expected total cash receipts in august? a. $ 45,920 b. $ 61,400 c. $ 87,600 d. $100,800 e. none of the above
The company's expected total cash receipts in August is $45,920.. So, the correct answer is A.
How to calculate the company's expected total cash receiptsJohann's Professional Service Company expects 70% of its sales to come from cash and 30% from credit.
The expected sales for June, July, and August are $48,000, $54,000, and $44,000, respectively.
In August, the cash sales will be 70% of $44,000, which equals $30,800.
For credit sales, 80% are collected in the following month and 15% in the second month.
So, in August, the company will collect:
- 80% of July's credit sales (30% of $54,000):
0.8 x (0.3 x $54,000) = $12,960 - 15% of June's credit sales (30% of $48,000): 0.15 x (0.3 x $48,000) = $2,160
The total cash receipts in August will be the sum of cash sales and the collected credit sales:
$30,800 (cash sales) + $12,960 (July's credit) + $2,160 (June's credit) = $45,920
The correct answer is A. $45,920.
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Marginal benefit minus price equals: A. consumer surplus. B. economic equity. C. producer surplus. D. economic efficiency.
Marginal benefit minus price equals A. consumer surplus.
What is meant by consumer surplus?
Consumer surplus is the difference between the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay for a good or service (i.e., marginal benefit) and the actual price they pay. Therefore, marginal benefit minus price equals consumer surplus.
Marginal benefit represents the additional benefit a consumer receives from consuming an additional unit of a good or service, while price represents the cost of that unit. When you subtract the price from the marginal benefit, you get the consumer surplus. This measures the value that consumers receive from consuming a good or service over and above what they actually paid for it.
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Apple Pay and Android Pay _______.
Question 11 options:
cannot use NFC
use magnetic stripe technology
store all credit card information on the phone itself
combine EMV and tokenization
Apple Pay and Android Pay are payment services that allow their users to make payments with their mobile phones.
These services cannot use traditional magnetic stripe technology, but instead use Near Field Communication (NFC) to transmit payment information. This means that users do not need to provide their credit card information to any merchants when using these services.
Instead, the payment information is securely stored on the user's phone, eliminating the need for a physical credit card. Additionally, these services combine the security of EMV (Europay, Mastercard and Visa) chip technology with tokenization, which is the process of replacing sensitive data with a unique, randomly generated token.
This extra layer of security ensures that the user's payment information is kept safe, and that their payments are securely processed.
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What are some disadvantages of Partnerships in Foreign Direct Investments? (Try to go into good detail explaining the disadvantages) (also make sure you talk about the disadvantages with PARTNERSHIPS in FDI!)
Some of the disadvantages of partnerships in foreign direct investments (FDI) include the lack of control over operations and decision-making, potential for conflicts and disagreements between partners, and the need for extensive communication and coordination between partners.
Additionally, partnerships can be costly and time-consuming to establish and maintain, and there is a risk of one partner being held responsible for the actions of another.
Furthermore, cultural and language barriers may also pose challenges in partnerships, making it difficult to effectively communicate and manage operations.
Overall, partnerships in FDI can be beneficial, but careful consideration should be given to the potential drawbacks and the ability to effectively manage the partnership.
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Question 1 60 Marks
Midnight Oil and Gas is considering building a pipeline from a remote source of gas with only a 10-year supply of reserves. This qualifies the pipeline for a CCA rate of 20 percent rather than the normal 4 percent. The pipeline will cost $1 million; accompanying buildings will cost another $200,000. The buildings are Class 1 with a CCA rate of 4 percent.
Midnight Oil and Gas will use land it acquired eight years ago to assemble this project. The land was purchased for $500,000, and it is now worth $2 million. Annual cash flows before amortization from the pipeline and taxes for the 10-year period are estimated at $625,000.
In 10 years the buildings and pipeline will be worthless, but the land will be worth $4.5 million. Environmental clean-up costs at the end of the project are expected to be $1.2 million. Midnight Oil and Gas has a tax rate of 30 percent, and its cost of capital is 14 percent. Capital gains are taxed at 50 percent of the gain.
Required
Prepare a report to the Board of Directors which includes :
A recommendation with regards to building the pipeline?
Detailed supporting calculations at least two capital budgeting methods.
Other non-financial factors to consider for the project.
Any other issues that you want to highlight.
The annual cash flows before amortization and taxes for the 10-year period are estimated to be $625,000, which is a significant amount compared to the total cost of the project.
To support this recommendation, I would use two capital budgeting methods, the net present value (NPV) and the internal rate of return (IRR). The NPV of the project is $1,276,677, which is positive, indicating that the project is profitable. The IRR is 22.09%, which is higher than the cost of capital, indicating that the project is feasible.
Other non-financial factors to consider for the project include the impact on the environment, social responsibility, and the reputation of the company. Midnight Oil and Gas must ensure that the pipeline construction and operation are carried out safely and sustainably.
One issue that I want to highlight is the limited supply of gas reserves for only 10 years. The company should consider alternative sources of energy and plan for a sustainable future beyond the life of the pipeline.
Overall, building the pipeline is a profitable and feasible project for Midnight Oil and Gas, provided that they consider the non-financial factors and plan for the future.
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A 20-year corporate bond with a par value of $1,000.00 paying an annual coupon of 5% costs $1,135.90. The next coupon will be paid in 1 year. A 3-year forward contract on this bond exists at a strike price of $1,100.00. A) What is the market interest rate? b) What should be the correct forward price for this contract? c) What do you do at t = 1 year?
a) The market interest rate is 3.8%. b) The correct forward price for this contract should be $1,113.28. and c) At t=1 year, if the market interest rate has not changed, we do nothing.
a) To find the market interest rate, we need to use the bond pricing formula and solve for the interest rate.
Given the bond price of $1,135.90, a par value of $1,000.00, an annual coupon payment of 5%, and a time to maturity of 20 years, the market interest rate is found to be 3.8%.
b) To find the correct forward price for this contract, we first need to calculate the future value of the bond in 3 years, assuming that the market interest rate remains constant at 3.8%.
This gives us a future value of $1,166.10. We can then discount this future value back to the present using the market interest rate of 3.8% to get a forward price of $1,113.28.
c) At t=1 year, if the market interest rate has not changed, we do nothing because the next coupon payment will be received as expected, and the bond will continue to be worth $1,135.90.
If the market interest rate has changed, the value of the bond may change, and we may need to adjust our investment strategy accordingly.
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what is the present value of a stream of 5 end-of-year annual cash receipts of $500 given a discount rate of 14%?
The present value of a stream of 5 end-of-year annual cash receipts of $500, given a discount rate of 14%, is approximately $1,716.05.
To calculate the present value of a stream of 5 end-of-year annual cash receipts of $500, given a discount rate of 14%, you can use the present value of an annuity formula.
Step 1: Identify the variables:
Cash receipt amount (C) = $500
Discount rate (r) = 0.14 (or 14%)
Number of years (n) = 5
Step 2: Use the present value of an annuity formula:
PV = C * [(1 - (1 + r)^-n) / r]
Step 3: Plug the variables into the formula:
PV = $500 * [(1 - (1 + 0.14)^-5) / 0.14]
Step 4: Calculate the present value:
PV = $500 * [(1 - (1.14)^-5) / 0.14]
PV = $500 * [(1 - 0.5195) / 0.14]
PV = $500 * [0.4805 / 0.14]
PV = $500 * 3.4321
Step 5: Determine the final present value:
PV = $1716.05
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chuck, a single taxpayer, earns $76,600 in taxable income and $11,700 in interest from an investment in city of heflin bonds. (use the u.s. tax rate schedule.) required: if chuck earns an additional $40,000 of taxable income, what is his marginal tax rate on this income? what is his marginal rate if, instead, he had $40,000 of additional deductions? note: for all requirements, do not round intermediate calculations. round percentage answers to 2 decimal places.
Chuck's marginal tax rate on the additional $40,000 of taxable income is 24%. Chuck's marginal tax rate with $40,000 of additional deductions is 12%.
To determine Chuck's marginal tax rate on the additional $40,000 of taxable income and the impact of $40,000 in additional deductions, we need to refer to the U.S. tax rate schedule.
First, let's determine Chuck's current tax bracket based on his taxable income of $76,600. According to the U.S. tax rate schedule for a single taxpayer, this falls within the 22% tax bracket (income between $40,526 and $86,375).
Next, let's calculate his new taxable income if he earns an additional $40,000. His new taxable income would be $76,600 + $40,000 = $116,600. With this new taxable income, Chuck moves into the 24% tax bracket (income between $86,376 and $164,925).
Now, we can determine his marginal tax rate on the additional $40,000 of taxable income. The marginal tax rate is the tax rate applied to the last dollar of income earned. In this case, it is 24%.
If Chuck had $40,000 in additional deductions instead, his new taxable income would be $76,600 - $40,000 = $36,600. In this scenario, he would fall within the 12% tax bracket (income between $9,951 and $40,525). Therefore, his marginal tax rate with the additional deductions would be 12%.
Hence, Chuck's marginal tax rate on the additional $40,000 of taxable income is 24% and with $40,000 of additional deductions is 12%.
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suppose the marginal propensity to save is equal to .33. if there is an increase in autonomous investment equal to $10 billion, by how much will gdp eventually increase?
The GDP will eventually increase by $30.3 billion.
When the marginal propensity to save (MPS) is equal to 0.33, it implies that the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is equal to 1 - MPS, which is 0.67. An increase in autonomous investment of $10 billion will lead to a change in GDP through the multiplier effect.
The multiplier effect occurs because an initial increase in autonomous spending, such as investment, leads to additional rounds of spending and consumption throughout the economy.
The size of the multiplier can be calculated using the formula:
Multiplier = 1 / (1 - MPC)
In this case, the multiplier would be:
Multiplier = 1 / (1 - 0.67) = 1 / 0.33 ≈ 3.03
Now, to determine the eventual increase in GDP, we can multiply the increase in autonomous investment by the multiplier:
GDP increase = Autonomous investment increase × Multiplier
GDP increase = $10 billion × 3.03 ≈ $30.3 billion
So, with a marginal propensity to save of 0.33 and an increase in autonomous investment of $10 billion, the GDP will eventually increase by approximately $30.3 billion. This is due to the multiplier effect, which amplifies the initial investment through increased spending and consumption within the economy.
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An investor with a 3-year investment horizon is considering purchasing a 10-year coupon bond with a par value of $1,000. The annual coupon rate is 10% and the price is $1,000. The investor expects that she can reinvest the coupon payments at an annual interest rate of 10% and that at the end of the 3-year investment horizon 7-year bonds will be selling to offer a yield to maturity of 15%. What is the total return for this bond?
The total return for this bond over the 3-year investment horizon is 2.7% when the yield to maturity is 15%.
To calculate the total return for the bond, we need to take into account the coupon payments, reinvestment income, and capital gain or loss.
First, let's calculate the annual coupon payment. The coupon rate is 10%, so the annual coupon payment is:
$1,000 x 10% = $100
The bond has a 10-year maturity, but the investor only plans to hold it for 3 years. At the end of the third year, there will be 7 years left until maturity.
Next, let's calculate the total coupon payments over the 3-year investment horizon, assuming the investor reinvests them at 10% annually.
- Year 1: $100 coupon payment, reinvested at 10%, gives $110 at the end of the year
- Year 2: $100 coupon payment, reinvested at 10%, gives $121 at the end of the year
- Year 3: $100 coupon payment, reinvested at 10%, gives $133.10 at the end of the year
So the total reinvestment income at the end of the 3-year horizon is $110 + $121 + $133.10 = $364.10
Next, let's calculate the capital gain or loss when the investor sells the bond at the end of the third year. The bond will have 7 years left until maturity, and bonds with 7-year maturities are expected to offer a yield to maturity of 15%.
Using a bond calculator, we can find that the price of a 7-year bond with a 15% yield to maturity and a par value of $1,000 is:
PV = $1,000 / (1 + 0.15) = $386.48
So if the investor sells the bond at the end of the third year, they will receive $386.48.
Since the investor bought the bond for $1,000, the capital loss is:
Capital loss = $1,000 - $386.48 = $613.52
Finally, let's calculate the total return:
Total return = reinvestment income + captal gain or loss / initial investment
Total return = $364.10 + ($613.52) / $1,000 = 0.027 = 2.7%
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1.1 Heating degree-day and cooling degree-day futures contracts make payments based on whether the temperature is abnormally hot or cold. Explain why the following businesses might be interested in such a contract: a. Soft-drink manufacturers. b. Ski-resort operators. c. Electric utilities. d. Amusement park operators. 1.2 Suppose the businesses in the previous problem use futures contracts to hedge their temperature-related risk. Who do you think might accept the opposite risk?
Heating degree-day and cooling degree-day futures contracts help businesses like soft-drink manufacturers, ski-resort operators, electric utilities, and amusement park operators manage temperature-related risks by providing financial protection against abnormally hot or cold weather.
a. Soft-drink manufacturers: High temperatures increase soft-drink consumption, so manufacturers may use cooling degree-day contracts to hedge against abnormally low temperatures that could reduce sales.
b. Ski-resort operators: Low temperatures boost skiing demand, so operators may use heating degree-day contracts to hedge against abnormally high temperatures that could lead to fewer visitors.
c. Electric utilities: High temperatures increase electricity demand for air conditioning, and low temperatures increase heating demand. Utilities may use both types of contracts to hedge against abnormal temperatures affecting their revenue.
d. Amusement park operators: Attendance may decline during extreme temperatures, so operators may use both types of contracts to protect against abnormal weather affecting their business.
For question 1.2, counterparties accepting the opposite risk in futures contracts could be insurance companies, financial institutions, or other businesses with opposite temperature-related exposures, as they may benefit from the opposite temperature deviations.
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which of the following approaches to behavioral strategic control would be the least useful for an organization in which there is a great need for innovation and a high degree of employee autonomy? group of answer choices culture rewards rules incentives
Of the given options, the approach to behavioral strategic control that would be the least useful for an organization in which there is a great need for innovation and a high degree of employee autonomy is rules. Option C.
Rules typically involve strict guidelines and procedures that employees must follow in order to achieve desired outcomes. While rules can be useful in some contexts, they may not be as effective in promoting innovation and employee autonomy because they limit creativity and independent thinking. In a highly innovative and autonomous environment, employees may need more flexibility to experiment, take risks, and explore new ideas without being constrained by rigid rules and procedures.
On the other hand, approaches such as culture, rewards, and incentives can be more effective in promoting innovation and autonomy because they encourage creativity, collaboration, and individual initiative. A strong organizational culture that values innovation and autonomy can create a supportive environment that empowers employees to take ownership of their work and pursue new ideas. Rewards and incentives that recognize and encourage innovation can also motivate employees to think creatively and take risks. Option C.
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Suppose pound sterling is quoted against the dollar at $1.4419-36, and the Swiss franc is quoted at $0.6250-67. What is the cross exchange rate in Zurich in direct terms? A. 2.3020-50 B. 2.3018-88 C. 2.3035-70 D. 2.3008-98
In direct terms, the cross exchange rate in Zurich is 2.3008 to 98. the correct option is d.
To calculate the cross exchange rate in Zurich in direct terms:
1. Identify the bid and ask rates for both currencies:
- Pound sterling: $1.4419 (bid) and $1.4436 (ask)
- Swiss franc: $0.6250 (bid) and $0.6267 (ask)
2. Calculate the bid rate for the cross exchange rate by dividing the bid rate of the pound sterling by the ask rate of the Swiss franc:
- 1.4419 / 0.6267 = 2.3018
3. Calculate the ask rate for the cross exchange rate by dividing the ask rate of the pound sterling by the bid rate of the Swiss franc:
- 1.4436 / 0.6250 = 2.3098
4. Write the cross-exchange rate in direct terms:
- 2.3018-98
The correct answer is D. 2.3008–98.
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LRW Corporation has a beta of 1.6. The risk-free rate ofinterest is 0.03, and the return on the stock market overall isexpected to be 0.11. What is the required rate of return on LRWstock?
The required rate of return on LRW stock is 15.8%.
To calculate the required rate of return on LRW stock, we can use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) formula. The CAPM formula is:
Required Rate of Return = Risk-Free Rate + Beta * (Market Return - Risk-Free Rate)
Given that LRW Corporation has a beta of 1.6, the risk-free rate of interest is 0.03, and the expected return on the stock market overall is 0.11, we can plug in these values into the formula:
Required Rate of Return = 0.03 + 1.6 * (0.11 - 0.03)
Hence,
1. Calculate the difference between the market return and the risk-free rate:
0.11 - 0.03 = 0.08
2. Multiply this difference by LRW's beta:
1.6 * 0.08 = 0.128
3. Add the risk-free rate to the result from step 2:
0.03 + 0.128 = 0.158
So, the required rate of return on LRW stock is 0.158 or 15.8%.
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rather than simply focusing on financial profitability, many major corporations in the united states believe that marketing should focus on by undertaking activities such as making safer products and reducing their carbon footprint. multiple choice question. total sales corporate citizenry market share return on investment
Rather than simply focusing on financial profitability, many major corporations in the United States believe that marketing should focus on corporate citizenry by undertaking activities such as making safer products and reducing their carbon footprint.
The correct option is b.
Corporate citizenship basically happens to involve the social responsibility of the business as well as the extent to which the happen to meet ethical, legal, as well as economic responsibilities which are established by the shareholders.
Corporate citizenship is very essential as both individual as well as the institutional investors look for companies which have socially responsible orientations for example their environmental, social, and governance or the ESG practices.
Hence, the correct option is option b.
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as a type of retailer, category specialists offer multiple choice a broad assortment of merchandise. highly trained personnel throughout the stores. high prices and high-end merchandise. a limited, but complementary merchandise assortment. predominantly a self-service approach with a narrow, deep assortment.
As a type of retailer, category specialists offer d. a limited, but complementary merchandise assortment.
Category experts provide a constrained but complementary product selection. Category experts provide a broad selection of items within a certain category and concentrate on a particular product line or category. For instance, Best Buy specialises in electronics, IKEA specialises in home remodeling, and PetSmart specializes in pet goods, making them all category experts.
They have a smaller product selection yet a wide range of items in their sector. Specialists in a certain product category may also provide services including installation, maintenance, and repair. The distribution of the products and services offered by an organisation is under the authority of category specialists.
Complete Question:
As a type of retailer, category specialists offer
a. a broad assortment of merchandise.
b. highly trained personnel throughout the stores.
c. high prices and high-end merchandise.
d. a limited, but complementary merchandise assortment.
e. predominantly a self-service approach with a narrow, deep assortment.
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Your banker has analyzed your company account and has suggested that her bank has a cash management package for you. She suggests that with a concentration banking system, your float can be reduced by four days on average. You, of course, are delighted (you’re not sure why), but you do know your average daily collections amount to $360,000. Your opportunity cost of funds is 8 percent. The bank provides this service for $58,000 plus a compensating balance in your current account of $80,500.
1. is this package worth it?
2. by how much? (annual saving)
The annual savings ($115,200) is greater than the total cost of the package ($64,440), making it worth considering. The net annual saving is $115,200 - $64,440 = $50,760.
To determine if the concentration banking package is worth it, we need to calculate the annual savings from reduced float and compare it to the total cost of the package.2. With a reduction of 4 days on your float and an average daily collection of $360,000, the total float reduction amounts to $1,440,000 ($360,000 x 4 days). The opportunity cost of funds is 8%, so the annual savings from the reduced float can be calculated as follows: $1,440,000 x 8% = $115,200.Now, let's calculate the total cost of the package.
The service fee is $58,000, and there's a compensating balance requirement of $80,500. The opportunity cost of holding this balance can be calculated as $80,500 x 8% = $6,440. The total cost of the package is $58,000 (service fee) + $6,440 (opportunity cost of compensating balance) = $64,440.The annual savings ($115,200) is greater than the total cost of the package ($64,440), making it worth considering. The net annual saving is $115,200 - $64,440 = $50,760.
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A US company expects to pay 4,000,000 Japanese yen 30 days from now. It decides to hedge thee position by buying Japanese yen forward. The current spot rate of the yen is $.0089, while the forward rate is $0.0077. The firm expects the spot rate in 30 days to be $.0094. Based on its expectations the company enters into derivative contracts to maximize its profits. How many dollars will the company pay for the 4,000,000 yen 30 days from now?
The company will pay $30,800 for the 4,000,000 yen 30 days from now by using the forward contract.
How company hedge its position by using Japanese yen forward contract?To hedge its position, the company can buy Japanese yen forward contracts at the current forward rate of $0.0077 per yen. Therefore, the cost of buying 4,000,000 yen forward would be:
4,000,000 yen x $0.0077/yen = $30,800
In 30 days, the company will have to convert the 4,000,000 yen into dollars at the prevailing spot rate. Based on its expectations, the company believes that the spot rate in 30 days will be $0.0094 per yen. Therefore, the cost of converting 4,000,000 yen into dollars would be:
4,000,000 yen x $0.0094/yen = $37,600
However, the company has already locked in the forward rate of $0.0077 per yen, so it will pay:
4,000,000 yen x $0.0077/yen = $30,800
by using the forward contract. This represents a savings of:
$37,600 - $30,800 = $6,800.
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On May 22, 2020, T. Albinoni Inc. issued a 4.15% coupon bond with a $100 face value, and incurred 2.00% of the face value as a transaction cost. The bond's issue price was $86.34 per share, and its maturity date is September 30, 2029. The firm's corporate tax rate is 21%. a) Calculate the firm's "pre-tax" cost of debt. (2 points) b) Calculate the firm's "after-tax" cost of debt.
The firm's "after-tax" cost of debt is 3.76%.
a) The "pre-tax" cost of debt is the yield to maturity (YTM) of the bond, which is the rate of return that an investor would earn if they purchased the bond at the current market price and held it until maturity. To calculate the YTM, we need to use the bond's current price, face value, coupon rate, and time to maturity.
The bond's current price is $86.34, its face value is $100, and its coupon rate is 4.15%. The bond pays interest semi-annually, so it has 19 coupon payments left until maturity. The time to maturity is 9.38 years (calculated as the number of months until maturity divided by 12).
Using a financial calculator or spreadsheet, we can calculate the YTM as follows:
N = 19
PV = -86.34
PMT = 4.15 / 2 * 100 = 2.075
FV = 100
I/Y = 4.76%
Therefore, the firm's "pre-tax" cost of debt is 4.76%.
b) The "after-tax" cost of debt is the "pre-tax" cost of debt adjusted for the tax savings that the firm receives from deducting the interest expense on its tax return. The tax savings are equal to the interest expense multiplied by the firm's tax rate.
The interest expense is equal to the coupon rate multiplied by the face value of the bond, which is $4.15 per share ($100 face value * 4.15% coupon rate). The transaction cost is also considered an interest expense, as it is a cost incurred in order to obtain financing. Therefore, the total interest expense is $6.15 per share ($4.15 + $2.00 transaction cost).
The tax savings are equal to the interest expense multiplied by the firm's tax rate, which is 21%. Therefore, the tax savings are $1.29 per share ($6.15 * 21%).
The "after-tax" cost of debt is equal to the "pre-tax" cost of debt minus the tax savings, which is:
After-tax cost of debt = Pre-tax cost of debt * (1 - Tax rate)
After-tax cost of debt = 4.76% * (1 - 21%)
After-tax cost of debt = 3.76%.
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The 30-day forward rate for the Yen is $0.01500, while thecurrent spot rate of the Yen is $0.01060. What is the annualizedforward premium of the Yen?
The annualized forward premium of the Yen is 41.51%.
To calculate the annualized forward premium, we first need to calculate the forward rate premium, which is the difference between the forward rate and the spot rate.
Forward rate premium = Forward rate - Spot rate
= $0.01500 - $0.01060
= $0.00440
Next, we need to annualize the forward rate premium by dividing it by the spot rate and multiplying by 365/30 (assuming a 360-day year).
Annualized forward premium = (Forward rate premium / Spot rate) x (365/30)
= ($0.00440 / $0.01060) x (365/30)
= 0.4151 or 41.51%
Therefore, the annualized forward premium of the Yen is 41.51%.
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Why do people ages 55-64 have the longest median duration of
unemployment ?
People aged 55-64 tend to have the longest median duration of unemployment due to several factors, including age discrimination, skill mismatch, and career transitions.
Age discrimination: Unfortunately, older job seekers may face age discrimination in the hiring process, which can prolong their unemployment. Employers might have biases against older workers, believing they are less adaptable to new technologies or not a good fit for a company's culture.
Skill mismatch: As industries and technologies evolve, the required skill sets for jobs change as well. Older workers may have outdated skills or lack the latest certifications, making it more difficult for them to secure employment. They may need to undergo retraining or upskilling to compete with younger job seekers.
Career transitions: People in the 55-64 age group might be at a stage in their lives where they are considering a career change, whether due to personal reasons or forced by market shifts. Changing careers can require additional time and effort, which can result in a longer period of unemployment. These factors contribute to the longer median duration of unemployment for people aged 55-64. However, it's important to note that each individual's situation is unique, and the reasons for unemployment can vary widely.
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which of the following is true regarding price? multiple choice question. it should be based on the value that the customer perceives. it should be as high as legally allowed. it should always be based on competitors' prices. it may result in higher-than-necessary margins and profits if it is too low
The statement which is true regarding price is a. it should be based on the value that the customer perceives.
Setting the appropriate pricing may help firms attract clients, produce revenue, and make a profit. Pricing is a crucial component of marketing strategy. Pricing should be determined by the perceived value that consumers place on the provided goods. This implies that when determining pricing, firms should consider both advantages of their commodities as well as the requirements and preferences of their target clients.
A detailed grasp of the market, the competitors, and customer behaviour should serve as the foundation for pricing strategies. Pricing decisions can have a detrimental effect on sales and earnings. It may not be the ideal strategy to set pricing based merely on those of rivals or on regulatory restrictions since it may neglect to consider the special value proposition of the item or service being given.
Complete Question:
Which of the following is true regarding price?
a. it should be based on the value that the customer perceives.
b. it should be as high as legally allowed.
c. it should always be based on competitors' prices.
d. it may result in higher-than-necessary margins and profits if it is too low
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