why does a government policy to reduce the supply of illegal drugs greatly increase the price of illegal drugs? how might this policy result in more crime? might a government policy to reduce the demand for drugs have a different effect?

A) Cost of Retained Earnings Financing:

The cost of retained earnings financing is the return expected by investors on the company's common stock. This is calculated using the Gordon growth model:

Cost of Retained Earnings (k) = (Dividend per share / Market price per share) + Dividend growth rate

k = ($1.26 / $40) + 6%

k = 0.0315 + 0.06

k = 0.0915 or 9.15%

B) Cost of New Common Stock Financing:

The cost of new common stock financing includes both the dividend yield and the flotation costs:

Cost of New Common Stock (k) = (Dividend per share / Market price per share) + Flotation costs per share

k = ($1.26 / $40) + $7.00

k = 0.0315 + $7.00

k = $7.0315 or $7.03

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The manufacturing overhead account shows a net impact of $624,000 credit, which means that the total amount debited was more than the total amount credited.

This would result in a net increase of Cost of Goods Sold (COGS). The debited amounts represent the overhead costs associated with manufacturing, such as raw materials, labor, and utilities. The credit amount would be the result of reducing COGS as a result of the overhead costs incurred. In other words, the credit amount offsets the overhead costs, resulting in a decrease in COGS.

The net impact of the debits and credit on the manufacturing overhead account is an increase in COGS by $624,000.

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The statement "According to the most recent information available, it is known that in order to achieve reductions in state anxiety, aerobic exercise must be performed for at least 20 minutes." is true because it helps in cardiovascular strengthening.


Aerobic exercise has been found to effectively reduce state anxiety when performed for at least 20 minutes. Regular physical activity can help improve mental health by releasing endorphins and reducing stress levels.

Aerobic or "with oxygen" exercises provide cardiovascular conditioning. The American Heart Association recommends a minimum of 30 minutes of cardiovascular exercise 5 to 7 days per week. Don't forget warm-up, cool-down and stretching exercises in your aerobic exercise session.

Aerobic exercise provides cardiovascular conditioning. The term aerobic actually means "with oxygen," which means that breathing controls the amount of oxygen that can make it to the muscles to help them burn fuel and move.

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The change in the bond's price would be approximately -3.00%.

To calculate the change in the bond's price, use the modified duration and the change in yield.

1. Identify the modified duration: 6 years
2. Identify the initial yield to maturity: 9.50%
3. Determine the change in yield: 50 basis points (0.50%)
4. Multiply the modified duration by the change in yield: 6 * 0.50% = 3.00%
5. Since the yield increased, the bond's price will decrease, so the change is negative: -3.00%

The bond's price will decrease by approximately 3.00% when the market yield increases by 50 basis points.

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Recommendations for Government Borrowing are to Maintain a sustainable debt-to-GDP ratio, Diversify sources of borrowing, Utilize long-term borrowing, Prioritize productive investments, Monitor and manage fiscal risks, etc.

1. Maintain a sustainable debt-to-GDP ratio
- The government should aim to keep its debt levels manageable compared to the size of its economy, as a high debt-to-GDP ratio may lead to reduced investor confidence and increased borrowing costs.

2. Diversify sources of borrowing
- To reduce dependency on a single source of funding and minimize risks, the government should explore various borrowing options, including issuing bonds, obtaining loans from international organizations, and borrowing from other countries.

3. Utilize long-term borrowing
- Long-term borrowing can help the government to lock in lower interest rates, providing more predictable debt servicing costs and allowing for better planning of future spending and investment.

4. Implement a robust debt management strategy
- A well-defined debt management strategy can help the government minimize borrowing costs, manage risks, and ensure timely debt servicing. This may include developing a debt management office to oversee and coordinate borrowing activities.

5. Prioritize productive investments
- Government borrowing should be directed towards productive investments, such as infrastructure development, education, and healthcare, which can promote long-term economic growth and improve living standards.

6. Enhance transparency and accountability
- To maintain trust and credibility among investors, the government should provide regular and accurate information about its borrowing activities and debt levels, and demonstrate responsible fiscal management.

7. Monitor and manage fiscal risks
- The government should identify and assess potential fiscal risks, such as economic downturns, natural disasters, or changes in global financial conditions, and develop contingency plans to mitigate their impact on debt levels and borrowing costs.

By following these recommendations, government borrowing activities can be conducted responsibly and contribute to sustainable economic growth and development.

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In this case, Khan's trading rule is evidence of weak-form efficiency. Khan has been consistently earning a risk-adjusted return of 15% per month for the past 10 years.

Here, correct option is C.

This suggests that Khan is taking advantage of some kind of pattern or trend in the stock market that is not available to the general public. This indicates that the security prices are not accurately reflecting all publicly available information, suggesting weak-form efficiency.

Semi-strong form efficiency is a market efficiency which suggests that all publicly available information is accurately reflected in a security's price. In other words, all publicly available information about a security is already built into its price. Weak-form efficiency, on the other hand, suggests that past stock prices or historical data cannot be used to predict future stock prices.

Therefore, correct option is C.

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The agent should call the Company compliance officer and await instructions.

Compliance Officers are chargeable for making sure that every one company strategies and processes follow the law. And now no longer simplest the law — a Compliance Officer is likewise chargeable for making sure that agency operations follow inner requirements too. A compliance officer is an character who guarantees that a agency complies with its outdoor regulatory and prison necessities in addition to inner rules and bylaws. Compliance officials have a obligation to their agency to paintings with control and group of workers to perceive and manipulate regulatory risk.

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As an agent, it is important to act in the best interest of the annuity owner and provide them with all necessary information to make an informed decision. However, if the owner insists on proceeding with the surrender, the agent must comply with their request while taking necessary precautions to ensure that the transaction is legitimate and not being used for illegal purposes.

As an agent, the first thing that should be done is to verify the identity of the annuity owner and make sure that the request is legitimate. If the request is legitimate, it is important to inform the annuity owner about the potential losses and surrender charges associated with the annuity surrender. However, if the annuity owner insists on proceeding with the surrender, the agent must comply with their request.In this scenario, it is concerning that the annuity owner wants the money wired to an account in Europe.

This raises red flags and may indicate that the annuity owner is involved in fraudulent activities or trying to evade taxes. The agent must exercise caution and follow proper protocols when wiring the money to ensure that it is not being used for illegal purposes.Furthermore, since the annuity was held for less than one year, it is important to inform the annuity owner about the potential tax implications of the surrender. The owner may face early withdrawal penalties and be subject to income taxes on the gains earned from the annuity.

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The value of the prize is worth $185,333.33 today. This is because the prize is $2,000 a month for ten years, so it totals $240,000.

When that amount is adjusted for the 7 percent interest rate, it comes to $185,333.33. This amount is calculated by taking the original amount and multiplying it by the present value of an annuity factor.

The factor takes into account the time value of money, which means that money today is worth more than money in the future due to the potential for it to earn interest over time. Therefore, the prize of $240,000 a decade from now is worth less than $240,000 today, when factoring in the 7 percent interest rate.

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The loanable funds market is where savers provide funds for borrowers to use for investment purposes.

In equilibrium, the quantity of loanable funds supplied equals the quantity demanded. This is represented by a graph with the real interest rate on the y-axis and the quantity of loanable funds on the x-axis. The supply and demand curves intersect at the equilibrium real interest rate and equilibrium quantity.

A decrease in the money supply shifts the supply curve for loanable funds to the left, as there are fewer funds available for lending. This leads to a higher real interest rate and a lower quantity of loanable funds at the new equilibrium point.

At the original equilibrium, there is now a shortage of loanable funds, as the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied. Lenders of existing fixed-rate loans are worse off, as the real interest rate increases, reducing the value of their existing loans.

Investment spending on facilities and equipment is negatively impacted, as the higher real interest rate discourages borrowing and investment due to increased borrowing costs. This may lead to reduced economic growth in the long run.

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An acquisitive mob is motivated by a desire to acquire something that is perceived as scarce or in short supply.

These mobs can form when individuals or groups feel that their access to basic necessities such as food, water, or shelter is being threatened or limited. Food riots, for example, are a common type of acquisitive mob that typically occurs in response to food shortages or rising prices. During such riots, people may take to the streets and engage in looting or other forms of violence to secure food or other essential items.

Acquisitive mobs can also form in response to perceived social or economic inequalities. In these cases, individuals may feel that they are being unfairly denied access to resources or opportunities, and may resort to violent or disruptive behavior to express their grievances. Acquisitive mobs can be difficult to control and can pose a significant threat to public safety and social stability.

Effective responses to such mobs require a combination of short-term measures, such as police intervention, and longer-term efforts to address underlying social and economic factors that contribute to mob formation.

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A/an incentive is motivated by a desire to acquire something, for example, food riots.

A motivator or catalyst is something that urges someone to act. Due to a lack of resources, people are driven to buy food in the case of food riots, which gives them the incentive to take action through protests or riots. Positive or negative incentives are possible, as well as financial or non-financial ones. They may also be explicit or implicit, direct or indirect, etc. In economics, incentives are essential in determining how people, businesses, and governments behave. Designing efficient institutions and policies that advance social welfare and economic prosperity requires a thorough understanding of incentives and how they operate.

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A Liability is defined as a unborn loss of profitable benefits that an reality is needed to give to another reality as a result of once deals or other once events.

Common law liability arises from the legal opinions of judges in deciding a case, a precedent that serves as a companion for other judges to decide future analogous cases and is used in civil action.

On the other hand, legal liability reflects laws legislated at the state or civil position and prescribes certain procedures.

May involve civil or felonious liability. Liability is an obligation or liability to another that's extinguished by the unborn transfer or use of goods, the provision of services or any other profitable sale at a specific or determinable time, upon the circumstance of a specific event or on demand.

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The deferred tax asset at the end of year 2 will be $100,000.

Smith Company has received $500,000 of subscription revenue in advance during year 1, but only $250,000 will be recognized in year 2 and year 3 each.

The subscription revenue is not included in the income statement but reported for tax purposes in year 1.

Since the company is subject to a 40% tax rate, it will have to pay taxes on the entire $500,000 in year 1.

However, in year 2 and year 3, it will only recognize $250,000 each year, resulting in lower taxable income and tax liability. This creates a deferred tax asset because the company has already paid taxes on the entire amount but will recognize revenue in future years.

To calculate the amount of deferred tax asset at the end of year 2, we need to determine the tax savings from the lower taxable income in year 2.

The tax savings will be 40% of the $250,000 recognized in year 2, which is $100,000.

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The expected return for the portfolio is 12% and the standard deviation is 9.44%.

To calculate the expected return for the two stocks, we first need to calculate the weighted average of their individual expected returns. Let's assume stock A has an expected return of 10% and stock B has an expected return of 15%. If we invest 60% in stock A and 40% in stock B, the expected return would be:

Expected return = (0.6 x 10%) + (0.4 x 15%) = 12%

To calculate the standard deviation for the two stocks, we need to first calculate their individual standard deviations. Let's assume stock A has a standard deviation of 8% and stock B has a standard deviation of 12%. If we invest 60% in stock A and 40% in stock B, the portfolio standard deviation can be calculated using the following formula:

Portfolio standard deviation = (0.6^2 x 8%^2 + 0.4^2 x 12%^2 + 2 x 0.6 x 0.4 x 8% x 12%)^0.5 = 9.44%

Therefore, the expected return for the portfolio is 12% and the standard deviation is 9.44%.

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There are 540 ways to assign the seven different jobs to four different employees, ensuring each employee gets at least one job and the most difficult job is assigned to the best employee.

To find the number of ways seven different jobs can be assigned to four different employees, ensuring that each employee gets at least one job and the most difficult job is assigned to the best employee, we can use combinatorics.

First, let's assign the most difficult job to the best employee, which leaves six jobs for the other three employees. Since each employee must be assigned at least one job, we can use the Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion to find the number of ways to distribute the remaining six jobs.

There are [tex]3^{6}[/tex] ways to distribute the six jobs among the three employees without restrictions. However, this includes cases where one or more employees do not receive any jobs. To correct for this, we need to subtract the number of ways in which one or more employees do not get any jobs.

There are 3 ways to exclude one employee and [tex]2^{6}[/tex] ways to distribute the jobs among the remaining two employees. We've counted cases where two employees are excluded twice, so we need to add back the number of ways all six jobs are assigned to one employee (3 ways).

Using the Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion, the number of ways to distribute the remaining six jobs to the three employees is:

[tex]3^{6} -3*(2^{6} )+3[/tex] =

729 - 192 + 3 = 540

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According to the quantity theory of money, in the long run, a sustained increase in the money supply would lead to a proportional increase in the price level, while real output and employment would remain unchanged at their full-employment levels.

Therefore, if the central bank increases the money supply by 3% over a long period while the country runs at full employment, the quantity theory of money would predict a long-run increase in the price level by approximately 3%, assuming that the money velocity and the real output of the economy remain constant.

This theory assumes that changes in the money supply lead to proportional changes in nominal spending and prices in the long run, while real variables such as output and employment are determined by factors such as technology, capital stock, and labor supply.

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Yes, the buyer can introduce evidence of the oral financing contract to explain his breach.

The buyer's defense is based on the seller's breach of their oral agreement, which was to provide a loan at 1% interest, payable in installments.

By refusing to provide the loan, the seller failed to fulfill their part of the agreement, thus causing the buyer's inability to purchase the watercraft.

Introducing evidence of this oral financing contract can help the buyer establish that their breach was a result of the seller's own breach, potentially relieving them of liability for not purchasing the watercraft.

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To maintain the delta-hedge for a portfolio of one European call option, you should buy 0.6 shares on Day 1.


The call delta on Day 0 is 0.4, and on Day 1 it's 0.6. The change in delta (∆delta) is 0.6 - 0.4 = 0.2. Since you have written one option, you need to buy 1 × 0.2 = 0.2 shares to maintain the delta-hedge.

However, since the question asks for maintaining the hedge for a portfolio of one option, it means you need to consider the initial 0.4 delta as well. Thus, you should buy 0.4 + 0.2 = 0.6 shares on Day 1.

To maintain the delta-hedge for a portfolio of one European put option, you should sell 7 shares on Day 1.


The put elasticity on Day 0 is -5, and on Day 1 it's -7. The change in elasticity (∆elasticity) is -7 - (-5) = -2. Since you have written one option, you need to sell 1 × 2 = 2 shares to maintain the delta-hedge.

However, since the question asks for maintaining the hedge for a portfolio of one option, it means you need to consider the initial -5 elasticity as well. Thus, you should sell -5 + (-2) = -7 shares on Day 1.

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True, one universal aspect of the gendered division of labor in societies is that women are culturally expected to carry the major responsibility for childcare. Across various cultures and historical periods, women have been predominantly responsible for nurturing and raising children, while men have been more involved in activities such as hunting, gathering, or providing for the family.

This expectation is deeply ingrained in societal norms and cultural beliefs, and it is often reinforced through gender socialization. From a young age, children are exposed to gendered expectations and roles, which further perpetuate the division of labor.

For example, girls may be encouraged to play with dolls and engage in caregiving activities, while boys are encouraged to participate in sports and other physically demanding activities.

Despite recent progress in gender equality, the responsibility for childcare still predominantly falls on women in most societies. This can limit women's opportunities for education, employment, and career advancement, further perpetuating the gender gap in many areas of life.

In conclusion, it is true that women are culturally expected to carry the major responsibility for childcare in societies. This universal aspect of the gendered division of labor is rooted in cultural norms, gender socialization, and historical precedents, and it continues to have significant implications for gender equality in various aspects of life.

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The value of the stock of French Thaler and Company is $36.04.

To calculate the stock's value, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM), which assumes that the stock's value is the present value of all future dividends.

We can use the formula:

PV = D1 / (r - g)

where PV is the present value, D1 is the expected dividend next year, r is the required rate of return, and g is the expected growth rate of dividends.

Using the given information, we can calculate D1 as follows:

D1 = D0 * (1 + g)

= $1.67 * (1 + 0.03)

= $1.72

Next, we can plug in the values into the formula:

PV = $1.72 / (0.10 - 0.03)

= $36.04

Therefore, the value of the stock of is $36.04.

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The value of the stock of French Thaler and Company is $36.04.

To calculate the stock's value, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM), which assumes that the stock's value is the present value of all future dividends.

We can use the formula:

PV = D1 / (r - g)

where PV is the present value, D1 is the expected dividend next year, r is the required rate of return, and g is the expected growth rate of dividends.

Using the given information, we can calculate D1 as follows:

D1 = D0 * (1 + g)

= $1.67 * (1 + 0.03)

= $1.72

Next, we can plug in the values into the formula:

PV = $1.72 / (0.10 - 0.03)

= $36.04

Therefore, the value of the stock of is $36.04.

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The trust fund is earning an interest rate of 5%.

To solve for the interest rate earned by the trust fund, we can use the present value formula:

PV = PMT x (1 - 1/(1+r)^n) / r

Where PV is the present value of the payments, PMT is the payment amount, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of payment periods.

In this case, we know that the family paid $101,514 upfront and will receive $20,000 per year for 6 years, with the first payment made 1 year after the initial payment. Therefore, PMT = $20,000, n = 6, and the time period is 5 years.

We can rearrange the formula to solve for r:

r = (PMT / ((PV x r) + PMT)) x (1 - 1/(1+r)^n)

We can start by assuming an interest rate and then use the formula to calculate the present value of the payments. We can then compare this value to the initial payment of $101,514 to see if the assumed interest rate is too high or too low.

Let's assume an interest rate of 4%. Plugging in the values, we get:

PV = $20,000 x (1 - 1/(1+0.04)^6) / 0.04 = $98,619.56

Since $98,619.56 is less than the initial payment of $101,514, we know that the interest rate must be higher than 4%. Let's try an interest rate of 5%:

PV = $20,000 x (1 - 1/(1+0.05)^6) / 0.05 = $101,150.70

Since $101,150.70 is very close to the initial payment of $101,514, we know that the interest rate is approximately 5%. Therefore, the trust fund is earning an interest rate of 5%.

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The econometric approach to forecasting draws on economic theory to develop models that predict exchange rate movements.

This approach involves analyzing economic factors such as inflation, interest rates, and trade balances, as well as political and social factors that may impact currency values. By understanding these factors and using them to create predictive models, economists can forecast future exchange rate movements with a certain level of accuracy.

It is a method that is used to forecast exchange rates by gathering all relevant factors that may affect a certain currency. It connects all these factors to forecast the exchange rate. The factors are normally from economic theory, but any variable can be added to it if required.

For example, say, a forecaster for a Canadian company has researched factors he thinks would affect the USD/CAD exchange rate. From his research and analysis, he found that the most influential factors are: the interest rate differential (INT), the GDP growth rate differences (GDP), and the income growth rate (IGR) differences.

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The approach to forecasting that draws on economic theory to develop models that predict exchange rate movements is known as the fundamental analysis approach. This approach involves analyzing various economic factors that impact currency exchange rates, such as interest rates, inflation, political stability, and trade balances.

Fundamental analysis is a method of forecasting that uses economic factors, such as interest rates, inflation rates, trade balances, and other macroeconomic indicators, as well as geopolitical events and market sentiment, to predict exchange rate movements. It relies on the belief that economic fundamentals drive currency movements in the long term and that analyzing these factors can provide insights into future exchange rate trends. Fundamental analysis is commonly used by economists, currency traders, and financial institutions to make informed decisions about foreign exchange transactions and investments.

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Using the given historical data and weights, the expected return and variance of the T-bills and S&P 500 index portfolios are:

Expected return: 9.2% for the 0.6 T-bill/0.4 S&P 500 portfolio and 8.4% for the 0.8 T-bill/0.2 S&P 500 portfolio.

Variance: 1.25% for the 0.6 T-bill/0.4 S&P 500 portfolio and 0.36% for the 0.8 T-bill/0.2 S&P 500 portfolio.

To calculate the expected return of each portfolio, we multiply the weight of each asset (T-bills and S&P 500) by its expected return and sum the results. For example, the expected return of the 0.6 T-bill/0.4 S&P 500 portfolio is:

(0.6 x 6%) + (0.4 x (6% + 8%)) = 9.2%

To calculate the variance of each portfolio, we use the formula:

Variance = (w1^2 x σ1^2) + (w2^2 x σ2^2) + 2(w1 x w2 x σ1 x σ2 x ρ)

where w1 and w2 are the weights of the two assets, σ1 and σ2 are their standard deviations, and ρ is the correlation between them (which we assume to be 0 since they are uncorrelated). For example, the variance of the 0.6 T-bill/0.4 S&P 500 portfolio is:

(0.6^2 x 0) + (0.4^2 x 0.28^2) = 0.0125 or 1.25%

The variance of the 0.8 T-bill/0.2 S&P 500 portfolio is:

(0.8^2 x 0) + (0.2^2 x 0.28^2) = 0.0036 or 0.36%

These calculations can help investors make informed decisions about how to allocate their assets between T-bills and the S&P 500 index.

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Preparing a capital budget proposal involves identifying investment opportunities, estimating cash flows, calculating NPV and IRR, and conducting sensitivity analysis.

The proposal should include a detailed description of the project, its expected benefits, the estimated costs, and the timeline for completion. It should also consider potential risks and uncertainties, such as changes in market conditions, unexpected costs, and the potential for the project to fail.

The biggest risks associated with preparing a capital budget proposal are related to inaccurate estimates and inadequate analysis of potential risks. Poorly estimated cash flows, incorrect assumptions about the project's useful life or potential benefits, and insufficient consideration of external factors can lead to an incorrect assessment of the project's financial feasibility.

In addition, inadequate risk analysis can result in the failure to identify and mitigate potential risks, leading to unexpected costs, delays, and other negative consequences. It is crucial to carefully evaluate potential investments and to conduct thorough analysis and risk assessment to ensure the success of a capital budget proposal.

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It is a situation of excess supply, also known as a surplus. In the given scenario, the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded, indicating a surplus in the market.

Surplus or excess supply refers to a situation where the quantity supplied of a good or service exceeds the quantity demanded at a given price. This can occur when there is a price control in place, such as a price ceiling or price floor, or in a free market without any price controls.

In this case, the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded, resulting in an excess of goods in the market. Price controls, such as price ceilings or price floors, are government-imposed policies that can distort the equilibrium price and quantity in a market, leading to imbalances between supply and demand.

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The difference in the effective annual rates charged by the two banks is 0.30%.

To calculate the effective annual rate (EAR) for each bank, we need to consider the compounding frequency.

For ABC Bank, the compounding period is monthly, so we use the formula (1 + r/n)^n - 1, where r is the quoted annual rate and n is the number of compounding periods.

Plugging in the numbers, we get an EAR of 8.573%.

For DEF Bank, the compounding period is quarterly, so we use the same formula with n = 4.

Plugging in the numbers, we get an EAR of 8.870%.

To find the difference in the effective annual rates, we subtract the EAR of ABC Bank from the EAR of DEF Bank:

8.870% - 8.573% = 0.297% or 0.30% (rounded to the nearest hundredth)

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Some economists argue that regional free trade agreements will provide global benefits only if trade creation exceeds trade diversion.

Free trade agreements (FTAs) are agreements reached between two or more countries on a range of topics, such as investor protections, intellectual property rights, and responsibilities influencing trade in goods and services. It could require keeping more records to be able to receive FTA benefits for your product, but it could provide it a competitive edge against products from other countries.

Each FTA has unique features, but they all generally have the same goal of lowering trade barriers and promoting more secure and open business and investment environments. Free trade agreements (FTAs) make it possible for American exporters and manufacturers to gain greater access to other markets. Tariffs are decreased or eliminated, trade barriers are removed through bilateral and global agreements, and economic growth is promoted.

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(a) Using the PMT function in Excel, with a loan amount of $30,640 ($34,500 - $3,860) and a 15-year term with quarterly payments at 7.43% quarterly interest rate, the size of the payment is $552.23.

(b) After the first payment, the balance is the present value of the remaining payments, which can be calculated using the PV function in Excel. With a rate of 7.43%/4, 14*4 = 56 periods remaining, and a payment of $552.23, the balance is $29,428.05.

(c) The amount of principal paid in the first payment can be calculated by subtracting the interest paid from the total payment. The interest paid can be calculated as the balance multiplied by the quarterly interest rate of 7.43%/4. Therefore, the principal paid is $552.23 - ($29,428.05 x 7.43%/4) = $159.16.

(d) The interest paid in the first payment is $552.23 - $159.16 = $393.07.

(e) After the second payment, the remaining balance is the present value of the remaining payments, which can be calculated using the PV function in Excel. With a rate of 7.43%/4, 13*4 = 52 periods remaining, and a payment of $552.23, the balance is $28,198.54.

(f) The amount of principal paid in the second payment can be calculated by subtracting the interest paid from the total payment. The interest paid can be calculated as the balance multiplied by the quarterly interest rate of 7.43%/4. Therefore, the principal paid is $552.23 - ($28,198.54 x 7.43%/4) = $163.79.

(g) The interest paid in the second payment is $552.23 - $163.79 = $388.44.

(h) The total amount paid after 15 years can be calculated as the total number of payments (154) multiplied by the payment amount, plus the down payment of $3,860. Therefore, the total paid is (154)*$552.23 + $3,860 = $105,791.40.

(i) The total interest paid can be calculated as the total amount paid minus the original mortgage amount of $30,640. Therefore, the total interest paid is $105,791.40 - $30,640 = $75,151.40.

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a. Triangular arbitrage profit = $35,714.2.

b. The colleague is not correct

$/A$ = 0.73-0.75

Euro/A$ = 0.68-0.70

Bid Euro/$ = Bid Euro/A$ * Bid A$/$ = Bid Euro/A$ * (1/Ask $/A$) = 0.68 * (1/0.75) = 0.907

Ask Euro/$ = Ask Euro/A$ * Ask A$/$ = Ask Euro/A$ * (1/Bid $/A$) = 0.70 * (1/0.73) = 0.959

Cross Rate = Euro/$ = 0.888-0.896

2 approaches to arbitrage are as follows:

(i) Buy $ via A$ rate i.e., 0.959(ask rate) and Sell $ via cross rate i.e., 0.888(bid rate)

(ii) Buy $ via cross rate i.e., 0.896 (ask rate) and Sell $ via A$ rate i.e., 0.907 (bid rate)

Only (ii) approach will result in Profit. (i) will generate loss

Steps for Arbitrage:

(1) Buy A$ using $3,000,000, and receive 3,000,000/0.75(ask rate) = A$ 4,000,000

(2) Buy Euro using A$ 4,000,000 via A$ Rate, and receive 4,000,000*0.68 (bid rate) = Euro 2,720,000

(3) Buy $ using Euro 2,720,000, and receive 2,720,000/0.896 (ask rate) = $3,035,714.29

Arbitrage Profit = USD received at the end - USD invested at the beginning = $3,035,714.29 - $3,000,000 = (a) $35,714.29

(b)

Arbitrage strategies are strategies to take advantage of the price differential in two different markets. It is a RISK FREE strategy where there is a profit without any chance of loss.

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The opportunity cost of a purchase is: c. the alternative good or service that one sacrifices because a different good was purchased. This term represents the value of the best alternative option that was not chosen when making a decision.

The opportunity cost of a purchase is the alternative good or service that one sacrifices because a different good was purchased. It is the value of the best alternative foregone. It is important to consider opportunity cost when making a decision as it helps to weigh the benefits and drawbacks of different options. It is not always equal to the selling price of what you purchased, the lowest possible price, zero if the item is what you want most, or always greater for people who are out of work than for people who are working.

Option c is correct.

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(a) Net Investment = $800,000

(b) The net cash flow for the next six years will be:

Year 0: -$800,000

Year 1 to 5: $492,200 (inflow)

Year 6: $766,000 (inflow)

(a) Jensen's net investment if the old machine is replaced with the new one can be calculated as follows:

Cost of new machine = $1,400,000

Cost of modifying the new machine = $250,000

Total cost of new machine = $1,650,000

Proceeds from sale of old machine = $1,000,000

Investment in net working capital = $150,000

Net Investment = Total cost of new machine - Proceeds from sale of old machine + Investment in net working capital

Net Investment = $1,650,000 - $1,000,000 + $150,000

Net Investment = $800,000

(b) Jensen's net cash flow for the next six years if the replacement decision is made can be calculated as follows:

Year 0:

Net investment = -$800,000 (outflow)

Year 1 to 6:

Revenue = $900,000

Operating costs = $350,000

Depreciation expense = $380,000 (calculated using modified ACRS method)

Income before taxes = $170,000

Taxes = $57,800 (34% of income before taxes)

Net income = $112,200

Cash flow from operations = Net income + Depreciation expense = $492,200

Net cash flow = Cash flow from operations - Investment in net working capital = $492,200 - $0 = $492,200 (inflow)

Year 6:

Revenue = $900,000

Operating costs = $350,000

Depreciation expense = $0 (since the machine is sold)

Gain on sale of machine = $150,000 (proceeds from sale of new machine - book value of new machine)

Tax on gain = $17,000 (34% of gain on sale)

Net income = $783,000 (after tax)

Cash flow from operations = Net income + Depreciation expense = $783,000 + $0 = $783,000

Cash flow from sale of machine = Proceeds from sale of new machine - Tax on gain = $150,000 - $17,000 = $133,000

Net cash flow = Cash flow from operations + Cash flow from sale of machine - Investment in net working capital = $783,000 + $133,000 - $150,000 = $766,000 (inflow)

Therefore, the net cash flow for the next six years if the replacement decision is made is as follows:

Year 0: -$800,000

Year 1 to 5: $492,200 (inflow)

Year 6: $766,000 (inflow)

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