when a friend tells you that she will be vacationing at a particular beach resort, you immediately tell her that you would never go back to that beach resort because on one trip it rained the whole time and the other you got sunburned and sick from the seafood; thus, your negative attitude regarding this beach resort was acquired through chance conditioning. question 1 options: true false

An example of reliability without validity in experimentation design would be a thermometer that consistently shows the same temperature (reliable) but is not calibrated properly and consistently shows a temperature that is significantly different from the true temperature (not valid).

Reliability refers to the consistency and repeatability of measurements or observations, whereas validity refers to the accuracy and truthfulness of the results. In the example given, the thermometer consistently shows the same temperature, indicating that it is reliable. However, since it is not calibrated properly, the temperature shown is significantly different from the true temperature, making it not valid.

Reliability and validity are both important in experimentation design. A reliable experiment is one that can be repeated and produce consistent results, while a valid experiment is one that measures what it is supposed to measure and produces accurate results.

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The term for abstract ideas that exist independent of whether they are observed or practiced is "a priori concepts" or "a priori knowledge." These ideas or concepts are considered innate, existing independently of observation or experience.

A priori ("from the earlier") and a posteriori ("from the later") are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on empirical evidence or experience. A priori knowledge is independent from current experience (e.g., as part of a new study). Examples include mathematics, tautologies, and deduction from pure reason. A posteriori knowledge depends on empirical evidence. Examples include most fields of science and aspects of personal knowledge. The terms originate from the analytic methods found in Organon, a collection of works by Aristotle. Prior analytics (a priori) is about deductive logic, which comes from definitions and first principles. Posterior analytics (a posteriori) is about inductive logic, which comes from observational evidence.

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The practice of conducting background checks on individuals working or volunteering at a local day care is an example of risk management.

Risk management refers to the process of identifying potential risks and taking steps to minimize or eliminate them in order to prevent harm or damage. In the context of a day care, background checks are an important part of risk management because they help to ensure the safety and well-being of the children in the care of the facility.

By conducting background checks, day care providers can screen potential employees or volunteers for criminal history, past incidents of abuse or neglect, or other red flags that may indicate a risk to the children. This helps to minimize the risk of harm and ensure that only qualified and trustworthy individuals are working with the children.

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False. While ethanol is a type of alcohol, it is not the only type found in spirits, beer, and wine.

Methanol and isopropanol are also types of alcohol, but they are not typically consumed as they can be harmful to humans. Ethanol, however, is the type of alcohol that is safe for human consumption and is found in alcoholic beverages.

It is important to note that not all alcohols are the same and some can be dangerous or even toxic. Ethanol is the type of alcohol that is safe for human consumption and is found in various alcoholic beverages.

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Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) describes children who display an age-inappropriate recurrent pattern of stubborn, hostile, and defiant behaviors.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a psychiatric condition that is typically diagnosed in children and adolescents. It is characterized by a recurrent pattern of negative, hostile, defiant, and disobedient behaviors that are age-inappropriate and go beyond normal childhood behaviors.

Children with ODD often exhibit persistent behaviors such as arguing with adults, refusing to comply with rules or requests, deliberately annoying others, being easily annoyed, and displaying angry or irritable mood.

These behaviors often result in significant impairment in social, academic, and family functioning. ODD is considered a disruptive behavior disorder and may require professional assessment and intervention for diagnosis and treatment.

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When a response is given repeatedly without being rewarded, it will eventually stop being given. This describes the concept of extinction in operant training. Option B.

Extinction is the operant conditioning phrase used to describe a response that, after repeatedly occurring, disappears when it is not accompanied by a reward. Extinction happens when a behavior that was once reinforced stops yielding a benefit, causing a decline in its frequency or likelihood.

This theory is founded on the notion that actions have consequences, and that actions that are neither rewarded or punished will eventually become less frequent. When a behavior reaches extinction, it stops receiving reinforcement.

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one challenge to the trait approach to personality is that traits may not be as stable across situations as we think they are. an explanation for this instability is that personality: is shaped by the situations that we are exposed to.

A different variation of an organism's phenotypic feature is referred to as a phenotypic trait, simply trait, or character state. Phenotypic traits can be inherited or acquired through exposure to the environment, though they frequently result from a combination of the two.

For instance, having eyes is a trait of an organism, whereas the colours blue, brown, and hazel are characteristics. The word "trajectory" is frequently used in genetics to refer to the phenotypic expression of various allele combinations in various individuals within a single population, as in the case of the famous purple vs. white bloom coloring in Gregor Mendel's pea plants.

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What Terrell found in the library is that semi-starvation experiments are associated with a high mortality rate. Therefore the correct option is option A.

The effects of hunger on the body and mind have been studied in the past using semi-starvation trials, which severely limit the subjects' food consumption.

But because they can seriously affect subjects, including physical and psychological suffering, these experiments have drawn heavy criticism for ethical concerns.

The fact that semi-starvation experiments had a high mortality rate is one of the main conclusions from earlier studies.

A variety of detrimental physical and psychological symptoms, such as weakness, weariness, depression, anxiety, and excessive food thoughts, could be experienced by participants in these studies. Therefore the correct option is option A.

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Hiring more police officers might not reduce crime because the relationship between the number of police officers and crime rates is not always straightforward.

While having more police officers on the streets can deter some crimes, it may not necessarily lead to a significant decrease in crime rates.

One reason for this is that simply adding more officers may not address the root causes of crime, such as poverty, lack of education, and mental health issues. In addition, if police officers are not well-trained, well-equipped, and well-supported, their presence may not be effective in preventing or solving crimes.

Furthermore, increasing the number of police officers can be costly, and may not be sustainable in the long term without adequate funding and resources. This could lead to a situation where police departments are stretched thin, and officers may not have the time or resources to effectively address all the issues they are facing in their communities.

Ultimately, reducing crime requires a comprehensive approach that goes beyond simply hiring more police officers. This could include addressing social and economic factors that contribute to crime, investing in community-based programs and services, and improving the quality of policing and law enforcement practices.

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Sometimes journalists show biases, but this does not mean that they are intentionally trying to be unfair or entertain with biases

Option D is correct

Unconscious bias can exist, and journalists may not always be conscious of their own biases. But it's crucial that journalists work to be objective and present information in a fair and balanced manner.

Thorough fact-checking, seeking out multiple viewpoints, and disclosing any potential conflicts of interest can all help achieve this. In the end, it is the responsibility of the individual journalist to make sure that their reporting is reliable, moral, and advances the public good.

Option D is correct

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The Wilson et al. study is a case study that examined the implementation of a telemedicine program in rural healthcare settings. Through this case study, the researchers were able to identify the strengths and weaknesses of using the case study method in research.

One strength of using the case study method is that it allows researchers to gain in-depth knowledge and understanding of a particular phenomenon or issue. In the Wilson et al. study, the researchers were able to gain detailed insights into the implementation of the telemedicine program and the challenges faced by healthcare providers in rural areas.

Another strength of using the case study method is that it allows researchers to explore complex phenomena that are difficult to study using other methods. In the Wilson et al. study, the researchers were able to explore the social, cultural, and economic factors that affect the implementation of telemedicine in rural healthcare settings.

However, there are also weaknesses associated with the case study method. One weakness is that the findings of a case study may not be generalizable to other contexts. In the Wilson et al. study, the findings may not be applicable to urban healthcare settings or to other countries with different healthcare systems.

Another weakness of using the case study method is that the researcher's subjectivity may influence the interpretation of the data. In the Wilson et al. study, the researchers' biases and assumptions may have influenced their interpretation of the data, which could have affected the validity of the findings.

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The false statement regarding cultural awareness and being a culturally skilled therapist is d) one of the main jobs of a culturally skilled therapist is to help clients to adapt to the cultural norms of the majority culture as quickly as possible to aid their treatment.

In fact, a culturally skilled therapist should work with clients to understand and respect their cultural backgrounds and values, while also acknowledging and addressing any potential barriers or conflicts that may arise. The goal is to create a safe and supportive environment for clients to explore their concerns and work towards their goals, not to force them to conform to the majority culture.

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The following statement, "loss of contact with reality and disruption of thought" describes schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is characterized by a range of symptoms, including but not limited to, hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and abnormal behaviors.

The hallmark symptom of schizophrenia is a loss of contact with reality, also known as psychosis, which can include experiencing hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations are sensory experiences that are not based in reality, such as hearing voices or seeing things that are not there.

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Whenever Alessandra experiences problems in her relationship with her partner, she typically talks to her family about her troubles. Alessandra is using a coping strategy called "social support seeking".

This strategy involves seeking emotional, informational, or practical support from other people in one's social network during times of stress or difficulty. By seeking support from her family, Alessandra is using their relationship to help her manage her relationship with her partner.

When faced with challenging circumstances, people look for social assistance. They might ask for help, express their emotions and opinions, or request resources from others. Problem-solving was highly connected with seeking social help. Nearly all of us, according to experts, benefit from social and emotional support. In addition, having great social support might actually increase your ability to handle challenges on your own by boosting your sense of autonomy and self-worth.

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The impact of electronic and print news media causes Americans to focus most on national politics.

This is so because print and electronic news media have a larger readership and reach than community, local, or state news sources. Additionally, Americans' daily lives are typically more impacted by national politics, making it a more urgent matter for them.

Foreign policy, national security, healthcare, education, and the economy are all covered under national politics. All Americans are affected by these problems, regardless of where they live in the nation.

National politics are extensively covered by electronic and print news outlets, with 24-hour news channels and internet news websites offering the most recent information on political developments.

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The impact of electronic and print news media causes Americans to focus most on national politics.

Americans tend to concentrate primarily on national politics as a result of the influence of electronic and print news media. The news media, both electronic and print, tend to place a greater emphasis on national political problems and events than on local or state politics, such as presidential elections, congressional debates, and significant policy decisions. Americans may be more aware about and involved in national politics as a result of this national concentration than they are with local or state politics. It is crucial to keep in mind that the influence of the news media might varies among regions and demographics, and that certain people may be more interested in local or state politics due to their unique interests and life experiences.

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In the context of giving instructions, it is important to ensure that the learner's attention is focused on the specific cues and details necessary for successful execution motor skill. This can be achieved by providing clear and concise instructions, minimizing external distractions, and using visual aids or  demonstrations to help the learner focus their attention on the relevant aspects of the task.

The easiest way to define playing the piano is as a discrete motor ability. Discrete motor skills entail precise, defined movements with a distinct start and finish.

Each note when playing a song on a piano is a discrete movement that is timed and done precisely. While playing the piano may require some broad motor skills, such as moving the hands across the keys, the exact finger movements needed to play each note are more appropriately classified as discrete motor abilities.

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The most important aspect of attention to consider when giving verbal instructions about performing a motor skill is "focused attention." Focused attention ensures that the learner can concentrate on the essential elements of the motor skill and follow the instructions effectively, leading to better skill acquisition and performance.

When giving verbal instructions about how to perform a motor skill, it is important to consider the selective attention aspect. Selective attention involves the ability to focus on relevant information while ignoring distractions. Therefore, it is crucial to provide clear and concise instructions that highlight the most important aspects of the motor skill while minimizing any unnecessary information or distractions. This will allow the learner to effectively attend to the relevant information and perform the motor skill accurately.

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In obsessive-compulsive disorder, compulsions relieve or offset troubling obsessions. In the terminology of operant conditioning, compulsions are therefore maintained through negative reinforcement.

Negative reinforcement is a process whereby a behavior is strengthened by the removal or avoidance of a negative or aversive stimulus.In the case of OCD, the negative or aversive stimulus is the distress or anxiety caused by the obsessive thoughts or intrusive impulses.

The compulsive behaviors serve to relieve or offset this distress, providing temporary relief or a sense of control. As a result, the compulsive behaviors are reinforced through negative reinforcement, increasing the likelihood that they will be repeated in the future.

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This state is called the "resting membrane potential." In the resting membrane potential, the outside of the axon has a mostly positive charge, while the inside of the axon has a mostly negative charge. This difference in charge is maintained by ion channels and pumps, such as the sodium-potassium pump, which help regulate the flow of ions across the axon membrane.

The resting membrane potential is a type of electrical potential energy that exists across the plasma membrane of a neuron when it is not being stimulated. This potential difference is generated by the uneven distribution of ions, such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and calcium (Ca2+), inside and outside the axon

In the resting state, there is a higher concentration of Na+ ions outside the cell, and a higher concentration of K+ ions inside the cell. This creates an electrochemical gradient, where the positively charged Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior of the neuron, while the positively charged K+ ions are repelled by it.

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The JTC commander can ensure the success of liaison officers from other agencies as well as outgoing liaison officers by implementing effective communication and coordination protocols.

It is important to establish clear lines of communication and ensure that all parties are aware of their roles and responsibilities. Regular meetings and briefings can be conducted to ensure that all parties are up-to-date on current developments and can coordinate their efforts accordingly.

Another important aspect is to establish a common operating picture (COP) to ensure that all parties have a shared understanding of the situation. This can be achieved through the use of technology and data sharing platforms. The JTC commander can also establish standard operating procedures (SOPs) to ensure that all liaison officers are following a consistent approach and are aware of best practices.

In addition, the JTC commander can provide training and support to liaison officers to ensure they are adequately prepared for their role. This can include training on communication protocols, cultural awareness, and conflict resolution. Finally, it is important for the JTC commander to establish a culture of collaboration and mutual support among all liaison officers to ensure that everyone is working together towards a common goal.

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1) A generic model of community organizing and building typically consists of the following steps:

1. Identifying the target population and assessing their needs.

2. Building a coalition of stakeholders and partners.

3. Developing a strategy and plan for action.

4. Engaging the community and mobilizing support.

5. Implementing the plan of action.

6. Evaluating the outcomes and impacts.

2) Goals and objectives are both important components of public health promotion. Goals are broad statements that define the desired end result.

They are typically broad, long-term outcomes that outline what is to be achieved. Objectives, on the other hand, are more specific and actionable. They are typically short-term and are focused on measurable outcomes.

Objectives help to define how the goal will be achieved. For example, a goal in public health promotion might be to reduce childhood obesity. An objective that could help achieve this goal would be to increase access to healthy and affordable food.

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A generic model of community organizing and building typically follows these steps in order:
Identifying community needs and assets: This involves assessing the needs of the community, as well as its strengths and resources. Goals and objectives are related, but distinct, concepts in public health promotion. Goals are broad, long-term, and often qualitative statements that describe the overall desired outcome of a health promotion effort

b) Building relationships and forming partnerships: Establish connections with key stakeholders, community members, and organizations to gain support and collaboration.
c) Developing a shared vision and goals: Work with the community to create a common understanding of the desired outcomes and the steps needed to achieve them.
2) . They provide a general direction and context for the program. Objectives, on the other hand, are specific, measurable, and time-bound targets that outline the steps necessary to achieve the broader goals. Objectives are often quantitative and used to evaluate the progress and effectiveness of a health promotion program.

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Behavior therapy is considered an action-oriented approach. This means that the focus of the therapy is on changing behavior rather than gaining insight into the underlying psychological or emotional issues that may be driving the behavior.Option B is correct.

Instead of exploring the past or the unconscious mind, behavior therapy emphasizes the present moment and the concrete actions that an individual can take to change their behavior.The goal of behavior therapy is to identify and modify maladaptive behaviors that may be causing distress or interfering with an individual's ability to function effectively in their daily life.

This is typically accomplished through a variety of techniques, such as reinforcement, punishment, modeling, and systematic desensitization. One of the key principles of behavior therapy is that behavior is learned, and therefore, it can be unlearned or modified. This approach is based on the idea that individuals can take an active role in shaping their own behavior and that they have the power to make meaningful changes in their lives.

Overall, behavior therapy is a practical and action-oriented approach that is focused on helping individuals change their behavior in order to improve their quality of life.

While it may not address underlying psychological or emotional issues in the same way that other forms of therapy do, it can be a highly effective tool for helping individuals overcome a range of behavioral challenges.

Thus option B is correct.

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According to social psychology research, individuals are more likely to form cliques with others who share similar interests, backgrounds, and experiences. Based on this, the group of individuals who are most likely to form a clique is option c) three girls who live in the same gated community and have similar interests.

Living in the same community provides a common ground and makes it easier for individuals to spend more time together, which increases the likelihood of forming close friendships. Additionally, having similar interests allows individuals to connect on a deeper level and bond over shared experiences. This can lead to the formation of a clique, where the three girls may exclude others who do not share their interests or values.

While options a) and b) may also lead to the formation of friendships, they are less likely to form a clique. Two boys and a girl who ride together to school may form a friendship but may not necessarily exclude others or form a tight-knit group. Similarly, a boy and a girl who are graduating and going to college may also form a friendship, but their impending separation may prevent the formation of a clique.

Finally, option d) a boy and a girl who are from the same ethnicity and belong to the same club in school, may also form a friendship, but it is less likely to form a clique as the shared ethnicity alone is not enough to form a strong bond. However, if they have shared experiences and interests beyond their ethnicity, it could increase the likelihood of forming a clique. Therefore option c) is correct.

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It is difficult to provide an exact number, as there are many different theoretical orientations in various fields of study. However, some common contemporary theoretical orientations include cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, and sociocultural.

There are many different theoretical orientations in various fields of study, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, and others. Each of these fields has its own set of theoretical perspectives and approaches, which are used to explain and understand various phenomena.

For example, in psychology, some of the most commonly used theoretical orientations include cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, and sociocultural. Each of these orientations has its own unique perspective on human behavior and psychology, and is used to guide research, clinical practice, and other activities in the field.

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Answer:

2, 1, 4 3

Explanation:

i think i have done this before this should be correct

False. A condition that may develop after exposure to a terrifying event is not a panic disorder.

A mental and behavioural condition known as panic disorder is characterised by recurrent, unplanned panic attacks. The abrupt onset of great dread known as a panic attack can include palpitations, sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, numbness, or the perception that something horrible is about to occur. Within minutes, sensations reach their peak intensity. There can be continued concerns about having additional attacks and avoiding areas where assaults have previously taken place.

An anxiety illness known as panic disorder causes frequent, unexpected panic or dread attacks. There are times when everyone feels anxious or panicky. It's a typical reaction to tense or risky circumstances. However, a person who suffers from panic disorder experiences worry, stress, and panic on a regular basis at any time, frequently for no apparent cause.

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The degree to which people put forth effort to achieve their target refers to the intensity component of motivation.

Intensity component of motivation is the level of effort and energy that an individual puts into achieving a goal. It is a measure of how much an individual wants to succeed in a task or goal. High intensity indicates high motivation, while low intensity suggests low motivation.

Therefore, the degree of effort exerted towards achieving a target is an indicator of the intensity of motivation.

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When visiting a dental office, it's common to wait for some time before being seen by the dentist. It's possible that the other patients who were called to see the dentist before Mr. Johnson had appointments scheduled earlier.

Dental offices typically prioritize appointments based on the severity of the dental problem, so it's possible that Mr. Johnson's dental issue is not as urgent as the others. If Mr. Johnson has to wait, he can use this time to relax and prepare for the dental exam. He can take some deep breaths or do some calming activities to reduce any anxiety he may be feeling. Additionally, he can use this time to fill out any paperwork or update his medical history with the dental office. It's essential to communicate with the receptionist or dental staff to confirm when Mr. Johnson is expected to be seen. If there's a significant delay or if Mr. Johnson has a pressing dental issue, he may need to speak with the receptionist or dental staff to re-evaluate his appointment time. Ultimately, the dental office's priority is to ensure that all patients receive the necessary dental care they require, and sometimes this may require a bit of patience on the part of the patient.

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Cultural competence strategies for health care and the lgbt person include all of the following except Tell the patient some of your best friends are gay Therefore the correct option is  C.

Cultural competence strategies for healthcare and the LGBT people include using gender-neutral language, conducting thorough sexual risk evaluation, utilizing nonbiased behavior and communication, and creating an open and accepting environment.

Telling the patient some of your best friends are gay is not a recommended strategy because it could make a patient feel uncomfortable and potentially suggest bias.

Additionally, it’s important to remember that sexuality is a very personal topic and should be treated with respect. Instead of making assumptions about individuals’ identities or making any sort of value judgments, healthcare providers should focus on providing open and unbiased care so that all patients feel more comfortable getting help.

Hence the correct option is C

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Many trait theorists believe that personality is not innate but is shaped by one's environment and experiences.

In this context, personality traits are influenced by various external factors, such as upbringing, social interactions, and cultural influences, rather than being solely determined by genetic factors. This perspective emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping one's personality throughout one's life.

These theorists argue that while genetics may play a role in determining certain aspects of personality, such as temperament and predispositions, environmental factors such as upbringing, culture, and socialization also have a significant impact on the development of personality traits.

Therefore, personality is seen as the result of both nature and nurture, with both genetic and environmental factors influencing its development.

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One of the brain hemispheres DOES NOT lateralize the function of creativity. Option b is Correct.

The left and right halves of lateralized brains may do separate tasks concurrently (e.g., monitoring for predators while searching for food). By avoiding redundancy, one is able to think more clearly. The Broca's and Wernicke's areas, two language centers, are located in the left hemisphere, which is also connected to language functions including vocabulary and grammar formation.

More visuospatial processes including vision, depth perception, and spatial navigation are related to the right hemisphere. The two cerebral hemispheres' functional specialization is referred to as cerebral lateralization. While producing language, most individuals' left hemispheres are more active than their right ones; nevertheless, when doing activities requiring visuospatial skills, the opposite tendency has been seen (Springer and Deutsch 1993). Option b is Correct.

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Correct Question:

What function is NOT lateralized in one of the cerebral hemispheres?

a) emotion

b) creativity

c) facial recognition

d) language-related recognition